78 Croft,Davison and Hargreaves,Engineering Mathematics,Solutions Manual

Chapter 11. Techniques of differentiation

Exercises 11.2
1. (a)

y
= cos x cos x − sin x sin x

= cos2 x − sin2 x

(b)
1
y
= tan t + ln t sec2 t
t

(c)

y
= 3t2 e2t + (t3 + 1)2e2t

= e2t (2t3 + 3t2 + 2)

(d)
1 −1/2 x
y
= x e + x1/2 ex
2  
1 √
= e x
√ + x
2 x

(e)

y
= et (sin t cos t) + et (cos2 t − sin2 t) using (a)

= et (sin t cos t + cos2 t − sin2 t)
= et (sin t cos t + cos2 t − (1 − cos2 t))
= et (sin t cos t − 1 + 2 cos2 t)

(f)

y
= 3(2 cosh 2t) cosh 3t + 3 sinh 2t(3 sinh 3t)

= 3(2 cosh 2t cosh 3t + 3 sinh 2t sinh 3t)

(g)

y
= cos t. tan t + (1 + sin t) sec2 t

= sin t + (1 + sin t) sec2 t

(h)
y
= 4[cosh(t + 1) cosh(1 − t) − sinh(t + 1) sinh(1 − t)]

2. (a)
sin x(− sin x) − cos x(cos x) (sin2 x + cos2 x) −1
f
(x) = 2 =− 2 = = −cosec2 x
sin x sin x sin2 x

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Croft,Davison and Hargreaves,Engineering Mathematics,Solutions Manual 79

(b)
ln t. sec2 t − tan t. 1t
f
(t) =
(ln t)2

(c)
(t3 + 1)2e2t − e2t .3t2 e2t (2t3 − 3t2 + 2)
f
(t) = =
(t3 + 1)2 (t3 + 1)2

d)
(x3 + 1)(6x + 2) − (3x2 + 2x − 9)3x2
(x3 + 1)2
−3x4 − 4x3 + 27x2 + 6x + 2
=
(x3 + 1)2

(e)
(1 + ex )(2x + 1) − (x2 + x + 1)ex ex x(1 − x) + 2x + 1
=
(1 + ex )2 (1 + ex )2

(f)
cosh 3t(2 cosh 2t) − sinh 2t(3 sinh 3t)
cosh2 3t
2 cosh 2t. cosh 3t − 3 sinh 2t. sinh 3t
=
cosh2 3t

(g)
(1 + e2t )et − (1 + et )2e2t et (1 − 2et − e2t )
=
(1 + e2t )2 (1 + e2t )2

3. (a) 300t2 (t3 + 1)99

(b) 9 sin2 (3t + 2) cos(3t + 2)

2x
(c)
x2 + 1

(d) (2t + 1)−1/2

−3 sin(2x − 1)
(e) 
cos(2x − 1)

−1
(f)
(t + 1)2

(g) na(at + b)n−1

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80 Croft,Davison and Hargreaves,Engineering Mathematics,Solutions Manual

4. not provided

5.
dy
= −e−t t2 + e−t 2t = te−t (2 − t)
dt
dy
Hence is zero when t = 0 and t = 2.
dt

6.
(a) y
= −1
t2 cos(1/t) y
(1) = −0.5403
(b) y
= 34t(t2 − 1)16 y
(1) = 0
(c) y
= 2t cosh(t2 ) y
(2) = 109.2
2
(d) y
= 2+2t−t
(1−t)2 y
(2) = 2
et [t sin t−sin t−t cos t]
(e) y
= (t sin t)2 y
(1) = −2.0742

7.
dy
= 3e3x (1 − x) − e3x
dx
= e3x (2 − 3x)
dy
When x = 0, = 2.
dx
Let the equation of the tangent be
y = mx + c
Then y = 2x + c since gradient is 2.
Tangent passes through (0,1).
Therefore 1 = 0 + c
Equation of tangent is y = 2x + 1.

