−1 1 1

(b) If y = ln(1 − t ), then y′ = =− = .

1−t 1−t t −1
−3 24 24
(c) If y = 8 ln(2 − 3t ), then y′ = 8 =− = .
2 − 3t 2 − 3t 3t − 2
1
(d) If y = ln(1 + x) then y′ = .
1+x
− sin x sin x
(e) If y = ln(1 + cos x) then y′ = =− .
1 + cos x 1 + cos x

Example 11.6 Differentiate

(a) y = 3esin x
(b) y = (3t 2 + 2t − 9)10
√
(c) y = 1 + t 2

Solution In these examples we must formulate the function z ourselves.

dy dz
(a) Let z(x) = sin x. Then y(z) = 3ez so = 3ez ; z(x) = sin x and so = cos x.
dz dx
dy
The chain rule is used to find .
dx
dy dy dz
= × = 3ez cos x = 3esin x cos x
dx dz dx
dy dz
(b) Let z(t ) = 3t 2 + 2t − 9. Then y(z) = z10 , = 10z9 , = 6t + 2. Using the chain
dz dt
dy
rule is found:
dt
dy dy dz
= × = 10z9 (6t + 2) = 20(3t + 1)(3t 2 + 2t − 9)9
dt dz dt
√ dy 1 dz
(c) Let z(t ) = 1 + t 2 . Then y = z = z1/2 , = z−1/2 and = 2t. Using the chain
dz 2 dt
rule, we obtain
dy dy dz 1 t t
= × = z−1/2 2t = √ = √
dt dz dt 2 z 1 + t2

EXERCISES 11.2
√
1 Use the product rule to differentiate the following (d) y = xex
functions: (e) y = et sin t cos t
(a) y = sin x cos x (f) y = 3 sinh 2t cosh 3t
(b) y = ln t tan t (g) y = (1 + sin t ) tan t
(c) y = (t 3 + 1)e2t (h) y = 4 sinh(t + 1) cosh(1 − t )
2 Use the quotient rule to find the derivatives of the 5 For which values of t is the derivative of y(t ) = e−t t 2
following: zero?
cos x tan t
(a) (b) 6 Find the rate of change of y at the specified values of t.
sin x ln t
e2t 3x2 + 2x − 9 1
(c) (d) (a) y = sin t=1
t3 + 1 x3 + 1 t
(b) y = (t 2 − 1)17 t=1
x2 + x + 1 sinh 2t
(e) (f)
1 + ex cosh 3t (c) y = sinh(t 2 ) t=2
1 + et 1+t + t2
(g) (d) y = t=2
1 + e2t 1−t
3 Use the chain rule to differentiate the following: et
(e) y = t=1
t sin t
(a) (t 3 + 1)100 (b) sin3 (3t + 2)
(c) ln(x2 + 1) (d) (2t + 1)1/2 7 Find the equation of the tangent to
√ 1 y(x) = e3x (1 − x) at the point (0, 1)
(e) 3 cos(2x − 1) (f)
t +1
8 Differentiate
(g) (at + b)n , a and b constants

4 Differentiate each of the following functions: (a) y = ln x

(a) y = 5 sin x (b) y = 5ex sin x (b) y = ln 2x

5 sin x (c) y = ln kx, k constant
(c) y = 5esin x (d) y = −x
e (d) y = ln(1 + t )
2
(e) y = (t 3 + 4t )15 (f) y = 7e−3t
(e) y = ln(3 + 4t )
sin x
(g) y = (f) y = ln(5 + 7 sin x)
4 cos x + 1

Solutions

1 ex (−x2 + x) + 2x + 1
1 (a) cos2 x − sin2 x (b) tan t + ln t sec2 t (e)
t (ex + 1)2
!
√ 1 2 cosh 2t cosh 3t − 3 sinh 2t sinh 3t
(c) e2t (2t 3 + 3t 2 + 2) (d) e x x+ √ (f)
2 x (cosh 3t )2
(e) et (2 cos2 t + sin t cos t − 1)
−e3t − 2e2t + et
(f) 3[2 cosh 2t cosh 3t + 3 sinh 2t sinh 3t] (g)
(e2t + 1)2
(g) (1 + sin t ) sec2 t + sin t
3 (a) 300t 2 (t 3 + 1)99
(h) 4[cosh(t + 1) cosh(1 − t )
− sinh(t + 1) sinh(1 − t )] (b) 9 sin2 (3t + 2) cos(3t + 2)

