Z-transform

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 The z-Transform

3.0 Introduction
3.1 z-Transform
3.2 Properties of the Region of
Convergence for the z-transform
3.3 z-Transform Properties
3.4 The inverse z-Transform

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 Introduction

Fourier transform plays a key role in analyzing

and representing discrete-time signals and
systems, but does not converge for all signals.
Continuous systems: Laplace transform is a
generalization of the Fourier transform.
Discrete systems : z-transform, generalization
of DTFT, converges for a broader class of
signals.
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 Introduction
Motivation of z-transform:
The Fourier transform does not
converge for all sequences and it is
useful to have a generalization of the
Fourier transform.
In analytical problems the z-Transform
notation is more convenient than the
Fourier transform notation.

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 z-Transform Definition
z-Transform: two-sided, bilateral z-transform

X z   x n  z
n 
n
Z x[n]
Z
x[n]  X  z 
one-sided, unilateral z-transform

X z    xnz n

n 0
If z e jw
, z-transform is Fourier transform.

X e jw
   x n  e  jwn
n 
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Relationship between z-transform and
Fourier transform
Express the complex variable z in polar
form as
z  re
jw

    xnr e

jw n  jwn
X re
n  

The Fourier transform of the product of xn

n
and the exponential sequence r
 X e
If r  1, X  Z   jw

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 Complex z plane
  w    unit circle

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 Region of convergence (ROC)
For any given sequence, the set of values of z
for which the z-transform converges is called
the Region Of Convergence (ROC).
z  re jw

    xnr e
 
X z   x n  z  n X re jw n  jwn
n 
n  

Absolute X  re jw
   x n  r n

Summability n 

X  z    x n  z
n

n 0
the ROC consists of all values of z such that the
inequality in the above holds
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 Region of convergence (ROC)

X  z    x n  z
n

n 0
Convergence of the z-transform for a given
sequence depends only on r  z .
if some value of z, say,
z =z1, is in the ROC,
then all values of z on the
circle defined by |z|=|z1|
z1
will also be in the ROC.
if ROC includes unit circle, then Fourier transform and all its
derivatives with respect to w must be continuous functions of
 Zero and pole
The z-transform is most useful when the
infinite sum can be expressed in closed form,
usually a ratio of polynomials in z (or z-1).

P z 
X z  
Q z 

Zero: The value of z for which X z   0

Pole: The value of z for which X z   

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 Right-sided exponential sequence

Determine the z-transform, including the ROC in z-plane

and a sketch of the pole-zero-plot, for sequence:

xn  a unn

Solution:   1 z
X  z    a z    az  
n n 1 n
1

n 0 n 0 1  az za
1
ROC: az  1 or z  a

zero : z  0 pole : z  a
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 xn  a un
n

z
X z 
za
: zeros
 : poles for z  a
Gray region: ROC
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 Example 1

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 Example 2

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 Example 3

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 Example 4

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 Inverse z transform

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 Examples

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 Example

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 FILTERS Introduction

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 FILTERS Types - Analog

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 FILTERS Types - Digital

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 Advantages of Digital Filters

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 Finite Impulse Response Filters

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 Infinite Impulse Response Filters

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 Filter specification

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 Common Filter types-Chebychev

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 Common Filter types-Butterworth

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 Common Filter types-Elliptic

Elliptic filters have ripples in

both the passband and the
stopband, and generally have
better selectivity than
Chebyshev filters of
comparable orders.
Determining the transfer
function is somewhat more
complicated for an elliptical
filter than it is for Butterworth
or Chebyshev filters.

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