Math111 Differential Calculus

366 Basic Mathematics
16
Differential Calculus
16.1 INTRODUCTION:
Differential calculus was discovered by Sir Isaac Newton of England and Wilhelm Leibnitz of Ger-
many. It deals with the study of rate of change of one quantity with another.
16.2 DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION:

Let y = f(x).
Let δx be an increment given to x.
δy be the corresponding change in y.
y + δy = f(x + δx)
δy = f(x + δx) − y
δy = f(x + δx) − f(x)
Dividing by δx and taking lim .
δx→0
lim
δy
= lim
a f af
f x + δx − f x
δx →0 δx δx→ 0 δx
If lim
a f af
f x + δx − f x
exists and finite then the function y = f (x) is said to be differentiable at x
δx →0 δx
and lim
a f af
f x + δx − f x
is called derivative or differential co-efficient of y with respect to x. It is
δx →0 δx
dy
denoted by or y′ or y1 or f′(x).
dx
∴ lim
δy dy
= = lim
a f af
f x + δx − f x
δx →0 δx dx δx→ 0 δx
Differential Calculus 367
16.3 DERIVATIVE OF SOME STANDARD FUNCTIONS FROM

FIRST PRINCIPLES:
1. xn.
Let y = xn.
δy be the corresponding increment in y
y + δy = (x + δx)n
δy = (x + δx)n − y
δy = (x + δx)n − xn.
Divide by δx and take lim
δx→0
lim
δy
= lim
a
x + δx − x n f n
δx →0 δx δx → 0 δx
Add and subtract x in the denominator of RHS.
lim
δy
= lim
a
x + δx − x n f n
δx →0 δx δx→ 0 x + δx − x
As lim δx → 0,
lim x + δx → x.
x n − an
Also lim = na n −1 [formula].
x →a x−a
∴ lim
δy
= lim
a
x + δx − x n f n
= nx n −1
δx →0 δx δx→ 0 x + δx − x
dy
⇒ = nx n −1
dx
d n
i.e.,
dx
d i
x = nx n −1
Hence derivative or differential co-efficient of xn is nxn−1.

2. ex.
Let y = ex.
δy be the corresponding increment in y.
y + δy = e x +δx
δy = e x + δx − y
δy = e x + δx − e x
δy = e x ⋅ e δx − e x ∵ a m+n = a m ⋅ a n
e
δy = e x e δx − 1 j
Dividing by δx and taking lim .
δx→0
lim
δy
= lim
e
e x e δx − 1 j
ex − 1
But we have lim = 1 (formula)
x →0 x
∴ lim
δy
= lim
e
e x e δx − 1 j
dy
⇒ = e x ⋅1
dx
dy
= ex
dx
d x
i.e.,
dx
d i
e = ex.
Hence derivative or differential co-efficient of ex is ex.

3. ax.
Let y = ax.
Let δx be an increment given to x. δy be the corresponding increment in y.
y + δy = a x +δx
δy = a x +δx − y
δy = a x + δx − a x
δy = a x ⋅ a δx − a x ∵ a m+n = a m ⋅ a n
e
δy = a x a δx − 1 j
Dividing by δx and taking lim
δx→0
lim
δy
= lim
e
a x a δx − 1 j
ax − 1
∵ lim = log e a (formula)
x →0 x
∴ lim
δy
= lim
a x ⋅ a δx − 1 e j
dy
⇒ = a x ⋅ log e a.
dx
d x
∴
dx
d i
a = a x ⋅ log e a.
Hence derivative or differential co-efficient of ax is ax.logea.

4. logex.
Let y = logex
a f
y + δy = log e x + δx
δy = log a x + δx f − y
e
δy = log a x + δx f − log
F mI
e e x but log m − log n = log
H nK
FG x + δx IJ
∴ δy = log e
H x K
F x δx I
δy = log G + J
Hx x K
e
F δx I
δy = log G1 + J
H xK
e

δx→0
FG δx IJ
lim
δy
= lim
H
log e 1 +
x K
δx → 0 δ x δx → 0 x
δy 1 FG
δx IJ
lim
δx → 0 δ x
= lim
δx → 0 δ x
log e 1 +
xH K
Multiplying and dividing by x in RHS.
δy 1 x δx FG IJ
lim
δx → 0 δ x
= lim ⋅ ⋅ log 1 +
δx → 0 x δx x H K
But n log m = log m n
x
δy 1 δx FG IJ δx
lim
δx →0 δx
= lim ⋅ log e 1 +
δx → 0 x x H K
x
F δx I
lim G1 + J
δx
As δx →0H xK =e
x
δy 1 δxFG IJ δx
lim
δx →0 δx
= lim log e 1 +
δx → 0 x x H K
dy 1
⇒ = ⋅ log e e But logee = 1
dx x
dy 1
∴ = ⋅1
dx x
dy 1
= .
dx x
i.e.,
d
dx
a f
log x =
1
x
1
∴ Derivative or differential Co-efficient of logx is .
x
5. Constant function:
Let y = c where c is a constant.
Let δx be an increment given to x. δy be the corresponding increment in y. But Since c is a constant
function any change in x will not cause change in y. In other words δy = 0.
δy 0
∴ lim = =0
δx → 0 δx δx
dy
∴ =0
dx
Hence
d
dx
a f
constant = 0.
∴ derivative of a constant is zero.

d F I5 d
af d
af
Ex.:
dxH K
−
2
=0;
dx
5 =0
dx
a = 0 if a is constant.
16.4 RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION:
1. Derivative of Product of Constant and a Function:

Let y = Ku where K is a constant and u is a function of x.
δu be the increment in u and
∴ a
y + δy = K u + δu f
y + δy = Ku + Kδu
δy = Ku + Kδu − y
δy = Ku + Kδu − Ku
δy = Kδu

δx→0
δy δu
lim = lim K ⋅
δx → 0 δx δx → 0 δx
dy du
⇒ =K⋅
dx dx
i.e.,
d
dx
a f
Ku = K ⋅
du
dx
Hence derivative or differential co-efficient of constant multiple of a function is constant into deriva-
tive of the function.
Examples:
(a)
d
dx
a f
4 log x = 4 ⋅
d
dx
a f
log x
1 4
= 4⋅ = .
x x
d
(b)
dx
d i
8e x = 8 ⋅ d i
d x
dx
e
= 8⋅ex
2. Derivative of Sum of 2 Functions:

Let y = u + v where u and v are functions of x.
δu, δv be the increments in u and v.
∴ y + δy = u + δu + v + δv
δy = u + δu + v + δv − y
a f
δy = u + δu + v + δu − u + v
δy = u/ + δu + v/ + δv − u/ − v/
δy = δu + δv

δx→0
δy δu + δv
lim = lim
δy δu δv
lim = lim +
δx → 0 δx δx → 0 δx δx
dy du dv
⇒ = +
dx dx dx
i.e.,
d
dx
a f
u+v =
du dv
+
dx dx
∴ Derivative or differential co-efficient of sum of 2 functions is derivative of first function plus the
derivative of the second function.
Examples:
dy d 4
(a) If y = x4 + ex, then =
dx dx
d
x + ex i
d 4
=
dx
d i
x +
d x
dx
e d i
dy
= 4 x 4 −1 + e x
dx
dy
= 4x3 + e x
dx
d
(b)
dx
d
log x + x 2 i
=
d
dx
a f
log x +
d 2
dx
x d i
1
= + 2 x 2 −1
x
1
= + 2x
x
3. Derivative of Difference of 2 Functions:

Let y = u − v where u and v are functions of x. Let δx be an increment given to x.
a f
y + δy = u + δu − v + δv
δy = u + δu − av + δv f − y
δy = u + δu − av + δvf − au − v f
δy = u + δu − v − δv − u + v
δy = δu − δv

δx→0
δy δu − δv
lim = lim
δy δu δv
lim = lim −
δy δu δv
lim = lim − lim
δx → 0 δx δx → 0 δx δx → 0 δx
dy du dv
⇒ = −
dx dx dx
i.e.,
d
dx
a f
u−v =
du dv
−
dx dx
∴ Derivative of difference of 2 functions is the derivative of first function minus the derivative of the
second function.
Examples:
d 3
(a)
dx
d
x − x2 i
d 3 d 2
=
dx
d i
x −
dx
x d i
= 3 x 3−1 − 2 x 2 −1
3x 2 − 2 x
(b) If y = logx − ex, then
dy d
=
dx dx
d
log x − e x i
=
d
dx
a f
log x −
d x
dx
e d i
1
= − ex .
x
4. Derivative of Product of 2 Functions:

Let y = uv where u and v are functions of x. Let δx be an increment given to x, δu, δv be the increments
in u and v. Let δy be the corresponding increment in y.
a fa f
y + δy = u + δu v + δv
δy = au + δufav + δv f − y
δy = uv + uδv + vδu + δuδv − uv
δy = uδv + vδu + δuδv