2 (a) − cosec2 x 2x
(c)
x2 +1
ln t sec2 t − (tan t )/t
(b) (d) (2t + 1)−1/2
(ln t )2
−3 sin(2x − 1)
e2t (2t 3 − 3t 2 + 2) (e) √
(c) cos(2x − 1)
(t 3 + 1)2
(f) −(t + 1)−2
−3x4 − 4x3 + 27x2 + 6x + 2
(d) (g) an(at + b)n−1
(x3 + 1)2
4 (a) 5 cos x 5 0, 2
(b) 5ex (cos x + sin x) 6 (a) −0.5403 (b) 0 (c) 109.2
(c) 5esin x cos x (d) 2 (e) −2.0742
(d) 5ex (cos x + sin x) 7 y = 2x + 1
(e) 15(t 3 + 4t )14 (3t 2 + 4) 1 1 1
2 8 (a) (b) (c)
(f) −42te−3t x x x
4 + cos x 1 4 7 cos x
(g) (d) (e) (f)
(4 cos x + 1)2 1+t 3 + 4t 5 + 7 sin x
 EXERCISES 11.3

1 Find each of the following: (d) x = cos 2t y = 3t

d 5 d 5 d 5 3
(a) (x ) (b) (y ) (c) (y ) (e) x = y = e2t
dx dx dt t
(f) x = et − e−t y = et + e−t
d 2 d d
(d) (y ) (e) (5y) (f) (y)
dx dx dx 5 Use logarithmic differentiation to find the derivatives
d 2 of the following functions:
(g) (y + y3 ) 1
dx (a) y = x4 ex (b) y = e−x
x
2 Find each of the following:
(c) z = t 3 (1 + t )9 (d) y = ex sin x
d y d
(a) (e ) (b) (sin y) (e) y = x7 sin4 x
dx dx
d d −3y 6 Use logarithmic differentiation to find the derivatives
(c) (cos 2y) (d) (e )
dx dx of the following functions:
d √ d (a) z = t 4 (1 − t )6 (2 + t )4
(e) ( y) (f) (x + y)
dx dx
(1 + x2 )3 e7x
d d (b) y =
(g) (cos(x + y)) (h) (ln y) (2 + x)6
dx dx
(c) x = (1 + t )3 (2 + t )4 (3 + t )5
d
(i) (ln 7y) (sin4 t )(2 − t 2 )4
dx (d) y =
dy (1 + et )6
3 Find given
dx (e) y = x3 ex sin x
(a) 2y − 3x3 = x + y
2 dy
√ √ 7 If x = t + t 2 + t 3 and y = sin 2t, find when t = 1.
(b) y + x = x2 + y3 dx
√
(c) 2x + 3y = 1 + ex 8 Given x = 1 + t 6 and y = 1 − t 2 , find:
√
ex 1 + x (a) the rate of change of x w.r.t. t when t = 2
(d) y =
x2 (b) the rate of change of y w.r.t. t when t = 1
(e) 2xy4 = x3 + 3xy2
(c) the rate of change of y w.r.t. x when t = 1
(f) sin(x + y) = 1 + y
(d) the rate of change of x w.r.t. y when t = 2
(g) ln(x2 + y2 ) = 2x − 3y
9 Find the equations of the tangents to
(h) ye2y = x2 ex/2
dy y2 = x2 + 6y
4 Find , given
dx when x = 4.
(a) x = t 2 y = 1 + t3
10 Given the implicit function 3x2 + y3 = y find an
(b) x = sin t y = et dy
expression for .
(c) x = (1 + t )3 y = 1 + t3 dx

Solutions

dy dy dy
1 (a) 5x4 (b) 5y4 (e) 5 (f)
dx dx dx
dy dy dy
(c) 5y4 (d) 2y (g) (2y + 3y2 )
dt dx dx
400 Chapter 11 Techniques of differentiation

dy dy 5 (a) (4x3 + x4 )ex

2 (a) ey (b) cos y
dx dx !
dy dy 1 1
(c) −2 sin 2y (d) −3e−3y (b) −e−x +
dx dx x2 x
!
1 dy dy 3 9
(e) y−1/2 (f) 1 + (c) t 3 (1 + t )9 +
2 dx dx t 1+t
!
dy (d) ex sin x(1 + cot x)
(g) − sin(x + y) 1 + !
dx 7
1 dy 1 dy (e) x7 sin4 x + 4 cot x
(h) (i) x
y dx y dx !
1 + 9x2 4 6 4
3 (a) 6 (a) z − +
4y − 1 t 1−t 2+t
√ √ !
(4x x − 1) y 6x 6
(b) √ √ (b) y +7−
(1 − 6y2 y) x 1+x 2 2 + x
2 xp !
(c) (e 2x + 3y − 1) 3 4 5
3 (c) x + +

