Potential Transformers

Potential Transformers

 Primary winding connected across the line whose voltage is to be measured.

 Primary consists of more number of turns .
 Secondary has less number of turns and is designed for 110V normally
 Used for extension of voltage range of voltmeters and wattmeters.
IPXP
rP xP IP IS xS rS
Io
Ie Im xe VP IPRP
VP I`SXS
RO X
O re I`SRS

VS IP
 I`S
Transformation ratio 
 IO
 Ie
R = Primary winding Voltage . o Im
Secondary winding Voltage 
IS
VP VS
=
VS ISRS
No ratio error implies R = Kn
No Compensation implies n = Kn
K R ISXS ES
% error  n
R
Assumption : lagging power factor load
From triangle ABC
AC
cos  
AB
AB  VP
 AC  VP cos 
AC  ad  de  ef  fg  gc
Ad  VS1
de  I S1 rS cos 
Refer phasor diagram
ef  hI  I S1 x S cos 
fg  JK  I P rP cos 
gc  ML  I P x P sin 
 B

m
C

IP X P

90–
k
L
I P RP
 g
j
f
I S1 Xs
i
e 90–
h
 I 1 Rs
S
d
IP

V S1
Vs I S1

 

IO
A

As said earlier AC = Ad + de + ef + fg + gc

VP cos   VS1  I S1 rS1 cos   I S1 x1S sin   I P rp cos   I P x P sin 

or VP cos   nVS  nI S rS cos   nI S x S sin   I P rp cos   I P x P sin 

If  is very small then approximately

I
I P cos   I e  I S1 cos   I e  S cos 
n
I
I P sin   I m  I S1 sin   I m  S sin 
n
and cos   1
 I S rp I S xP
 VP  nVS  nI S rS cos   nI S x S sin   I e rp  cos   I m x P  sin 
n n
or VP  nVS 
IS
n
  I
 
rp  n 2 rS cos   S x p  n 2 x S sin   I e rp  I m x P
n
RP  rp  n 2 rS

X P  xp  n 2 xS

VP
IS
 
Rp cos   X p sin   I e rp  I m x P
R  n n
VS VS

IS
n
 
Rp cos   X p sin   I e rp  I m xP
Therefore Ratio error (When no compensation) is
VS
Phase angle:
 The angle by which the reversed secondary voltage differs from the primary voltage is
phase angle of the transformer.
 Angle is +ve if secondary reversed leads primary and viceversa
Here the angle 
BC BN  NC
tan   
AC AC

BL  NL NO  CO
AC
BL  I P x P cos 
NL  I P rP sin 
NO  I S1 x S cos 
OC  I S1 rS sin 
I P x P cos   I P rP sin   I S1 x1S cos   I S1 rS1 sin  All terms in denominator is
 tan   very small when compared
nVS  nI S rS cos   nI S x S sin   I P rp cos   I P x P sin 
to nV S hence neglecting that
I P x P cos   I P rP sin   nI S x S cos   nI S rS sin 
tan  
nVS
I
IS
n
  I
 
x p  n 2 x S cos   S rp  n 2 rS sin   I e x p  I m rP
n
I P cos   I e  I S1 cos   I e  S cos 
n
 as I
I P sin   I m  I S1 sin   I m  S sin 
nVS n
cos   1
 
IS and
X p cos   Rp sin   I e x p  I m rP
 n
nVS
 itself if very small and hence tan  

IS
n
 
X p cos   Rp sin   I e x p  I m rP

nVS

Problem.

1. A 1000/100V Potential transformer has the following parameters

a) Primary resistance = 97.5
b) Primary reactance = 65.4
c) Secondary resistance = 0.86
d) Total equivalent reactance = 100
e) Magnetising current at 0.4p.f = 0.02A
Find a) the phase angle error at no load
b) load in VA at unity power factor at which phase angle will be zero.

VP 1000
a)   10
VS 100
Im = 0.02A
No load p.f = 0.4
o = 66.42 sino = 0.917 and coso =0.4
Im = Iosino = 0.02
Ie = Iocoso = 0.00873
IS
n
 
X p cos   Rp sin   I e x p  I m rP

nVS
No load implies IS = 0

I e x p  I m rP

n VS
or  = 0.00873×65.4 – 0.02×97.5 rad
10×100
or  = – 0.079

b) Load in VA so that  =0

V = 100 and I = ?
UPF means cos = 1 and sin = 0
I S X p  nI e x p  nI m rP
 = 0
n 2VS
or I S X p  nI m rP  nI e x p
or IS = 10(0.02×97.5 – 0.00873×65.4)
100
= 0.1254A

Therefore load VsIs = 12.54VA

Difference between CT and PT

S. No Current Transformer Potential Transformer

1. Considered as series transformer May be considered as parallel transformer
2. Operates with its secondary almost Operates with its secondary open circuited
short circuited
3. Ip is independent of secondary winding Primary winding current certainly depends
circuit conditions upon the secondary circuit burden
4. Small voltage exists across its terminal Full line voltage appears across its primary
5. Primary winding current and hence Line voltage is constant and hence its flux
excitation vary over wide limits in normal density, exciting current is constant
operation