δx→0
δy uδv + vδu + δuδv

lim = lim
δx → 0 δ x δx → 0 δx
δv δu δuδv
= lim u +v +
δx → 0 δx δx δx
δuδv
As lim , δu and δv are small. Hence the product δu × δv is very very small. So the term can
δx→0 δx
be neglected.
δy δv δu
∴ lim = lim u + v
dy dv du
⇒ =u +v
dx dx dx
i.e.,
d
dx
a f dv
uv = u + v
dx
du
dx
So Differential Co-efficient or derivative of product of 2 function is first function into derivative of

2nd function plus second function into derivation of the first function.
d
i.e., [I function ⋅ II function]
dx
d d
= (I function) ⋅ (II function) + (II function) ⋅ (I function).
dx dx
This rule is known as product rule.
Examples:
d 3 x d d 3
(a)
dx
d i
x e = x3 ⋅ ex + ex ⋅
dx dx
x d i
= x 3 ⋅ e x + e x ⋅ 3 x 3−1
= x 3e x + e x ⋅ 3 x 2
(b) If y = x4 log x, then
dy d 4
=
dx dx
d
x log x i
= x4 ⋅
d
dx
a f a f d i
log x + log x ⋅
d 4
dx
x
1
= x4 ⋅ + log x ⋅ 4 x 4 −1
x
x 3 + log x 4 x 3
x 3 + 4 x 3 log x
5. Derivative of Quotient of 2 Functions:
u
Let y = where u and v are functions of x. Let δx be an increment given to x.
v
u + δu
y + δy =
v + δv
u + δu
δy = −y
v + δv
u + δu u
δy = −
v + δv v
δy =
a f a f
v u + δu − u v + δv
a fa f
v + δv v
uv + vδu − uv − uδv
δy =
v v + δva f
vδu − uδv
δy =
a
v v + δv f
δx→0
δy vδu − uδv
lim = lim
δx → 0 δ x δx → 0 a
v v + δv ⋅ δx f
δu δv
v −u
δy
lim = lim δx δx (note this step)
δx → 0 δ x δx → 0 v v + δ v a f
As lim , δv → 0
δx→0
δu δv
v −u
δy δx δx
lim = lim
∴ δx → 0 δ x δx → 0 v v + δ v a f
du dv
v −u
dy dx dx
⇒ =
dx a f
v v+0
du dv
v −u
dy dx dx
=
dx v2
du dv
−u
d u FI v
dx dx
i.e.,
dx v
=
HK v2
Hence Derivative or differential co-efficient of quotient of 2 functions is Denominator into differen-
tial co-efficient of Numerator, minus Numerator into differential co-efficient of Denominator, whole
divided by square of the denominator.
F I
d Nr.
a Dr.f aNr.f − aNr.f aDr.f
d
dx
d
dx
i.e.,
H K
dx Dr.
=
aDr.f 2
Nr.: Numerator
Dr.: Denominator
This rule is known as quotient rule.
Examples:
F
d log x I ex ⋅
d
dx
a f a f d i
log x − log x ⋅
d x
dx
e
(a)
H
dx e x
=
K de i x 2
1
ex ⋅ − log x ⋅ e x
= x
de ix 2
x3
(b) If y = , then
log x
dy dFx3 I log x ⋅ d i
d 3
x − x3 ⋅
d
log x a f
= GH
dx dx log x
JK
= dx
a f
log x
2
dx
1
log x ⋅ 3 x 2 − x 3 ⋅
= x
alog x f 2
log x ⋅ 3 x 2 − x 2
=
alog x f 2
d n
Some particular cases of
dx
d i
x = nx n −1
1. When n = 0
d 0
dx
d i
x = 0 x 0 −1 But x0 = 1.
∴
d
dx
af
1 =0
Also we have
d
dx
a f
K ⋅u = K ⋅
du
dx
∴
d
dx
a f
K ⋅1 = K ⋅
d
dx
af
1 = K ⋅0 = 0
∴
d
dx
af
K =0
2. When n = 1,
d 1
dx
d i
x = 1 x 1−1 = 1x 0 = 1
∴
d
dx
af
x =1
3. When n = 2,
d 2
dx
d i
x = 2 x 2 −1 = 2 x
d 2
∴
dx
d i
x = 2x
4. When n = 3,
d 3
dx
d i
x = 3x 3−1
d 3
dx
d i
x = 3x 2
d 4
Similarly,
dx
d i
x = 4x 3,
d 5
dx
d i
x = 5 x 4 ...
d 100
dx
x d i
= 100 x 99 and so on.
1
5. When n = ,
2
d F I
1
1 −1
1
dx
GH JK
x2 = x2
2
1
d 1 −
d i
1
x = x 2 ∵ x2 = x
dx 2
d
dx
d xi = 2 1x a−m =
1
am
d 1
x=
dx 2 x
6. When n = −1
d −1
dx
d i
x = −1 x −1−1
d F 1I −2
dx H x K
= −1 x
d F 1 I −1
dx H x K x
= 2
7. When n = −2
d −2
dx
xd i
= −2 x −2 −1 = −2 x −3
d F 1I 2
dx H x K
2
=− 3
x
Similarly
F I
d 1 F I
3 d 1 4
H K
dx x 3
=− 4,
H K
x dx x 4
=− 5
x
F I
d 1 5
H K
dx x 5
= − 6 and so on.
x
List of Formulae:
dy
y
dx
(1) x n nx n−1
(a) x 1
(b) x 2 2x
(c) x 3 3x 2
(d) x 4 4x3
(e) x 5 5x 4
1
(f) x 2 x
1 1
(g) −
x x2
1 −2
(h)
x2 x3
1 −3
(i)
x3 x4
1 −4
(j)
x4 x5
(k) K (Constant) 0
x
2. e ex
3. a x a x log e a
1
4. log x
x
du dv
5. u ± v ±
dx dx
6. (I function) (II function) I function ⋅

d
dx
af
II + II ⋅
d
dx
af
I
Nr. Dr.
d
dx
a f a f a f
Nr. − Nr. ⋅
d
dx
Dr.
7.
Dr. a f
Dr
2
Note: Sum, Difference and product rule can be extended i.e.,

d
dx
a f
u ± v ± w ± ... =
du dv dw
± ±
dx du du
± ...
d
dx
a
uvw ... = f
du
dx
dv
⋅ vw ...+ ⋅ uw ...+
dx
dw
dx
uv ... + ...
WORKED EXAMPLES:
dy
1. Find if y = x3 − 3x + 7
dx
Consider y = x 3 − 3x + 7, differentiate with respect to (w.r.t) x.
dy d 3
= x − 3x + 7
dx dx
=
d 3
dx
d i
x −
d
dx
3x +
d
dx
7a f af
3x 2 − 3
d
dx
af
x +0
3x 2 − 3 ⋅ a1f + 0
dy
= 3x 2 − 3.
dx
2. Find y′ if y = 7e x − 4 log e x.
x x
Given: y = 7e − 4 log e
diff. w.r.t.x. (differentiate with respect to x)
y′ =
d
dx
d i
7e x −
d
dx
b
4 log e x g
1
y′ = 7 ⋅ e x − 4 ⋅
x
4
y ′ = 7e x −
x
3. Find f ′(x) if f(x) = 7x + 8 ex − 9
Consider f(x) = 7x + 8 ex − 9
diff. w.r.t. x.
a f dxd d7 i + 8 ⋅ dxd e − dxd a9f

f′ x = x x
f ′a x f = 7 log 7 + 8 ⋅ e − 0
x x
f ′a x f = 7 log 7 + 8e
x x
1
4. If y = x + , then find y1
x
1
y= x +
x
diff. w.r.t. x.
y1 =
d
dx
d x i + dxd FGH 1x IJK
d 12
= d i d i
dx
x +
d −1 2
dx
x
1
1
F 1 I
−1
+ G− x
1
− −1
H 2 JK
= x 2 2
2
1 −1 2 1 −3 2
y1 = x − x
2 2
1 1
y1 = −
2 x 2x3 2
Alieter:
1
y= x +
x
x +1
y=
x
diff. w.r.t. x. using quotient rule.
x⋅ a f a f d xi
d
dx
x +1 − x +1 ⋅
d
dx
y1 =
d xi 2
x 1 + 0 − a x + 1f ⋅
1
2 x
x
x 1
x− −
2 x 2 x
x
x x 1
= − −
x 2 x ⋅x 2 x ⋅x
1 1 1
= − −
x 2 x 2x x
2 −1 1
= − 1+1 2
2 x 2x
1 1
y1 = − .
2 x 2x3 2
dy
5. Find if y = x38x.
dx
y = x 3 8x .
diff. w.r.t. x using product rule.
dy d x
dx
= x3 ⋅
dx
d i
8 + 8x ⋅
d 3
dx
x d i
dy
= x 3 ⋅ 8 x log 8 + 8 x ⋅ 3 x 2
dx
x2 + 1
af
6. If f x =
x3 − 7
, then find f ′(x)
x2 + 1
af
f x =
x3 − 7
diff. w.r.t. x using quotient rule.
dx − 7i ⋅ dxd dx + 1i − d x + 1i ⋅ dxd dx − 7i
3 2 2 3
f ′a x f =
d x − 7i3 2
d x − 7i LMN dxd d x i + dxd a1fOPQ − d x + 1i LMN dxd d x i − dxd a7fOPQ

