70 Croft,Davison and Hargreaves,Engineering Mathematics,Solutions Manual

Chapter 10. Differentiation

Exercises 10.3

1. (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) not defined (d) 1 (e) 2

2. (b) discontinuity at t = 4

(c) (i) 9 (ii) not defined (iii) 11

Exercises 10.4
1. (a) Rate of change of y at x = 4
 
y(4 + δx) − y(4)
= lim
δx→0 δx
 
3(4 + δx)2 + 2 − 3(4)2 − 2
= lim
δx→0 δx
 
48 + 24δx + 3(δx)2 − 48
= lim
δx→0 δx
= lim (24 + 3δx) = 24
δx→0

(b) Rate of change of y at x = −2

 
y(−2 + δx) − y(−2)
= lim
δx→0 δx
 
3(−2 + δx)2 + 2 − 3(−2)2 − 2
= lim
δx→0 δx
 
12 − 12δx + 3(δx)2 − 12
= lim
δx→0 δx
= lim (−12 + 3δx) = −12
δx→0

(c) Rate of change of y at x = 1

 
y(1 + δx) − y(1 − δx)
= lim
δx→0 2δx
 
3(1 + δx)2 + 2 − 3(1 − δx)2 − 2
= lim
δx→0 2δx
 
3 + 6δx + 3(δx)2 − 3 + 6δx − 3(δx)2
= lim
δx→0 2δx
 
12δx
= lim =6
δx→0 2δx

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Croft,Davison and Hargreaves,Engineering Mathematics,Solutions Manual 71

2. Rate of change of y at x = 2
 
y(2 + δx) − y(2)
= lim
δx→0 δx
 1 
2+δx − 2
1
= lim
δx→0 δx
 
2 − (2 + δx)
= lim
δx→0 (2 + δx)2 δx
 
−δx
= lim
δx→0 (2 + δx)2 δx
 
−1 1
= lim =−
δx→0 (2 + δx)2 4

3. Using interval [1, 1 + δx]

 
y(1 + δx) − y(1)
rate of change of y = lim
δx→0 δx
 
(1 + δx)2 − (1 + δx)
= lim
δx→0 δx
 
(δx) + (δx)2
= lim
δx→0 δx
= lim (1 + δx) = 1
δx→0

Using interval [1 − δx, 1]

 
y(1) − y(1 − δx)
rate of change of y = lim
δx→0 δx
 
−(1 − δx)2 + (1 − δx)
= lim
δx→0 δx
 
(δx) − (δx)2
= lim
δx→0 δx
= lim (1 − δx) = 1
δx→0

Using interval [1 − δx, 1 + δx]

 
y(1 + δx) − y(1 − δx)
rate of change of y = lim
δx→0 2δx
 
(1 + δx)2 − (1 + δx) − (1 − δx)2 + 1 − δx
= lim
δx→0 2δx
 
1 + 2δx + (δx) − 1 − δx − 1 + 2δx − (δx)2 + 1 − δx
2
= lim
δx→0 2δx
 
2δx
= lim =1
δx→0 2δx

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72 Croft,Davison and Hargreaves,Engineering Mathematics,Solutions Manual

4–5. not provided

Exercises 10.5
1. (a)
 
dy y(x + δx) − y(x)
= lim
dx δx→0 δx
 
2(x + δx)2 − 2x2
= lim
δx→0 δx
 
(4xδx) + 2(δx)2
= lim
δx→0 δx
= lim (4x + 2δx) = 4x
δx→0

dy
when x = 1, =4
dx

(b)
 
dy y(x + δx) − y(x)
= lim
dx δx→0 δx
 
2(x + δx) − (x + δx)2 − 2x + x2
= lim
δx→0 δx
 
2δx − 2xδx − (δx)2
= lim
δx→0 δx
= lim (2 − 2x − δx) = 2 − 2x
δx→0

dy
when x = 0, =2
dx

(c)
 
dy y(x + δx) − y(x)
= lim
dx δx→0 δx
 
1 + x + δx + (x + δx)2 − 1 − x − x2
= lim
δx→0 δx
 
δx + 2xδx + (δx)2
= lim
δx→0 δx
= lim (1 + 2x + δx) = 1 + 2x
δx→0

dy
when x = 2, =5
dx

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Croft,Davison and Hargreaves,Engineering Mathematics,Solutions Manual 73

(d)
 
dy y(x + δx) − y(x)
= lim
dx δx→0 δx
 
2(x + δx)2 + 1 − 2x2 − 1
= lim
δx→0 δx
 
4xδx + 2(δx)2
= lim
δx→0 δx
= lim (4x + 2δx) = 4x
δx→0

dy
when x = 2, =8
dx

2. The function y has the form y = ax + b, a, b constants.

3. not provided
4. (a)
 
dy y(x + δx) − y(x)
= lim
dx δx→0 δx
 
(x + δx)2 − x2
= lim
δx→0 δx
 
2xδx + (δx)2
= lim
δx→0 δx
= lim (2x + δx) = 2x
δx→0

(b) Same method as (a): −2x + 2.