1 2
 1+t 2+t 3+t
(d) y +1−
2(1 + x) x
!
8t 6et
(d) y 4 cot t − −
3x2 + 3y2 − 2y4 2 − t2 1 + et
(e)
2xy(4y2 − 3) !
3 x 3
(e) x e sin x + 1 + cot x
cos(x + y) x
(f)
1 − cos(x + y)
7 −0.1387
2(x2 + y2 − x)
(g) 1
3x2 + 3y2 + 2y 8 (a) 192 (b) −2 (c) −
3
e(x/2−2y) x(x + 4) dx dx
(h) (d) = −3t 4 ; when t = 2, = −48
2(1 + 2y) dy dy
!2 −4x + 6 4x + 24
et t 9 y= ,y =
4 (a) 3t/2 (b) (c) 5 5
cos t 1+t
6x
−3 et − e−t 10 y′ =
(d) (e) −2e2t t 2 /3 (f) 1 − 3y2
2 sin 2t et + e−t
 Solutions

1 (a) 2t + 1, 2 7
4
2
(b) 6t 2 − 2t, 12t − 2
(c) 2 cos 2t, −4 sin 2t 5 (a) concave up
(d) k cos kt, −k2 sin kt (b) concave up
(e) 6e3t − 2t, 18e3t − 2 (c) concave down
1 2
(f) ,− 6 (a) concave up on (0, ∞)
(t + 1)2 (t + 1)3
(g) −2 sin(t/2), − cos(t/2) (b) concave down on (−∞, 0)
(h) et (t + 1), et (t
+ 2) 1
7 (a) −3.08 (b) − (c) 3
(i) 4 cosh 4t, 16 sinh 4t 2
(j) 2 sin t cos t, 2 cos 2t 10y2 − 10x2 − 10yx
8
1 (2y − x)3
2 − x + 2t 3 + x2 t 2
2 9
3 (a) 6t + 1 (b) 6 3x2 t 2 + t − 2xt 3

REVIEW EXERCISES 11

1 Differentiate each of the following functions: (d) x2 + 3xy + y2 = 5

(e) 9 = 3x3 + 2xy2 − y
(a) y = sin(5 + x)2
5 + 3t 2−t dy d2 y
(b) y = e2 sin x 3 If x = and y = find and 2 .
1−t 1−t dx dx
(c) y = (4x + 7)5 dy
4 If x = 4(1 + cos θ ) and y = 3(θ − sin θ ) find .
(d) y = x4 sin 3x dx
e4x dy d2 y
(e) y = 5 If x = 3 cos2 θ and y = 2 sin2 θ find and 2 .
x3
+ 11 dx dx
(f) y = x2 tan x 6 Show that y = e−4x sin 8x satisfies the equation
cos 3x y′′ + 8y′ + 80y = 0.
(g) y =
x2 7 Differentiate y = xx .
(h) y = e−x cos 5x
8 Given y = x3 e2x find
(i) y = ln cos 4x
dy d2 y d3 y
(j) y = sin 2t cos 2t (a) (b) (c)
dx dx2 dx3
1 dx
(k) y = 2 9 Use logarithmic differentiation to find given
x +1 dt
dy (a) x = tet sin t
2 Find in each of the following cases:
dx (b) x = t 2 e−t cos 3t
x3 sin 2x (c) x = t 2 e3t sin 4t cos 3t
(a) y =
cos x
10 Show that if y(t ) = A sin ωt + B cos ωt, where ω is a
(b) y = x3 e−x tan x constant, then
xe5x
(c) y = y′′ + ω2 y = 0
sin x
 Solutions

1 (a) 2(5 + x) cos(5 + x)2 2x + 3y

(d) −
3x + 2y
(b) 2 cos xe2 sin x
(c) 20(4x + 7)4 9x2 + 2y2
(e)
(d) 3x4 cos 3x + 4x3 sin 3x 1 − 4xy
1
e4x (4x3 − 3x2 + 44) 3 ,0
(e) 8
(x3 + 11)2
3(1 − cos θ )
(f) x2 sec2 x + 2x tan x 4 −
4 sin θ
−3x sin 3x − 2 cos 3x 2
(g) 5 − ,0
x3 3
(h) −e−x (5 sin 5x + cos 5x)
7 xx (ln x + 1)
(i) −4 tan 4x
(j) 2 cos 4t 8 (a) e2x (2x3 + 3x2 )
−2x
(k) (b) 2xe2x (2x2 + 6x + 3)
(x2 + 1)2
cos x(2x3 cos 2x + 3x2 sin 2x) + x3 sin 2x sin x (c) 2e2x (4x3 + 18x2 + 18x + 3)
2 (a)
cos2 x 9 (a) et (t cos t + (t + 1) sin t )
which simplifies to 2x3 cos x + 6x2 sin x
(b) −e−t ((t 2 − 2t ) cos 3t + 3t 2 sin 3t )
(b) e−x (x3 sec2 x − x3 tan x + 3x2 tan x) !
2 4 cos 4t 3 sin 3t
e5x (5x sin x + sin x − x cos x) (c) t 2 e3t sin 4t cos 3t +3+ −
(c) t sin 4t cos 3t
sin2 x