3 2 2 3
=
d x − 7i3 2
d x − 7i a2 xf − dx + 1id3x i
3 2 2
d x − 7i 3 2
2 x 4 − 14 x − 3 x 4 − 3 x 2
af
f′ x =
d x − 7i
3 2
− x 4 − 3 x 2 − 14 x
af
f′ x =
d x − 7i
3 2
x 2 dy
7. If y = + − 2 x 2 , then find .
2 x dx
x 2
y= + − 2x 2
2 x
diff. w.r.t.x.
dy d x F I
d 2 d F I d i
2x2
=
dx dx 2
+
H K
dx x
−
dx H K
=
1 d
2 dx
a xf + 2 dxd FH 1x IK − 2 dxd dx i 2
1 F 1 I − 2 ⋅ a2 x f
= ⋅1 + 2 −
2 H xK 2
dy 1 2
= − − 4 x.
dx 2 x 2
xe x dy
8. If y = , then find .
a f
log x + 7 dx
xe x
y= .
log x + 7
dy
alog x + 7f ⋅ dxd dxe i − d xe i ⋅ dxd alog x + 7f
x x
=
dx alog x + 7f 2
alog x + 7f LMNx ⋅ dxd e + e ⋅ dxd a xfOPQ − xe LMN dxd alog xf + dxd a7fOPQ
x x x
=
alog x + 7f 2
alog x + 7f x ⋅ e + e ⋅1 − xe LMN 1x + 0OPQ

x x x
=
alog x + 7f 2
dy alog x + 7f d xe + e i − e
x x x
=
dx alog x + 7f 2
xn − nx dy
9. If y = x , then find .
e dx
xn − nx
y=
ex
d n
dy
ex ⋅
dx
dx − nx − xn − nx
d x
dx
i d
e i d i
=
dx de ix 2
ex
LM d dx i − d dn iOP − d x
n x n
i
− nx ⋅ex
= N dx dx Q
de i x 2
=
e x nx n −1 − n x log n − x n − n x e x d i
de i x 2
e x nx n −1 − n x log n − x n + n x
=
de i x 2
dy nx n −1 − n x log n − x n + n x
= .
dx ex
10. If f(x) = (x2 + 1) (x3 + 7x + 8) ex, then find f ′(0).
af d id
f x = x 2 + 1 x 3 + 7x + 8 ⋅ e x i
diff. w.r.t. x using extended product rule.
af d id
f ′ x = x2 + 1 x3 + 7x + 8 ⋅ i dxd de i + dx + 1i e
x 2 x
⋅
d 3
dx
d i d
x + 7x + 8 + x 3 + 7x + 8 e x ⋅
d 2
dx
i
x +1 d i
a f d id i d i d i d i
f ′ x = x 2 + 1 x 3 + 7 x + 8 ⋅ e x + x 2 + 1 e x ⋅ 3x 2 + 7 + x 3 + 7x + 8 ⋅ e x ⋅ 2 xa f
∴ f ′a0f = a0 + 1fa0 + 8f e + a0 + 1f e a0 + 7f + a0 + 0 + 8f e a2 ⋅ 0f
0 0 0
=8+7+0
af
f ′ 0 = 15
16.5 DIFFERENTIATION OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS:

Chain rule: If y = g(u) and u = f (x) are 2 differentiable functions, then the composite function
y = g[f (x)] can be differentiated by using chain rule, which can be stated as
dy dy du
= ⋅
dx du dx
i.e.
dy
dx
af af
= g′ u ⋅ f ′ x
i.e.
d
dx
b a f g = g ′ f a x f ⋅ f ′a x f
g f x
Examples:
1. If y = log (x2 − 4x + 8), then
dy 1 d 2
= 2 ⋅
dx x − 4 x + 8 dx
x − 4x + 8 d i
= 2
1
x − 4x + 8
a
⋅ 2x − 4 f
2x − 4
=
x2 − 4x + 8
Alieter: Consider y = log (x2 − 4x + 8)
Let y = logu where u = x2 − 4x + 8
diff. w.r.t. x.
dy 1 du
= ⋅ u = x 2 − 4 x + 8 diff. w.r.t. x
dx u dx
dy 1
= ⋅ 2x − 4
dx u
a f ∴
du
dx
= 2x − 4
dy 1
= ⋅ 2x − 4
dx u
a f
dy
=
1
dx x 2 − 4 x + 8
⋅ 2x − 4 a f
dy 2x − 4
= 2
dx x − 4 x + 8
af 2
2. If f x = e x , then
af
f ′ x = ex ⋅
2 d 2
dx
x d i
af
f ′ x = e x ⋅ 2 x.
2
Note: Chain rule can be extended.

i.e., If y = f[g(h(x))], then
dy
dx
= f′ g h x b a fg ⋅ g′ bha xfg ⋅ h′axf
Example. If y = e d i
8
x2 +4
, then
dy
=e
d x 2 + 4i ⋅ d x 2 + 4
8
d i 8
dx dx
dy
=e
d x 2 + 4i ⋅ 8 x 2 + 4 7 ⋅ d x 2 + 4
8
d i d i
dx dx
=e
d x + 4i
2 8
d
⋅ 8 x 2 + 4 ⋅ 2 x. i 7
WORKED EXAMPLES:
dy
1. Find if y = log (xn − ex)
dx
y = log x n − e x d i
diff. w.r.t. x.
dy
= n
1
dx x − e dx
x
⋅
d n
x − ex d i
1
= ⋅ nx n −1 − e x
x −e
n x
nx n −1 − e x
= .
xn − ex
dy
2. Find if y = x 2 + 4 x − 9 .
dx
Consider y = x + 4 x − 9
2
diff. w.r.t x.
dy
=
1
⋅
d 2
dx 2 x + 4 x − 9 dx
2
x + 4x − 9 d i
dy 1
= 2x + 4 − 0
dx 2 x + 4 x − 9
2
dy
=
1
dx 2 x + 4 x − 9
2
⋅2 x + 2 a f
dy x+2
= .
dx x + 4x − 9
2
3. If y = 7
d x + 9 x −6 i , then find
3 dy
.
dx
y=7
d x + 9 x −6i
3
diff. w.r.t. x.
d x 3 + 9 x −6 i ⋅ log 7 ⋅ d x 3 + 9 x − 6
dy
dx
=7
dx
d i
=7
d x + 9 x −6 i ⋅ log 7 3x 2 + 9 a1f − 0
3
dy
dx
= 7 x +9 x − 6 ⋅ log 7 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x 2 + 3 .
3
d i
af
4. If f x = x 3 e 5 x
2
+8
, then find f ′(x)
af
Consider f x = x 3 e 5 x
2
+8
af
f ′ x = x3 ⋅
dx
e e
d 5 x 2 +8
+ e5 x +8 ⋅
2
j
d 3
dx
x d i
= x 3 ⋅ e5 x
2
+8
⋅
d
dx
d i
5x 2 + 8 + e 5 x +8 ⋅ 3x 2
2
d i
af
f ′ x = x 3 ⋅ e5 x
2
+8
a10 x + 0f + e 5x 2 +8
⋅ 3x 2
x +1 dy
5. If y =
dx i 3 , then find .
2
+ 8x − 9 dx
Consider
x +1
y=
dx 2
+ 8x − 9 i 3
dy dx 2
+ 8x − 9 ⋅ i 3 d
dx
a f a f d
x +1 − x +1 ⋅
d 2
dx
x + 8x − 9 i 3
=
dx LMd x + 8x − 9i OP 3 2
N Q
2
dx 2
i a f a f LMN d
3
+ 8x − 9 ⋅ 1 + 0 − x + 1 ⋅ 3 x 2 + 8x − 9 ⋅ i dxd d x + 8x − 9iOPQ 2 2
=
d x + 8x − 9i 2 6
x + 8 x − 9i − a x + 1f L3 d x + 8x − 9i a2 x + 8fO
dy d MN QP .
2 3 2 2
=
dx d x + 8x − 9i 2 6
xe 3 x + 7 dy
6. If y =
a
log 7 x − 6
, then find
fdx
.
xe 3 x + 7
y=
log 7 x − 6 a f
dy a
log 7 x − 6 ⋅ f d
dx
xe 3 x + 7 − xe 3 x + 7 ⋅
d
dx
log 7 x − 6 a f
=
dx log 7 x − 6
2
a f
a
log 7 x − 6 x f LMN dxd de i + e 3x+7 3x + 7 d
⋅
dx
a fOPQ
x − xe 3 x + 7 ⋅
1
⋅
d
7 x − 6 dx
LM
7x − 6
N a fOPQ
=
a f
log 7 x − 6
2
a
log 7 x − 6 x ⋅ e 3 x + 7 ⋅f LNM d
dx
a f
3x + 7 + e 3 x + 7 ⋅ 1 − xe 3 x + 7
1 OP
7x − 6Q⋅7 LM
N a fOQP
=
log 7 x − 6
2
a f
dy
a f
log 7 x − 6 xe 3 x + 7 ⋅ 3 + e 3 x + 7 − xe 3 x + 7 ⋅
7
7x − 6
=
dx a
log 7 x − 6 f 2
16.6 DIFFERENTIATION OF IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS:

