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Chapter Five
Z-Transform and Its Inverse
Z-transform and Its Inverse
Outline
The Z-transform
Properties of the Z-transform
Transfer function of Discrete-time LTI Systems
Transform Domain Analysis using the Z-transform
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The Z-transform
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Region of Convergence (ROC)
Example:
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Region of Convergence (ROC)……
Exercise:
c. x(n) a nu (n)
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Region of Convergence (ROC)……
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Properties of the ROC
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Properties of the ROC……
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Properties of the ROC……
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Properties of the ROC……
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Properties of the ROC……
ROC : r2 z r1
except possibly at z 0 or z .
vi. The DTFT of x(n) exists if and only if the ROC of x(n)
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Properties of the ROC……
Exercise:
1
X ( z)
3 1 1 2
1 z z
Determine: 4 8
a. all the possible ROCs
b. the corresponding discrete-time signal x(n) for each of the above ROCs
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Summary of the ROC
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Some Common Z-transform Pairs……
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Some Common Z-transform Pairs……
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Rational Z-transforms
N ( z) k
b z k
b0 b1 z 1 ..... bM z M
X ( z) k 0
D( z ) N
a0 a1 z 1 ..... aM z N
k
a
k 0
z k
The roots of the numerator N(z) are known as the zeros of X(z).
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Rational Z-transforms……
If M<N, then there are N-M additional zeros at the origin z=0.
If M>N, then there are M-N additional poles at the origin z=0.
If M=N, then X(z) has exactly the same number of poles and
zeros.
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Rational Z-transforms……
Exercise:
Find the Z-transform and sketch the pole-zero plots of the
following discrete-time signals.
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Rational Z-transforms……
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Rational Z-transforms……
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Properties of Z-Transform
Inverting by Inspection:
The simplest inversion method is by inspection, or by
comparing with the table of common Z-transform pairs.
Exercise:
1
b. X ( z ) 1
, ROC : z 0.5
1 0 .5 z
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Inverse Z-transform……
Exercise:
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Transfer Function of Discrete-time LTI Systems
The Z-transform of the impulse response h(n) is known as the
transfer function of the system.
Mathematically:
H ( z) h (
n
n ) z n
We say that h(n) and H(z) are Z-transform pairs and denote this
relationship as:
h(n)
Z
H ( z)
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Transfer Function of Discrete-time LTI Systems……
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Transfer Function of Discrete-time LTI Systems……
i. Causal LTI Systems
A discrete-time LTI system is causal if h(n)=0, n<0. In other
words, h(n) is right-sided signal.
Therefore, ROC of H(z) is an exterior region starting from the
outermost pole.
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Transfer Function of Discrete-time LTI Systems……
ii. Anti-causal LTI Systems
A discrete-time LTI system is anti-causal if h(n)=0, n>0. In
other words, h(n) is left-sided signal.
Therefore, ROC of H(z) is an interior region starting from the
innermost pole.
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Transfer Function of Discrete-time LTI Systems……
h( n)
n
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Transfer Function of Discrete-time LTI Systems……
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Transfer Function of Discrete-time LTI Systems……
iv. Causal & BIBO stable LTI Systems
The ROC of H(z) must be an exterior region starting from the
outermost pole and contains the unit circle.
In other words, all poles must be inside the unit circle.
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Transfer Function of Discrete-time LTI Systems……
Exercise:
1. The transfer function of a discrete-time LTI system is given by:
3 3 z 1
H ( z)
1 2.5 z 1 z 2
a. Find the poles and zeros of H(z).
b. Sketch the pole-zero plot.
c. Find the impulse response h(n) if the system is known to be:
i. causal iii. BIBO stable
ii. anti-causal
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Transfer Function of Discrete-time LTI Systems……
2. Plot the ROC of H(z) for discrete-time LTI systems that are:
a. causal & BIBO stable
b. causal & unstable
c. anti-causal & BIBO stable
d. anti-causal & unstable
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Transform Domain Analysis using the Z-transform
steps.
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Transform Domain Analysis using the Z-transform….
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Exercise
n n
1 1
b. x(n) u (n) u (n 1)
3 2
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Exercise……