5.
 
dy y(x + δx) − y(x)
= lim
dx δx→0 δx
 
2(x + δx)2 + 9 − 2x2 − 9
= lim
δx→0 δx
 
4xδx + 2(δx)2
= lim
δx→0 δx
= lim 4x + 2δx = 4x
δx→0

dy
when x = 3, = 12
dx
dy
when x = −2, = −8
dx
dy
when x = 1, =4
dx
dy
when x = 0, =0
dx

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74 Croft,Davison and Hargreaves,Engineering Mathematics,Solutions Manual

6.
 
dy y(t + δt) − y(t)
= lim
dt δt→0 δt
 
4(t + δt) − (t + δt)2 − 4t + t2
= lim
δt→0 δt
 
4δt − 2t.δt − (δt)2
= lim
δt→0 δt
= lim 4 − 2t − δt
δt→0
= 4 − 2t

dy
when t = 2, =0
dt

7. not provided

Exercises 10.6
Graphical solutions provided in the textbook.

Exercises 10.7

−1
1. (a) 2t (b) 9t8 (c) −3t−4 (d) 1 (e) t2

−2
(f) t3 (g) 3e3t (h) −3e−3t (i) −5e−5t (j) 1 −1/2
2t
 
1 t
(k) 2 cos(2t + 3) (l) sin(4 − t) (m) sec2 +1
2 2

(n) −3 cosec(3t + 7) cot(3t + 7) (o) cosec2 (1 − t)

1
(p) 2 sec(2t − π) tan(2t − π) (q)  (r) 0
1 − (t + π)2

−2 −4
(s) (t)  (u) 6 sech2 (6t)
1 + (−2t − 1)2 1 − (4t − 3)2

 
1 t+3
(v) 2 sinh(2t + 5) (w) cosh (x) sech(−t) tanh(−t)
2 2

 
2 2t 1 1
(y) − cosech2 − (z) 
3 3 2 (t + 3)2 − 1

1 2 2x/3 1
2. (a) − x−3/2 (b) e (c) − e−x/2
2 3 2

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1 2 2x − 1 2x − 1 π
(d) (e) − cosec cot (f)
x 3 3 3 1 + (πx + 3)2

−3
(g) 2 sech2 (2x + 1) (h) √ (i) − ω cosec2 (ωx + π)
9x2 + 1

(j)

1
y = = cosec (5x + 3)
sin(5x + 3)
y = −5 cosec (5x + 3) cot (5x + 3)

1
(k) − 3 sin 3x (l) y = = sec 3x, y  = 3 sec 3x tan 3x
cos 3x
   
1 x−1 x−1
2
(m) 2 sec (2x + π) (n) − cosech coth
2 2 2

2/7
(o)  2x+3 2
1− 7

Exercises 10.8
1. (a) 12x2 − 10x (b) 15 cos 5t + 8e4t (c) 4 cos 4t − 6 sin 2t − 1

(d) 3 sec2 3z (e) 6e3t − 8 cos 2t (f) − t34 − 5

2 sin 5t

1 −1/2 1
(g) 2w2 + 2e4w (h) 2x + 2x

2.
(a) y  = 2 + 12 et/2 y  (1) = 2.8244
(b) y  = 2t−4
3 y  (2) = 0
(c) y  = cos t − sin t  y  (1) = −0.3012
(d) y  = 6e2t − cos 2t y  (0) = 5
(e) y  = 10 sec2 (2x) − 2e−2x y  (0.5) = 33.5194
(f) y  = 3t + 3 cos 3t y  (0.25) = 14.195

3. (a) ωeωt (b) −ωe−ωt

6 15
4. (a) √ +√
1 − 4t 2 1 − 9t2

1 8 1 4
(b) − = −
2[1 + (t + 2)2 ] 1 − (2t − 1)2 2[1 + (t + 2)2 ] t(1 − t)

 
t−3
(c) 6 cosh(3t − 1) − 2 sinh
2

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(d) −2 cosech 4t coth 4t − 9 sech 6t tanh 6t

1 3
(e)   +  
t+1 2 1−t 2
2 +1 2 2 −1

6 6
(f) −
1 − (2t + 3)2 1 − (3t + 2)2

dy
5. (a) = t2 − 5t + 4.
dt

(b) The derivative is zero when

t2 − 5t + 4= 0
(t − 4)(t − 1) = 0
t = 1, 4

dy
6. = 3x2 + 14x.
dx
dy
When x = 2, = 40.
dx
The tangent passes through (2, 27) and has gradient of 40.
Equation of tangent is
y = 40x − 53.

dx
7. = 2 cos 2t.
dt

If the tangent has zero gradient then

2 cos 2t = 0
cos 2t = 0
π 3π 5π
2t = , , ,...
2 2 2
π 3π
t = , in [0, π]
4 4

dz
8. = et/2 − 2t
dt
dz
(a) When t = 0, = 1.
dt

dz
(b) When t = 3, = e3/2 − 6 = −1.5183.
dt

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c Education Limited 2001
Croft,Davison and Hargreaves,Engineering Mathematics,Solutions Manual 77

Review Exercises 10
not provided

Pearson
c Education Limited 2001