Consider the function, y = x2 +ex − logx. Here y is expressed as a function of x. i.e., y = f (x). Such
functions are called explicit functions.
Now consider the function xy + log y + ex = 0. Here y is not expressed explicitly as a function of x.
Such functions are called implicit functions. They are of the form f (x, y) = 0.
dy dy
To find , differentiate the given function shift all the terms containing to Left Hand Side and
dx dx
dy dy
the remaining terms to Right Hand Side. Take common and shift the co-efficient of to Right
dx dx
Hand Side.
WORKED EXAMPLES:
dy
1. Find if x3 + y3 = a3.
dx
Consider x3 + y3 = a3
diff. w.r.t. x.
LMQ a is constant d da i = 0OP

3
MM d dx
d a yf P
MM dxausing chain ruledxf PPP
d y i = 3y ⋅
dy 3 2
3x 2 + 3y 2 ⋅ =0
dx
MN PQ
dy
3 x 2 + 3y 2 =0
dx
dy
3y 2 = −3x 2
dx
dy −3x 2
=
dx 3y 2
dy − x 2
= 2 .
dx y
dy
2. If y + x2 + ey = 0, then find .
dx
Solution: Consider y + x2 + ey = 0
diff. w.r.t. x.
dy dy
+ 2x + ey ⋅ =0
dx dx
dy dy
+ ey ⋅ = −2 x .
dx dx
dy
1 + e y = −2 x .
dx
dy −2 x
= .
dx 1 + e y
dy
3. If ex + ey = logx, then find when x = 1 and y = 0
dx
Solution:
Consider ex + ey = logx.
diff. w.r.t. x.
dy 1
ex + ey =
dx x
dy 1
ey ⋅ = − ex
dx x
1
− ex
dy x
=
dx ey
1 1
dy −e
when x = 1 and y = 0 = 1 0
dx e
dy 1− e
= =1− e .
dx a1, 0 f 1
4. If y = x + x + x + x + ... ∞
dy
Then find .
dx
Solution: y = x + x + x + x + ... ∞
y= x+y
Squaring,
y2 = x + y
diff. w.r.t. x.
dy dy
2y ⋅ =1+
dx dx
dy dy
2y ⋅ − =1
dx dx
dy
dx
a f
2y −1 = 1 ⇒
dy
=
1
dx 2 y − 1
dy
5. If y = ax ax ax ... ∞ , then find .
dx
y = ax ax ax ... ∞
y = axy
Squaring
y 2 = axy.
diff. w.r.t. x (using product rule in RHS, Chain rule in LHS)
dy dy LM d
a fOPQ
2y
dx
=a x⋅
dx N
+ y⋅
dx
x
dy dy LM OP
2y
dx
=a x
dx
+y
N Q
dy dy
2y = ax + ay
dx dx
dy dy
2y − ax = ay
dx dx
dy
dx
a
2 y − ax = ay f
dy ay
= .
dx 2 y − ax
16.7 DIFFERENTIATION OF PARAMETRIC FUNCTIONS:

If both x and y are expressed as a function of another variable say t then the function y = f (x) is said
to be in parametric form. The variable t is called a parameter.
dy
To find we use.
dx
dy
dy dt
=
dx dx
dt
WORKED EXAMPLES:
dy
1. Find if x = at2 and y = 2 at.
dx
Consider y = 2 at
diff. w.r.t. t.
dy
dt
= 2a 1 af
dy
= 2a
dt
Now Consider x = at2
diff. w.r.t. t.
dx
dt
= a 2ta f
dx
= 2 at
dt
Now
dy
dy dt 2a
= =
dx dx 2 at
dt
dy 1
= .
dx t
dy
2. If x = 7t + et and y = et − 7t, then find when t = 0.
dx
Consider y = et − 7t.
diff. w.r.t. t.
dy
= e t − 7t log 7.
dt
Now consider
x = 7t + e t
diff. w.r.t. t.
dx
= 7t log 7 + e t
dt
dy
dy dt
=
dx dx
dt
e t − 7 t log 7
=
7t log 7 + e t
dy e 0 − 7 0 log 7
= 0
dx when t =0 7 log 7 + e 0
dy 1 − log 7
=
dx when t = 0 log 7 + 1
3
3. Differentiate e x with respect to log x.
3
Solution. Let u = e x and v = log x.
du
To find:
dv
du
du dx
=
dv dv
dx
3
Consider u = e
x
diff. w.r.t. x.
du
dx
3
= ex ⋅
d 3
dx
x d i
du 3
= e x ⋅ 3x 2
dx
v = log x
diff. w.r.t. x
dv 1
=
dx x
3
du e x ⋅ 3 x 2
=
∴ dv 1
x
du 3
= e x ⋅ 3x 3 .
dv
2
−9
4. Differentiate (x2 + 8x − 1)4 with respect to e x
2
−9
Solution. Let u = (x2 + 8x − 1)4 and v = e x
du
To find:
dv
du
du dx
=
dv dv
dx
Consider u = (x2 + 8x − 1)4
diff. w.r.t. x.
du
dx
d 3 d
= 4 x 2 + 8x − 1 ⋅
dx
x 2 + 8x − 1i d i
du
dx
d 3
= 4 x 2 + 8x − 1 ⋅ 2 x + 8 i a f
2
−9
Now, v = ex
diff. w.r.t. x.
dv
dx
= e x −9 ⋅
2 d 2
dx
x −9 d i
dv
= e x −9 ⋅ 2 x
2
dx
d ia f
du 3
du dx 4 x + 8 x − 1 2 x + 8
2
Hence = = .
dv dv e x −9 ⋅ 2 x
2
dx
5. Differentiate 4 + log x with respect to e

d
log x 2 + 9 i
Let u = 4 + log x and v = e

d
log x 2 + 9 i
⇒ v = x2 + 9 e b a fg = f a x f aformula f
log f h
du
To find:
dv
du
du dx
=
dv dv
dx
Consider u = 4 + log x
diff. w.r.t. x.
du
=
1
⋅
d
dx 2 4 + log x dx
4 + log x a f
du 1 1
= ⋅
dx 2 4 + log x x
du 1
=
dx 2 x 4 + log x
Now v = x2 + 9.
diff. w.r.t. x.
dv
= 2x + 0
dx
dv
= 2x
dx
du 1
du dx 2 x 4 + log x
∴ = =
dv dv 2x
dx
du 1
∴ = 2 .
dv 4 x 4 + log x
16.8 LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION:

If it is required to differentiate (function)function or (constant)function then we consider log on both sides,
apply logmn = nlogm and then differentiate.
WORKED EXAMPLES:
dy
1. Find if y = xx
dx
y = xx
Consider log on both sides
log y = log x x
log y = x log x
diff. w.r.t. x.
1 dy
⋅
y dx
= x⋅
d
dx
a f
log x + log x ⋅
d
dx
x af
1 dy 1
⋅ = x ⋅ + log x ⋅ 1
y dx x
1 dy
⋅ = 1 + log x
y dx
dy
dx
a
= y 1 + log x f
∴
d x
dx
d i a
x = x x 1 + log x f
dy
2. Find if x y = y x .
dx
xy = yx
log x y = log y x
y log x = x log y
diff. w.r.t. x.
y⋅
d
dx
a f
log x + log x ⋅
dy
dx
= x⋅
d
dx
a f
log y + log y ⋅
d
dx
af
x
1 dy 1 dy
y⋅ + log x ⋅ = x⋅ ⋅ + log y ⋅ 1
x dx y dx
y dy x dy
+ log x ⋅ = ⋅ + log y
x dx y dx
dy x dy y
log x ⋅ − = log y −
dx y dx x
dy FG x IJ y
dx H
log x −
y K
= log y −
x
y
log y −
dy x.
=
dx log x − x
y
1+ x dy
1− x dx
1+ x
y=
1− x
Consider log on both sides.
1+ x
log y = log
1− x
log y = logF
1+ xI
1
H1− xK
2
log y = logF
1 1+ xI
2 H1− xK
log y = loga1 + x f − loga1 − x f