8. not provided

Exercises 11.3
1. not provided
2. not provided

3. (a) Differentiating equation yields

dy dy
4y − 9x2 = 1+
dx dx
dy
(4y − 1) = 1 + 9x2
dx
dy 1 + 9x2
=
dx 4y − 1

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Croft,Davison and Hargreaves,Engineering Mathematics,Solutions Manual 81

(b)
1 −1/2
1 −1/2
y y + x = 2x + 3y 2 y

2  2 

1 −1/2 1
y y − 3y 2 = 2x − x−1/2
2 2
2x − 12 x−1/2 4x − x−1/2
y
= =
1 −1/2
2y − 3y 2 y −1/2 − 6y 2

which can be written √ √

(4x x − 1) y
√ √
(1 − 6y 2 y) x
√ √
y x
by multiplying numerator and denominator by √ √ .
y x

(c)
1
(2x + 3y)−1/2 (2 + 3y
) = ex
2
2 + 3y
= 2ex (2x + 3y)1/2
2 x 
y
= e (2x + 3y)1/2 − 1
3

(d)
√
Let u = ex 1 + x, v = x2
du ex (3 + 2x) dv
Then = √ , = 2x
dx 2 1+x dx
x2 ex (3+2x) √
dy √
2 1+x
− ex 1 + x.2x
=
dx x4
x e (3 + 2x) − 4ex (1 + x)x
2 x
= √
2 1 + x.x4
ex [2x2 − x − 4]
y
= √
2 1 + x.x3
OR
1
ln y = x+ ln(1 + x) − 2 ln x
2
1
1 2
y = 1+ −
y 2(1 + x) x
 
2 1
y
= y 1− +
x 2(1 + x)

(e)

2y 4 + 8xy 3 y
= 3x2 + 3y 2 + 6xyy

y
.2xy(4y 2 − 3) = 3x2 + 3y 2 − 2y 4
3x2 + 3y 2 − 2y 4
y
=
2xy(4y 2 − 3)

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82 Croft,Davison and Hargreaves,Engineering Mathematics,Solutions Manual

(f)
cos(x + y).(1 + y
) = y

y
[1 − cos(x + y)] = cos(x + y)
cos(x + y)
y
=
1 − cos(x + y)

(g)
2x + 2yy

= 2 − 3y

x2 + y 2
2x + 2yy
= 2(x2 + y 2 ) − 3y
(x2 + y 2 )

y
2y + 3(x2 + y 2 ) = 2(x2 + y 2 ) − 2x
2(x2 + y 2 − x)
y
=
3(x2 + y 2 ) + 2y

(h)
x2 ex/2
y
e2y + y.2y
e2y = 2xex/2 +
2
xex/2 (4 + x)
y
e2y (1 + 2y) =
2
xex/2 (4 + x)
y
=
2e2y (1 + 2y)

4.
dx dy dy 3t2 3t
(a) dt = 2t, dt = 3t2 , dx = 2t = 2
dx dy dy et
(b) = cos t, = et , =
dt dt dx cos t  2
dx dy dy 3t2 t
(c) dt = 3(1 + t)2 , dt = 3t2 , dx = 3(1+t)2 = 1+t
−3
(d) dx
dt = −2 sin 2t, dy
dt = 3, dy
dx = 2 sin 2t
2 2t
(e) dx
dt = − t32 , dy
dt = 2e2t , dy
dx = − 2t 3e
et −e−t
(f) dx
dt = et + e−t , dy
dt = et − e−t , dy
dx = et +e−t = tanh t

5. not provided

6. (a)
ln z = 4 ln t + 6 ln(1 − t) + 4 ln(2 + t)
z
4 6 4
= − +
z t 1−t 2+t
 
4 6 4
z
= z − +
t 1−t 2+t

(b)
ln y = 3 ln(1 + x2 ) + 7x − 6 ln(2 + x)
y
6x 6
= +7−
y 1 + x2 2+x
 
6x 6
y
= y + 7 −
1 + x2 2+x

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Croft,Davison and Hargreaves,Engineering Mathematics,Solutions Manual 83

