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Inverse z-transform
DSP; P. Mahalakshmi
The Transforms
The Laplace transform of a function f(t):
f (t )e st dt
F (s )
0
DSP; P. Mahalakshmi
Relationship to Fourier Transform
Note that expressing the complex variable z in
polar form reveals the relationship to the
Fourier transform:
X (re i ) x(n )(re i )n , or
n
X (re i ) x(n )r n e in , and if r 1,
n
X (e i ) X ( ) x (n )e in
n
n
x (n )r n
DSP; P. Mahalakshmi
Convergence, continued
The power series for the z-transform is called a
Laurent series:
X (z)
n
x (n )z n
f (t ) f ( x ) ( x t )dt
DSP; P. Mahalakshmi
Convolution, Unit Step
These are referred to as discrete-time or
continuous-time convolution, and are denoted by:
x(n ) x(n ) * (n )
f (t ) f (t ) * (t )
We also introduce the unit step function:
1, n 0 1, t 0
u(n ) or u(t )
0, n 0 0, t 0
Note also:
u(n ) (k )
k
DSP; P. Mahalakshmi
Poles and Zeros
When X(z) is a rational function, i.e., a ration of
polynomials in z, then:
1. The roots of the numerator polynomial are
referred to as the zeros of X(z), and
2. The roots of the denominator polynomial are
referred to as the poles of X(z).
Note that no poles of X(z) can occur within the region
of convergence since the z-transform does not
converge at a pole.
Furthermore, the region of convergence is bounded
by poles.
DSP; P. Mahalakshmi
Example
Region of convergence
n
x(n ) a u(n )
The z-transform is given by: a
X (z)
n
a nu(n )z n
n 0
(az 1)n
DSP; P. Mahalakshmi
Convergence of Finite Sequences
Suppose that only a finite number of sequence values are
nonzero, so that: n 2
X (z ) x (n )z n
n n1
DSP; P. Mahalakshmi
Inverse z-Transform
The inverse z-transform can be derived by using Cauchy’s
integral theorem. Start with the z-transform
X (z ) x (n )z n
n
Multiply both sides by zk-1 and integrate with a contour integral
for which the contour of integration encloses the origin and lies
entirely within the region of convergence of X(z):
1 1
X ( z )z k 1dz x(n )z n k 1dz
2i
C
2i
C n
1
z n k 1dz
n
x(n )
2i
C
1
X ( z )z k 1dz x (n ) is the inverse z - transform.
2i
C
DSP; P. Mahalakshmi
Properties
z-transforms are linear:
Z ax(n ) by (n ) aX ( z ) bY ( z )
The transform of a shifted sequence:
Z x( n n0 ) z n X ( z )
0
Multiplication:
Z a n x(n ) Z (a 1z )
But multiplication will affect the region of
convergence and all the pole-zero
locations will be scaled by a factor of a.
DSP; P. Mahalakshmi
Convolution of Sequences
w (n ) x ( k )y ( n k )
k
Then
W (z ) x(k )y (n k ) z n
n k
x (k ) y ( n k ) z n
k n
let m n k
W (z ) x ( k ) y ( m )z z k
m
k
m
W ( z ) X ( z )Y ( z ) for values of z inside the regions of convergenc e of both.
DSP; P. Mahalakshmi
More Definitions
Definition. Periodic. A sequence x(n) is periodic with
period if and only if x(n) = x(n + ) for all n.
y (n ) x(k )h (n).
k
k
DSP; P. Mahalakshmi
Definition. Stable System. A system is stable if
h(k )
k
DSP; P. Mahalakshmi
Given y (n ) x(k )h (n) let x(n) be sinusoidal. That is,
k
k
in
let x(n ) e for n . Then
y (n ) h(k )e i ( n k ) e in h(k )e ik
k k
Let H (e i ) h( k )e ik so that
k
i in
y (n ) H (e )e .
DSP; P. Mahalakshmi
We can generalize this state that:
X (e i ) x(n )e in These are the Fourier
n transform pair.
1
X (e i )e in d
x(n )
2
If x(n) , then the transform is absolutely convergent and
n
converges uniformly to a continuous function of .
DSP; P. Mahalakshmi
If x(n) is constructed from some continuous function xC(t) by
sampling at regular periods T (called “the sampling period”),
then x(n) = xC(nT) and 1/T is called the sampling frequency or
sampling rate.
If 0 is the highest radial frequency of sinusoids comprising
x(nT), then
2 1 w0
0 or
T T 2
DSP; P. Mahalakshmi
1
X (e iT ) X c (i ),
T T T
From the continuous time Fourier transform :
1 T X c ( i )e it d.
x c (t )
2
T
Combining :
1 T TX (e iT )e it d.
x c (t )
2
T
iT
Since X (e ) x c (kT )e iTk , we have
k
T i Tk i t
x c (t )
2
T
T k
x c ( kT )e
e d
DSP; P. Mahalakshmi
Changing the order of summation and integratio n,
T T e i (t kT )d
x c (t )
k
x c (kT )
2
T
Evaluating the integral :
sin t kT )
T
x c (t ) x c (kt )
t kT
.
k T
DSP; P. Mahalakshmi