1
2
diff. w.r.t. x.
LM
1 dy 1 1 1 d
a fOPQ
⋅ =
N − ⋅
y dx 2 1 + x 1 − x dx
1− x
1 dy 1 L 1
= M
1
y dx 2 N 1 + x 1 − x
⋅ − a−1fOPQ
LM
dy y 1 1 OP
N
= +
dx 2 1 + x 1 − x Q
dy y L 1 − x + 1 + x O
= M P
dx 2 N a1 + x fa1 − x f Q
1+ x
dy 1− x 2 LM OP
N a fa f Q
= ⋅
dx 2 1+ x 1− x
dy 1+ x 1 1
dx
= ⋅
a fa f
1− x 1+ x 1− x
=
1+ x ⋅ 1− x a f 32
Alieter:
1+ x
y=
1− x
diff. w.r.t. x.
dy 1 d 1+ x F I
dx
=
2
⋅
1 + x dx 1 − x H K
1− x
dy 1 a1 − xf ⋅ dxd a1 + xf − a1 + xf ⋅ dxd a1 − xf
dx
=
2
1+ x
⋅
a1 − xf 2
1− x
a fa f a fa f
1 − x 1 − x 1 − 1 + x −1
2 1+ x
⋅
a f
1− x 2
1− x 1− x +1+ x
2 1+ x
⋅
1− x 2a f
1− x 2
⋅
2 1+ x 1− x a f 2
dy 1 1
= =
dx
a f
1+ x ⋅ 1− x 2−
1
2 a1 + xf ⋅ a1 − xf 3
2
dy
4. If yey = xx, then find .
dx
Consider yey = xx
d i
log ye y = log x x Q log mn = log m + log n
log y + log e y = log x x
log y + y log e = x log x

log y + y = x log x
diff. w.r.t. x. Q log e = 1
1 dy dy
⋅ +
y dx dx
= x⋅
d
dx
d
log x + log x x
dx
a f
1 dy dy 1
⋅ + = x ⋅ + log x ⋅ 1
y dx dx x
dy 1 LM OP
+ 1 = 1 + log x
dx y N Q
dy 1 + log x
=
dx 1
+1
y
a
dy y 1 + log x
= .
f
dx 1+ y
dy
5. If ey = ax+y, then find .
dx
ey = a x+y
log e y = log a x + y
a f
y log e = x + y log a
y ⋅ 1 = a x + y f log a
diff. w.r.t.x.
dy dyLM OP
dx
= log a 1 +
dx N Q Q log a is a constant.
dy dy
= log a + log a ⋅
dx dx
dy dy
− log a ⋅ = log a.
dx dx
dy
dx
a f
1 − log a = log a.
dy log a
= .
dx 1 − log a
16.9 SUCCESSIVE DIFFERENTIATION:

If y = f (x), then
dy
dx
af
= y1 = y ′ = f ′ x is first order derivative of y with respect to x. It is a function of x. The deriva-
tive of this function with respect to x is

d2 y
dx 2
af
= y2 = y ′′ = f ′′ x and is called second order derivative.
F I
d dy d2y
af
i.e., H K
dx dx
= 2 = f ′′ x = y ′′ = y2 .
dx
WORKED EXAMPLES:
d2y
1. Find if y = x2 + 3x + 8.
dx 2
Solution: y = x 2 + 3 x + 8
diff. w.r.t. x.
dy
dx
af
= 2x + 3 1 + 0
dy
= 2x + 3
dx
diff. again w.r.t. x.
d2y
dx 2
af
=2 1 +0
d2y
= 2.
dx 2
d2y
2. If y = x e , then find
2 x
.
dx 2
y = x 2e x .
dy
dx
= x2 ⋅
d x
dx
d i
e + ex ⋅
d 2
dx
x d i
dy
= x 2 ⋅ e x + e x ⋅ 2x
dx
dy
dx
d
= e x x 2 + 2x i
diff. again w.r.t. x using product rule,
d2 y
dx 2
= ex ⋅
d 2
dx
d
x + 2x + x2 + 2 x
d x
dx
ei d i
d
= ex 2x + 2 + x2 + 2x ⋅ ex i
d2 y
2
= ex 2x + 2 + x2 + 2 x
dx
d2 y
2
= e x x2 + 4x + 2 .
dx
d2y
3. If x = t2 and y = 4t, then find at t = 1.
dx 2
Consider x = t2
diff. w.r.t. t.
dx
= 2t
dt
Consider y = 4t.
diff. w.r.t. t.
dy
dt
= 4⋅ 1 af
dy
= 4.
dt
dy
dy dt 4
= =
dx dx 2t
dt
dy 2
=
dx t
d2 y F I af
1 d
dx 2 H K
=2 − 2 ⋅
t dx
t [Note this step]
d2y 2 1 dx
2
=− 2 ⋅ Q = 2t
dx t 2t dt
d2 y 1 dt 1
2
=− 3 = .
dx t dx 2t
d2y 1
=− 3.
dx 2 when t =1 1
d2 y
= −1.
dx 2 when t =1
4. If y = e2t and x = log 3t, then
d2y
Find .
dx 2
y = e 2t
diff. w.r.t. t
dy
dt
= e2t ⋅
d
dt
a f
2t
dy
= e 2 t ⋅ 2 = 2e 2t
dt
x = log 3t
diff. w.r.t. t.
dx 1 d
= ⋅
dt 3t dt
3t a f
dx 1
= ⋅3
dt 3t
dx 1
=
dt t
dy
dy dt 2e 2 t
= =
∴ dx dx 1
dt t
dy
= 2te 2 t
dx
diff. w.r.t. t.
d2 y LM d i
d 2t d
a f OP
dx 2
N
= 2 t⋅
dx
e + e 2t ⋅
dx
t
Q
= 2 LMt ⋅ e ⋅ a2t f + e ⋅ OP
2
d y d dt
N dx dx Q
2t 2t
2
dx
= 2 LMte ⋅ 2 + e ⋅ OP
2
d y dt dt
N dx dx Q
2t 2t
2
dx
d2 y dt
2
= 2 e 2t ⋅ 2t + 1
dx dx dx 1
Q =
dt t
d2 y dt
2
= 2e 2 t ⋅ t 2t + 1 =t
dx dx
5. If y = ae mx + be − mx , then prove that y2 − m 2 y = 0
y = ae mx + be − mx
diff. w.r.t. x.
y1 = ae mx ⋅
d
dx
a f
mx + be − mx ⋅
d
dx
mx a f
af
y1 = ae mx m + be − mx − m a f
y1 = m ae mx − be − mx
LM d
a f
mx − be − mx ⋅
d
a fOPQ
N
y2 = m ae mx ⋅
dx dx
− mx
af a f
y2 = m ae mx ⋅ m − be − mx − m
y2 = m ae mx amf + be m − mx
y2 = m 2 ae mx + be − mx
y2 = m 2 y
y2 − m 2 y = 0
Hence proved.
MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS:
I. One Mark Problems:

1. Differentiate xe + ex − ee with respect to x.
Solution:
Let y = xe + ex − ee
diff. w.r.t. x.
dy
= ex e−1 + e x − 0
dx
dy
= ex e −1 + e x
dx
2. Differentiate 2x + x2 − logx with respect to x.
Let y = 2x + x2 − logx
diff. w.r.t. x.
dy 1
= 2 x log 2 + 2 x −
dx x
3. Differentiate e d
2 log x + x 2 i w.r.t. x.
Let y = e
d
2 log x + x 2 i
diff. w.r.t. x.
2 d log x + x 2 i d
dy
dx
=e ⋅
dx
ed
2 log x + x 2 ij
d
2 log x + x 2 i ⋅ 2 F 1 + 2 xI
=e
Hx K
d
2 log x + x 2 i F 2 + 4 xI .
=e
Hx K
2
+4 x−7
4. If y = 5 x , then find y1
2
+4 x−7
y = 5x
diff. w.r.t. x.
y1 = 5 x
2
+ 4x −7
log 5
d 2
dx
d
x + 4x − 7 i
y1 = 5 x
2
+4 x−7
a
⋅ log 5 ⋅ 2 x + 4 f
5. Differentiate e
d
log x 2 + 4 x i w.r.t. x.
Let y = e
d
log x 2 + 4 x i
y = x2 + 4x af
Q e log f a x f = f x
diff. w.r.t. x.
dy
= 2 x + 4.
dx
1 dy
3
x 2 dx
2
1 1 −
y= = =x 3.
d i
3 1
x2 x2 3
2
−
y=x 3.
diff. w.r.t. x.
2 −5
dy 2 − −1 −2
=− ⋅x 3 = x 3
dx 3 3
2
=− .
3x 5 3
dy
7. If y = 3−8x, then find
dx
y = 3−8 x
diff. w.r.t. x.
dy
dx
= 3−8 x ⋅ log 3 ⋅
d
dx
−8 x a f
dy
dx
= 3−8 x ⋅ log 3 ⋅ −8 a f
8. If y = x 2 − 4e x , then find y′
y = x 2 − 4e x
diff. w.r.t. x.
y′ =
1
2 x 2 − 4e x
⋅
d 2
dx
d
x − 4e x i
1
y′ = ⋅ 2 x − 4e x
2 x − 4e
2 x
x − 2e x
y′ =
x 2 − 4e x
af
9. If f x =
4
x −9
2 , then find f ′(x)
af d
f x = 4 x2 − 9 i −1
diff. w.r.t. x.
a f LNM d i OQP ⋅ dxd d x