(c)

ln x = 3 ln(1 + t) + 4 ln(2 + t) + 5 ln(3 + t)

x
3 4 5
= + +
x 1+t 2+t 3+t
 

3 4 5
x = x + +
1+t 2+t 3+t

(d)

ln y = 4 ln(sin t) + 4 ln(2 − t2 ) − 6 ln(1 + et )

y
4 cos t 8t 6et
= − −
y sin t 2−t 2 1 + et
 
8t 6et
y
= y 4 cot t − −
2 − t2 1 + et

(e) not provided

7. (a)
dx dy
= 1 + 2t + 3t2 , = 2 cos 2t
dt dt
dy 2 cos 2t
=
dx 1 + 2t + 3t2

dy 2 cos 2
When t = 1, = = −0.1387.
dx 6

dx dx
8. (a) = 6t5 ; when t = 2, = 6.25 = 192.
dt dt

dy dy
(b) = −2t; when t = 1, = −2.
dt dt

dy −2t 1 dy 1
(c) = 5 = − 4; when t = 1, =− .
dx 6t 3t dx 3

dx dx
(d) = −3t4 ; when t = 2, = −48.
dy dy

9. Differentiate equation implicitly:

2yy
= 2x + 6y

y
(y − 3) = x

x
y =
y−3

when x = 4, y 2 = 16 + 6y from which y = −2, 8.

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84 Croft,Davison and Hargreaves,Engineering Mathematics,Solutions Manual

4
When x = 4, y = −2, then y
= .
−5
Equation of tangent at (4, −2) is

4
y= mx + c = − x + c
5
4
−2 = − (4) + c
5
c = 6/5

4 6
Equation of tangent is y =− x+ .
5 5

4
When x = 4, y = 8, then y
= .
5
Equation of tangent at (4, 8) is

4
y = mx + c = x+c
5
4
8 = (4) + c ⇒ c = 24/5
5

4 24
Equation of tangent is y= x+ .
5 5

10. Differentiating implicitly

6x + 3y 2 y
= y



y [1 − 3y ] =2
6x

6x
y =
1 − 3y 2

Exercises 11.4
1.
(a) y
= 2t + 1, y

=2
(b) y
= 6t2 − 2t, y

= 12t − 2
(c) y
= 2 cos 2t, y

= −4 sin 2t
(d) y
= k cos kt, y

= −k 2 sin kt
(e) y
= 6e3t − 2t, y

= 18e3t − 2
−2
(f) y
= (t+1).1−t.1
(t+1)2
1
= (t+1) 2, y

= (t+1) 3


(g) y = −2 sin(t/2), y

= − cos(t/2)
(h) y
= et .t + et = et (t + 1), y

= et (t + 1) + et .1 = et (t + 2)
(i) y
= 4 cosh 4t, y

= 16 sinh 4t
(j) y
= 2 sin t cos t = sin 2t, y

= 2 cos 2t

2.
y
= 6x2 + 6x − 12, y

= 12x + 6
Hence y

= 0 when x = − 12 .

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Croft,Davison and Hargreaves,Engineering Mathematics,Solutions Manual 85

3.
y

= 6t + 1, y


= 6

4.
y
= t2 − 7t + 12, y

= 2t − 7
Hence y

= 0 when t = 72 .

5. (a) y
= et .
Since et increases as t increases, y is concave up.

(b) y
= 2t.
Since 2t increases as t increases, y is concave up.

(c) y
= 1 − 2t.
Since y
decreases as t increases, y is concave down.

6. y = t3 , y
= 3t2 .
For t > 0, y
increases as t increases.
For t < 0, y
decreases as t increases.
Hence t3 is concave up on (0, ∞) and concave down on (−∞, 0).

7. (a)

y
= −2 sin t − 2t



y = −2 cos t − 2



y (1) = −3.0806

(b)

y
= (cos t − sin t)/2

y = (− sin t − cos t)/2
y

(π/2) = −1/2

(c)

y
= 1.et + (1 + t)et = (2 + t)et

y

= (3 + t)et
y

(0) = 3

8.

xy
+ y + 2x = 2yy

y
[x − 2y] = −2x − y
2x + y
y
=
2y − x

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86 Croft,Davison and Hargreaves,Engineering Mathematics,Solutions Manual

 
d2 y d 2x + y (2y − x)(2 + y
) − (2x + y)(2y
− 1)
= =
dx 2 dx 2y − x (2y − x)2
   
(2y − x)(2 + 2y−x
2x+y
) − (2x + y) 2 2y−x
2x+y
−1
=
(2y − x)2
(2y − x)[2(2y − x) + 2x + y] − (2x + y)[2(2x + y) − (2y − x)]
=
(2y − x)3
(2y − x)(5y) − (2x + y)(5x)
=
(2y − x)3
5(2y − 2xy − 2x2 )
2
=
(2y − x)3

9. not provided

Review Exercises 11
not provided

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c Education Limited 2001