SOME USEFUL REDUCTION FORMULAS

MATH 1352

n−1
Z Z
1
(1) cos (x) dx = cosn−1 (x) sin(x) +
n
cosn−2 (x) dx
n n

n−1
Z Z
1
(2) n
sin (x) dx = − sinn−1 (x) cos(x) + sinn−2 (x) dx
n n

Z Z
n 1
(3) tan (x) dx = tann−1 (x) − tann−2 (x) dx
n−1

Z Z
n 1
(4) cot (x) dx = − cotn−1 (x) − cotn−2 (x) dx
n−1

n−2
Z Z
n 1
(5) sec (x) dx = secn−2 (x) tan(x) + secn−2 (x) dx
n−1 n−1

n−2
Z Z
n 1
(6) csc (x) dx = − cscn−2 (x) cot(x) + cscn−2 (x) dx
n−1 n−1

Z
(7) sinp (x) cosq (x) dx
q−1
Z
1
= sinp+1 (x) cosq−1 (x) + sinp (x) cosq−2 (x) dx
p+q p+q

(8)
p−1
Z
1
=− sinp−1 (x) cosq+1 (x) + sinp−2 (x) cosq (x) dx
p+q p+q

2n − 1
Z Z
1 1 x 1
(9) 2 2 n+1
dx = 2 2 2 n
+ dx
(a + x ) 2na (x + a ) 2na2 (x2 + a2 )n
1