f ′ x = 4 −1 x 2 − 9
−1−1 2
−9 i
f ′a x f = 4 L −d x − 9i O 2 x
−2
MN 2
PQ
f ′a x f =
−8 x
d x − 9i
2 2
1
10. If y = , then find y1
3
3x
1 1
y= = = 3− x 3
d3 i
x 13 3 x3
y = 3− x 3
diff. w.r.t. x.
F I d x
y1 = 3− x 3 ⋅ log 3 ⋅
H K dx
−
3
⋅ log 3 ⋅ F − I
1
y1 = 3 − x 3
H 3K
log 3 log 3
y1 = − −x 3
= − 1− x 3 .
3⋅3 3
II. Two Marks Problems:
dy
1. If x2 + y2 = 10, then find at (1, − 1)
dx
Consider x2 + y2 = 10
diff. w.r.t. x.
dy
2x + 2y ⋅ =0
dx
dy
2y = −2 x.
dx
dy −2 x
=
dx 2y
dy x
=−
dx y
dy −1
dx a1, −1f
=
a f
−1
dy
= 1.
dx a1, −1f
dy
2. If x = 4t and y = 5t2, then find .
dx
dy
dy dt
Solution: =
dx dx
dt
Now
y = 5t2
diff. w.r.t. t.
dy
dt
= 5 2ta f
dy
= 10t
dt
Next, x = 4 t
diff. w.r.t. t.
dx
= 4 ⋅ 1 = 4.
dt
dy
dy dt 10t 5t
= = = .
dx dx 4 2
dt
af
3. If f x = log x 2 a, then find f ′(a)
af
f x = log x 2 a =
log e a
log e x 2
log e a
=
2 log e x
af
f x =
log e a
2
⋅
1
log e x
diff. w.r.t. x.
F I d log x
af
f′ x =
log e a
2
GH b
⋅ −
1
log e x g JK dx a f
2
af
f′ x = −
log e a
⋅
1
⋅
1
2 b
log e x g 2
x
af
f′ a =−
log e a
4 log e a ⋅ a
af
f′ a =−
1
4a
1− x dy
4. If y = log , then find
1+ x dx
y = log F
1− xI
1
H1+ xK
2
y = log F
1 1− xI
2 H1+ xK
y=
1
2
a f a f
log 1 − x − log 1 + x
diff. w.r.t. x.
dy 1 1LM d
a f1 d
a fOPQ
=
N ⋅
dx 2 1 − x dx
1− x − ⋅
1 + x dx
1+ x
dy 1 L 1
= M a −1f − ⋅ 1O
1 + x PQ
1
dx 2 N 1 − x
dy 1 L −1 1 O
dx 2 MN1 − x 1 + x PQ
= −
1 L −1 − x − 1 + x O
= M P
2 N a1 − x fa1 + x f Q
dy 1 L −2 O
dx 2 MN1 − x PQ
= 2
dy −1
= .
dx 1 − x 2
e 2
j
5. If y = log x + 1 + x , then Prove that
dy
dx
=
1
1 + x2
.
Pr
Proof: e
oof: Consider y = log x + 1 + x
2
j
diff. w.r.t. x.
dy
=
1
⋅
dx x + 1 + x dx
2
d
x + 1+ x2 e j
dy
=
1
1+
1 LM ⋅
d
1 + x2 d i OP
dx x + 1 + x 2 2 1+ x MN
2 dx
QP
dy
=
1 LM1 + 1 ⋅ a2 xfOP
dx x + 1 + x 2 MN 2 1 + x 2
PQ
dy
=
1 LM 1 + x + x OP
2
dx x + 1 + x 2 MN 1 + x PQ
2
dy 1
= .
dx 1 + x2
Hence proved.
6. If xmyn = am+n, then prove that
dy my
=− .
dx nx
Consider xmyn = am+n.
Taking log on both sides log (xmyn) = log am+n
log x m + log y n = log a m + n
a
m log x + n log y = m + n log a.f
diff. w.r.t. x.
m⋅
1
x
1 dy
+ n⋅ ⋅
y dx
=0 a f
Q m + n log a is constant
m n dy
+ ⋅ =0
x y dx
n dy m
=−
y dx x
dy my
=− .
dx nx
Hence proved.
dy y log a
7. If y = ax+y, then prove that dx = 1 − y log a
Consider y = ax+y
log y = log a x + y
a f
log y = x + y log a
diff. w.r.t. x.
1 dy LM dy OP
y dx N
= log a 1 +
dx Q
1 dy dy
= log a + log a ⋅
y dx dx
1 dy dy
− log a ⋅ = log a
y dx dx
LM
dy 1 OP
− log a = log a
dx yN Q
dy log a
=
dx 1
− log a
y
dy log a
=
dx 1 − y log a
y
dy y log a
=
dx 1 − y log a
Hence proved.
dy y
8. If yey = x, then prove that =
a f
dx x 1 + y
Consider
yey = x.
taking log on both sides
d i
log y ⋅ e y = log x
log y + log e y = log x
log y + y ⋅ log e = log x
log y + y = log x Q log e = 1

diff. w.r.t. x.
1 dy dy 1
+ =
y dx dx x
FG IJ
dy 1 1
dx yH K
+1 =
x
dy F 1 + y I 1
G J=
dx H y K x
dy y
⇒ =
dx x 1 + ya f
Hence proved.
Alieter:
Consider yey = x.
diff. w.r.t. x. using product rule.
y⋅
d y
dx
d i
e + ey ⋅
dy
dx
=1
dy dy
y ⋅ ey ⋅ + ey ⋅ =1
dx dx
d
dy y
dx
e ⋅ y + ey = 1i
dy 1
=
a f
x
dx e y y + 1 But ye y = x , e y =
y
dy 1
=
dx x y + 1
y
a f
dy y
=
dx x y + 1a f
Hence proved.
III. 4 Marks Problems:
1. If x 1 + y + y 1 + x = 0 and x ≠ y , prove that
dy −1
=
dx 1 + x a f 2
Consider
x 1+ y + y 1+ x = 0
x 1 + y = −y 1 + x
Squaring
dx 1+ y i = d− y
2
1+ x i 2
a f a f
x 2 1 + y = y2 1 + x
x 2 + x 2 y = y2 + y 2 x
x 2 + x 2 y − y2 − y 2 x = 0
a
x 2 − y 2 + xy x − y = 0 f
a x − yfa x + yf + xy ax − yf = 0
a x − yf x + y + xy = 0
⇒ x − y = 0 or x + y + xy = 0
Q x ≠ y, x + y + xy = 0
y + xy = − x
a f
y 1 + x = −x
−x
y=
1+ x
diff. w.r.t. x.
dy
a1 + xf ⋅ FH dxd a− xf − a− xf ⋅ dxd a1 + xfIK
dx
=
a1 + xf 2
dy a1 + x fa −1f + x a1f −1 − x + x −1
dx
=
a1 + xf 2
=
a1 + xf a1 + xf
2
= 2
Hence proved.
2. If x = at2, y = 2at, then prove that
d2y 1
2
=−
dx 2 at 3
Consider x = at2
diff. w.r.t. t.
dx
dt
= a ⋅ 2t a f ...(1)
y = 2at
diff. w.r.t. t.
dy
dx
= 2a 1 af
dy
= 2a ...(2)
dt
dy
dy dt 2a 1
= = =
∴ dx dx 2 at t
dt
dy 1
=
dx t
diff. w.r.t. x.
d2 y 1 dt
2
=− 2 ⋅
dx t dx
d2y 1 1F I
dx 2
=− 2 ⋅
t H K
2 at
d2y 1
2
=−
dx 2 at 3
Hence proved.
3. Differentiate x from 1st principles:
Let y = x
y + δy = x + δx
δy = x + δx − y
δy = x + δx − x

