Principles of Signals and Systems

Prof. Aditya K. Jagannatham

Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur

Lecture – 32
General Inversion Method for Inverse z -Transform Computation – Method of
Residues

Keywords: Inversion Method, Method of Residues

Hello welcome to another module in this massive open online course. So we are looking
at the z transform, let us look at another technique to compute the inverse transform, this
is known as the general inversion method.

(Refer Slide Time: 00:30)

So let us say X(z) is the z transform, then x(n) can be computed as

1
2 j 
n 1
x ( n)  X ( z) z dz and this integral is a contour integral evaluated over a contour,

in the z plane. This is evaluated over this contour  and this is basically a closed contour
in counterclockwise sense enclosing all the poles of X ( z ) z n1 and has to be in the region
of convergence of this z transform.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:26)

(Refer Slide Time: 04:07)

P
1
This can be simplified as follows this is x(n)   X ( z ) z n1dz   Re s  X ( z ) z n1 
2 j  i 1
z  pi

here residues are evaluated at each pole.

(Refer Slide Time: 05:16)

So this P denotes the number of poles of X ( z ) z n1 . And therefore this is basically the

sum of all the residues evaluated at the poles of X ( z ) z n1 .

(Refer Slide Time: 06:10)

Now if pi is a simple pole that is basically it is a pole of multiplicity 1 then the residue of
this simple pole is Re sidue  lim( z  pi ) X ( z ) z n1  ( z  pi ) X ( z ) z n1 .
z  pi z  pi
(Refer Slide Time: 07:50)

Now for pole with multiplicity r where r  1 , then the residue of this is
1 d r 1
lim r 1  z  pi  X ( z ) z n 1 . So we evaluate the residues of X ( z ) z n1 at the
r

 r  1! z  pi dz
different poles and then we sum all the residues at these poles that gives us the value of
x(n).

(Refer Slide Time: 09:58)

So using this general inversion technique let us evaluate the inverse z transform of
1 z n 1
X ( z)  . Now for n > 0, we have X ( z ) z n 1  .
1 1
2( z  1)( z  ) 2( z  1)( z  )
2 2

(Refer Slide Time: 11:09)

1
Now the poles are at z = 1, z   therefore, x(n) is the sum of the residues evaluated at
2
these poles. So x(n)  Re sz 1  X ( z ) z n1   Re s 1  X ( z) z  . Now the residue at z = 1
n 1
z 
2

is Re sz 1  X ( z ) z n1   ( z  1) X ( z ) z n1
1
 .
1 3

(Refer Slide Time: 12:13)

(Refer Slide Time: 13:00)

1
Now the residue at z equals
2
n 1

Re s
z 
1  X ( z) z n 1
   z  12  X ( z) z n1 1   13 . 12  .
2 z 
2

(Refer Slide Time: 14:00)

(Refer Slide Time: 14:36)

(Refer Slide Time: 15:11)

n 1
1 1 1
Therefore x(n) is simply the sum of these two residues that is x(n)   .   . So
3 3 2
this is for n > 0 and now for n = 0 we obtain the following.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:46)

X ( z) X ( z) 1
So consider X ( z ) z n 1 , for n  0  , now  , now note that
z z 1
2 z ( z  1)( z  )
2
because of this division by z we have this additional pole at z = 0 which we have to take
into consideration while evaluating the sum of the residues.

(Refer Slide Time: 16:48)

X ( z) X ( z) 1
Now Re sidue at z  0  z  1 , Re sidue at z  1  ( z  1)  .
z z 0 z z 1 3
(Refer Slide Time: 18:06)

1  1  X ( z) 2
Now residue at z   implies  z    .
2  2  z z  1 3
2

(Refer Slide Time: 19:04)

(Refer Slide Time: 19:38)

So x(0) is basically the sum of residues.

(Refer Slide Time: 19:59)

n 1
1 2 1 1 1
So x(0)  1    0 . So x(n)   .   for n  1 which can be written as
3 3 3 3 2


1 1  1  
n 1

x(n)    .    u (n  1) . So this is basically evaluating using the general inversion
3 3  2  
 
technique.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:34)

Let us now look at another simple example to find the inverse z transform of
z2 k 1 z k 1
X ( z)  . Now consider X ( z ). z  .
( z  1)2 ( z  e aT ) ( z  1)2 ( z  e aT )

(Refer Slide Time: 22:44)

Now note that this has a simple pole at z  e aT and there is a pole of multiplicity 2 at z =
1.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:27)

Now first let us find the simple residue, residue at z  e aT that is

 aT k 1 e a ( k 1)T
(z  e ) X ( z) z  .
z  e aT
1  e  aT 2

(Refer Slide Time: 24:15)

Now we have to find the residue at z = 1, at z = 1 we have a pole of multiplicity 2. So we

have to use the general formula for computing the residue at a pole with multiplicity
r  1. So we have to set r = 2 and that gives us the residue as
1 d k e aT
( z  1)2 X ( z ) z k 1   .
(2  1)! dz z 1
1  e aT 1  e aT 2
(Refer Slide Time: 25:23)

(Refer Slide Time: 26:01)

(Refer Slide Time: 27:11)

And therefore x(n) will be the sum of these two residues, that is
e a ( k 1)T k e aT
x ( n)    and we can simplify this by bringing the first
1  e  1  e aT 1  e aT 2
 aT 2

k e aT  e akT 
and the last terms together as x(n)   , for k  0 . So basically that
1  e aT 1  e aT 2

completes the problem.

(Refer Slide Time: 28:03)

So we have seen a different technique to evaluate the inverse z transform that is using the
general inverse technique and this is also known as the method of residues that is
evaluating x(n) as the sum of the residues of the poles of X ( z ) z n1 and we have seen a
couple of examples to understand this technique better. So we will stop here and
continue in the subsequent modules. Thank you very much.