δx→0
δy x + δx − x
lim = lim
Add and subtract x in the Denominator of RHS.
δy x + δx − x
lim = lim
δx →0 δx δx → 0 x + δx − x
a x + δx f 1 1
δy 2 − x2
lim = lim
δx → 0 δx δx → 0 x + δx − x
x n − an
RHS is of the form lim
x→a x − a
with x + δx in place of x
x in place of a.
and 1/2 in place of n.
As δx → 0
x + δx → x.
∴ By applying the formula.
x n − an
lim = na n −1
x →a x − a
we get
a f
1 1
δy x + δx − 2 x2
lim = lim
δx →0 δx δx →0 x + δx − x
1
dy 1 2 −1
⇒ = x
dx 2
1
dy 1 − 2 1
= x =
dx 2 2 x
∴
d
dx
d x i = 2 1x .
4. If xmyn = (x + y)m+n, then prove that
dy y
= .
dx x
Proof: xmyn = (x + y)m+n
Proof:
d i a f a f
log x m y n = m + n log x + y
log x + log y = a m + nf log a x + y f

m n
m log x + n log y = a m + nf log a x + yf

diff. w.r.t. x.
m⋅
1
x
+ n⋅
1 dy
y dx
a
= m+n ⋅
1
⋅
d
x + y dx
x+yf a f
m n dy m + n dy LM OP
+ ⋅ =
x y dx x + y
1+
dx N Q
m n dy m + n m + n dy
+ ⋅ = + ⋅
x y dx x + y x + y dx
n dy m + n dy m + n m
⇒ − ⋅ = −
y dx x + y dx x + y x
LM
dy n m + n OP a f a f
m+n x−m x+y
⇒ −
N
dx y x + y
=
Q x x+y a f
dy L n a x + yf − a m + nf y O mx + nx − mx − my
M y a x + yf PQ = x a x + yf
dx N
dy L nx + ny − my − ny O nx − my
dx MN y PQ = x
dy L nx − my O nx − my
dx MN y PQ
=
x
dy y
=
dx x
Hence proved.
e j d i
m
5. If y = x + x 2 + 1 , then prove that 1 + x 2 y2 + xy1 − m 2 y = 0 .
Consider
e j
m
y = x + x2 + 1
diff. w.r.t. x
e j e j
m −1 d
y1 = m x + x 2 + 1 ⋅ x + x2 + 1
dx
L O
e j ⋅ MM1 + 2 d iPP
m −1 1 d 2
y1 = m x + x 2 + 1 ⋅ x +1
N x + 1 dx
2
Q
L O
e j MMN1 + 2 x1 + 1 ⋅ 2 x PPQ
m −1
y1 = m x + x 2 + 1
2
F x +1 + xI
e + 1j ⋅G
H x + 1 JK
m −1 2
y1 = m x + x 2
2
ex + j
m −1+1
x2 + 1
y1 =m
x2 +1
e j
m
m x + x2 + 1
e j
m
y1 = But x + x 2 + 1 =y
x2 + 1
my
y1 =
x2 + 1
Cross multiplying
y1 e x 2 + 1 = my j
Squarring
d
y12 x 2 + 1 = m 2 y 2 i
Diff. again w.r.t. x.
d i
y12 ⋅ 2 x + x 2 + 1 ⋅ 2 y1 y2 = m 2 ⋅ 2 yy1
d
2 y1 xy1 + x 2 + 1 y2 = 2 y1 ym 2 i d i
d
xy1 + x 2 + 1 y2 = m 2 y i
Rearranging
d x + 1i y
2
2 + xy1 − m 2 y = 0
Hence proved.
6. If y = ex log x, then prove that
a
xy2 − 2 x − 1 y1 + x − 1 y = 0f a f
Given: y = e log x
x
diff. w.r.t. x.
1
y1 = e x ⋅ + log x ⋅ e x
x
ex
y1 = +y Q y = e x log x
x
e x + xy
y1 =
x
Cross multiplying
xy1 = e x + xy ...(1)
af
xy2 + y1 ⋅ 1 = e x + x ⋅ y1 + y ⋅ 1
xy2 + y1 − e x − xy1 − y = 0
But from (1) xy1 = ex + xy
e x = xy1 − xy
b g
xy2 + y1 − xy1 − xy − xy1 − y = 0
xy2 + y1 − xy1 + xy − xy1 − y = 0
xy2 + y1 − 2 xy1 + xy − y = 0
a f a f
xy2 − y1 −1 + 2 x + y x − 1 = 0
xy2 − y a2 x − 1f + y a x − 1f = 0
1
Hence proved.
7. Differentiate eax from first principles:
Let y = eax
Let δx be an increment give to x.
y + δy = e b
a x + δx g
δy = e ax + aδx − y
δy = e ax + aδx − e ax
δy = e ax ⋅ e aδx − e ax
δy = e ax e aδx − 1

δx→0
lim
aδx
δy e e − 1
=
ax
e j
δx →0 δx δx
Multiply and divide by a in RHS.
ex − 1
Q lim =1
x→0 x
lim
aδx
δy ae ⋅ e − 1
=
ax
e j
δx →0 δx aδx
dy
⇒ = a ⋅ e ax ⋅1
dx
∴
dx
d i
d ax
e = ae ax
e j d
8. If y = log x + a + x , then prove that a + x y2 + xy1 = 0.
2 2 2 2
i
e
Consider y = log x + a + x
2 2
j
diff. w.r.t. x.
y1 =
x+ a +x
1
2 2
⋅
d
dx
e
x + a2 + x 2 j
LM1 + 1 ⋅ d a + x OP
MN 2 a + x dx d iP
1
y1 = 2 2
x+ a +x 2 2 2
Q 2
y1 =
1 LM1 + 1 ⋅ a0 + 2 xfOP
x + a2 + x 2 MN 2 a + x 2
PQ 2
y1 =
1 LM a + x + x OP
2 2
x + a2 + x 2 MN a + x PQ2 2
1
y1 = .
a + x2
2
a 2 + x 2 y1 = 1
Squaring
da 2
+ x 2 y12 = 1i
diff. again with respect to x.
da 2
i
+ x 2 ⋅ 2 y1 y2 + y12 ⋅ 2 x = 0 a f
d
2 y1 a 2 + x 2 y2 + xy1 = 0 i
da 2
i
+ x 2 y1 + xy1 = 0
Hence proved.
9. If xy = ex−y, then prove that
dy log x
=
dx 1 + log xa f 2
Proof: x y = e x − y
Proof:
log x y = log e x − y
y log x = x − y log e a f
y log x = x − y ...(1) Q log e = 1
diff. w.r.t. x.
1 dy dy
y⋅ + log x ⋅ = 1−
x dx dx
y dy dy
+ log x + =1
x dx dx
dy
dx
a
log x + 1 = 1 −
y
x
f
dy
a
log x + 1 =
x−y
f
dx x LM Q x − y = y log x OP
dy
=
x−y
a f MM P
dx x 1 + log x x = y log x + y P
MM PP
MM x = y a1 + log x fP
dy y log x
=
dx x 1 + log x a f P
But x − y = y logx from (1) MM x
= a1 + log x f P
PP
dy
=
log x MM y
y 1
P
∴ dx 1 + log xa f 2
N
=
x 1 + log x Q
Hence proved.
x...∞
x
10. Differentiate x with respect to e8x.
x ... ∞
Let u = x x and v = e 8 x .
du
du dx
To find =
dv dv
dx
x ... ∞
Now u = x x
u = xu
log u = log x u
log u = u log x
diff. w.r.t. x.
1 du 1 du
⋅ = u ⋅ + log x ⋅
u dx x dx
1 du du u
⋅ − log x ⋅ =
u dx dx x
LM
du 1 u OP
dx uN− log x = .
x Q
u
du u2
a f
= x =
dx 1 − log x x 1 − u log x
u
Now v = e8x
diff. w.r.t. x.
dv
dx
= e8 x ⋅
d
dx
8x a f
dv
= e 8 x ⋅ 8.
dx
Hence
u2
a f
du
du dx x 1 − u log x
= =
dv dv 8e 8 x
dx
du u2 N∞
=
a f
dv 8 x 1 − u log x e 8 x where u = x
xx
REMEMBER:
dy
y
dx
xn nxn−1
x 1
x2 2x
x3 3x 2
1
x 2 x
1 1
−
x x2
1 −2
x2 x3
1 −3
x3 x4
ex ex
ax x
a loga
1
logx
x
du
Cu C⋅
dx
du dv
u±v ±
dx dx
I ⋅ II I⋅
d
dx
af
II + II ⋅
d
dx
af
I
Nr.* Dr.
d
dx
a f a f a f
Nr − Nr ⋅
d
dx
Dr.
Dr.** a f
Dr. 2
*: Numerator **: Denominator

• Chain rule: If y = g(u) & u = f(x)

Then y = g[f(x)] is differentiated by chain rule
dy dy du
= ⋅
dx du dx
• Implicit dif
diffferentia
erentiation: Given function f(x, y) = 0.
entiation:
dy dy
diff. w.r.t. x., take common among the terms containing and shift the remaining terms to
dx dx
dy
RHS. Then find .
dx
• Par ametr
arametr
ametricic dif
diffferentia
erentiation:
entiation:
Given x = f (t) and y = g(t).
dy
dy dy dt
Then to find , use dx = dx
dx
dt
• Second or der der
order deriivative:
tiv
dy
If y = f (x), then by differentiating we get or y′ or y1 or f ′(x). This is a function of x. By
dx
d2y
differentiating this again with respect to x we get or y″ or f ″(x) or y2.
dx 2
EXERCISE
(1) Dif
Diffferentia
erentia te the ffollo
entiate ollowing functions fr
ollowing om ffir
from ir st pr
irst inciples:
principles:
(a) x n (b) e ax
(c) logax (d) x

(e) 7x
(2) Dif
Diffferentia
erentiate the ffollo
entiate ollo espect to x:
wing with rrespect
ollowing
(a) x 4 + 3e x − 7 (b) 3x 3 + 8 x + 9
1 1
(c) x+ −4 (d) e x + e e − e π + π e
x 3x
(e) a x + x a − e a (f) 7 x + x 7 + e 7 − 7 e
dy
(3) Find if
dx
d
(a) y = 3x + 8 5x + 7
2 3
id i (b) y = d x +7 id 3
x −6 i
F 1 I x2 + x + 2
(c) y = x 5 x + H 12 K (d) y =
x2 − 2x + 3
e x − e−x 1 + x2
(e) y = (f) y =
e x + e− x 1 − x2
dy
(4) Find if
dx
1
(a) y = e
5x
+ ex + e πx (b) y = e −7 x + 86 x + 7 π
(c) y = e
6x
d
− log x 3 + 8 i e
(d) y = log x + a + x
2 2
j
d i 1 F
x−a I
(e) y = log e + e
x −x
(f) y =
2a
log
H
x+a K
F e + 1I
GH e − 1JK
x
(g) y = e log
x
x (h) y = x x + a + a log x + x + a
2 2 2 2 2
e j
Fx− I LM F x − 2 I OP
GH x + 1 − x2
JK
34
(i) y = log (j) y = log e
MN H x + 2 K PQ
x
1 − x2
dy
5. Find if
dx
(a) x 2 + y 2 = 10 (b) y = log x + log + log x + ... ∞

∞
x ...
(c) y = x x
a f
6. If (a) y 2 2 a − x = x 3 . Then prove tha
pro thatt
dy
dx
a f
at a, a = 2.
dy 2 x − 7 y
(b) If x2 + 3y2 − 7xy = 5 Then prove that dx = 7 x − 6 y
dy 1
(c) If x ≠ y, x 1 + y + y 1 + x = 0 . Then prove that dx = − 1 + x a f 2
(d) If ax2/3 + by2/3 = (a2 − b2)2/3
F I
1
dy y
H K
3
Then prove that =− .
dx x
dy
7. Find if
dx
1− t2 2t
(a) x = t 3 , y = t 2 + 1 (b) x = , y=
1+ t 2
1 + t2
3at 3at 2
(c) x = , y =
1 + t3 1 + t3
8. Dif
Diffferentia
erentiate
entiate
(a) log e x with respect to ex
(b) log10 x with respect to x2

(c) 10x with respect to 5x
dy y
(d) If xm⋅yn = (x + y)m+n, then prove that = .
dx x
dy
(e) If ex + ey = ex+y, then prove that = −e y − x
dx
dy log x
=
(f) If xy = ex−y, then prove that
dx a
1 + log x f 2 .
d2y
9. Find if
dx 2
(a) x 2 + y 2 = a 2 (b) y = x 2 e x
x 2 y2
(c) + =1 (d) x 3 y 3 = a 5
a2 b2
e j d i
m
10. (a) If y = x + 1 + x 2 , then prove that 1 + x y2 + xy1 − m y = 0 .
2 2
e j
(b) If y = log x + a + x , prove that a + x y2 + xy1 = 0 .
2 2 2 2
d i
(c) If y = aemx + be−mx, then prove that y2 − m2y = 0.
f a f a
(d) If y = exlogx, then prove that xy2 − 2 x − 1 y1 + x − 1 y = 0.
− 1) , prove that d x − 1i y + 2 x a1 − nf y − 2ny = 0.

n 2
(e) If y = (x2 2 1
(f) If y = a + x
2 2
d i , prove that d x
6 2
i
+ a 2 y2 − 10 xy1 − 12 y = 0.
n +1
(g) If y = ax +
b
xn
, then prove that x 2 y2 + n n + 1 y = 0 . a f
d2 y dy
(h) If y = (a + bt)e−nt, then prove that 2
+ 2n ⋅ + n 2 y = 0.
dt dt
e j e j d i
n n
(i) If y = a x + x − 1 + b x − x2 − 1 , then prove that x − 1 y2 + xy1 − n y = 0.
2 2 2
ANSWERS
1 1
1. (a) nxn−1 (b) aeax (c) (d) (e) 7x log 7.
x 2 x
1 5
−
1 13 4 x4
2. (a) 4x3 + 3ex (b) 9x2 +8 (c) − + (d) ex
2 x 2x x 4
(e) ax loga + axa−1 (f) 7x log7 + 7x6.
F I
d x + 7i GH 13 x JK + d x − 6i FGH 2 1 x IJK
2
d3x + 8i15x + d5x + 7i 6 x

−
2 2 3 3 3
(3) (a) (b)
x a 5f + F 5 x + I
1 1 d x − 2 x + 3ia2 x + 1f − d x + x + 2i a2 x − 2f
2 2
(c) H 12 K 2 x (d)
d x − 2 x + 3i 2 2
4 4x
(e)
de x
−e −x 2
i (f)
d1 − x i 2 2
1
ex (b) −7e −7 x + 6 ⋅ 86 x ⋅ log 8
4. (a) 5e 5 x −
2
+ πe πx
x
e 6x 3x 2 1
(c) ⋅6 − 3 (d)
2 6x x +8 x 2 + a2
ex + e−x 1
(e) (f)
e x − e−x x − a2
2
x LM ex + 1OP 2e 2 x
− 2x
(g) e log
N Q
e −1 e −1
x (h) 2 x 2 + a 2
2 x2 − 1
(i)
d2 x − 1i
2
1− x 2 (j)
x2 − 4
x 1 y2
5. (a) − y a
(b) x 2 y − 1 f (c) 1
a
x − y log x f
2 t2 − 1 x 2t − t 4
7. (a) (b) or − (c)
3t 2t y 1 − 2t 3
e− x 1 10 x log 10
8. (a) (b) 2 x 2 log 10 (c)
x e 5 x log 5
−b 4
9. (a) −
a2
y3
(b) e
x
dx 2
+ 4x + 2 i (c) 2 3
a y
( d)
15 y
4x2
.

Math111 Differential Calculus

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366 Basic Mathematics

16.2 DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION:

16.3 DERIVATIVE OF SOME STANDARD FUNCTIONS FROM

Hence derivative or differential co-efficient of xn is nxn−1.

Hence derivative or differential co-efficient of ex is ex.

Hence derivative or differential co-efficient of ax is ax.logea.

Divide by δx and take lim

∴ derivative of a constant is zero.

16.4 RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION:

1. Derivative of Product of Constant and a Function:

Divide by δx and take lim

2. Derivative of Sum of 2 Functions:

Divide by δx and take lim

3. Derivative of Difference of 2 Functions:

Divide by δx and take lim

4. Derivative of Product of 2 Functions:

δy = uv + uδv + vδu + δuδv − uv

δy = uδv + vδu + δuδv

Divide by δx and take lim

δy uδv + vδu + δuδv

So Differential Co-efficient or derivative of product of 2 function is first function into derivative of

5. Derivative of Quotient of 2 Functions:

6. (I function) (II function) I function ⋅

Note: Sum, Difference and product rule can be extended i.e.,

Consider y = x 3 − 3x + 7, differentiate with respect to (w.r.t) x.

a f dxd d7 i + 8 ⋅ dxd e − dxd a9f

d x − 7i LMN dxd d x i + dxd a1fOPQ − d x + 1i LMN dxd d x i − dxd a7fOPQ

alog x + 7f x ⋅ e + e ⋅1 − xe LMN 1x + 0OPQ

16.5 DIFFERENTIATION OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS:

Note: Chain rule can be extended.

diff. w.r.t. x using product rule.

diff. w.r.t. x using quotient rule.

16.6 DIFFERENTIATION OF IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS:

LMQ a is constant d da i = 0OP

16.7 DIFFERENTIATION OF PARAMETRIC FUNCTIONS:

5. Differentiate 4 + log x with respect to e

Let u = 4 + log x and v = e

16.8 LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION:

log y = loga1 + x f − loga1 − x f

log y + log e y = log x x

log y + y log e = x log x

diff. w.r.t. x. Q log e = 1

16.9 SUCCESSIVE DIFFERENTIATION:

tive of this function with respect to x is

diff. again w.r.t. x.

I. One Mark Problems:

a f LNM d i OQP ⋅ dxd d x

II. Two Marks Problems:

log x m + log y n = log a m + n

log y + log e y = log x

log y + y ⋅ log e = log x

log y + y = log x Q log e = 1

III. 4 Marks Problems:

1. If x 1 + y + y 1 + x = 0 and x ≠ y , prove that

Divide by δx and take lim

log x + log y = a m + nf log a x + y f

m log x + n log y = a m + nf log a x + yf

xy2 + y1 − xy1 + xy − xy1 − y = 0

Divide by δx and take lim

*: Numerator **: Denominator

• Chain rule: If y = g(u) & u = f(x)

(c) logax (d) x

(a) x 2 + y 2 = 10 (b) y = log x + log + log x + ... ∞

(d) If ax2/3 + by2/3 = (a2 − b2)2/3