A2

Q1
Note that there are many ways to solve this question, there are however some
very natural parametrizations that make it very simple.

a
We start from
(x + 1)2 + (y − 2)2 = 25 (1)
being a shifted circle. Then similarly to the standard circle let us choose
x(φ) = −1 + 5 cos(φ), y(φ) = 2 + 5 sin(φ), φ ∈ [0, 2π]. (2)
We can check this satisfies the original equation:
(−1 + 5 cos(φ) + 1)2 + (2 + 5 sin(φ) − 2)2 = 25. (3)

b
Starting from our intuition of the circle, we can parametrize the ellipse via
x(φ) = 4 cos(φ), y(φ) = 3 sin(φ), φ ∈ [0, 2π]. (4)
Let us check that the elliptic condition is satisfied:
16 cos2 (φ) 9 sin2 (φ)
+ = 1. (5)
16 9

c
Now a convenient parametrization would be via hyperbolic functions:

x(t) = −4 cosh(t), y(t) = 3 sinh(t). (6)

One can check that this satisfies
16 cosh2 (t) 9 sinh2 (t)
− = 1. (7)
16 9
But to find the section where x, y ≤ 0, we need t ≤ 0.

1
Q2
b
The velocity is given by

v(t) = γ 0 (t) = − sin tî + cos tĵ + k̂. (8)

The speed (i.e. the magnitude) is then

p √
||v(t)|| = sin2 t + cos2 t + 12 = 2. (9)

c
The acceleration is

a(t) = v 0 (t) = − cos tî − sin tĵ. (10)

That means that there is no acceleration in k̂-direction but as we would expect

from a circular motion an acceleration towards the center of the circle (i.e.
i = j = 0 for any fixed k) in the î − ĵ-plane.

Q3
a

(||x(t)||2 )0 = (x · x)0 = x0 · x + x · x0 = 2x0 · x, (11)

by product rule.

b
√ 2x0 · x x0 · x
||x(t)||0 = x·x= √ = , (12)
2 x·x ||x||

where we used the chain rule and results from (a).

2
Q4
a
Given: F (x, y) = xî + x2 ĵ.

dx dy
To find field lines, let dt = x and dt = x2 . Using chain rule and solving

dy dy dt
=
dx dt dx
dy x2
= =x
Z dx Zx
dy = xdx
1 2
y= x +k
2
where k ∈ R.

Figure 1: Sketch of field and field lines

b
Given: F (x, y) = x2 î + xĵ.

dx dy
To find field lines, let dt = x2 and dt = x. Using chain rule and solving

dy dy dt
=
dx dt dx
dy x 1
= 2 =
Z dx Zx x
1
dy = dx
x
y = ln|x| + k

where k ∈ R.

3
 Figure 2: Sketch of field and field lines

c
Given: F (x, y) = y 2 î + y ĵ.

dx dy
To find field lines, let dt = y 2 and dt = y. Using chain rule and solving

dy dy dt
=
dx dt dx
dy y 1
= 2 =
dx y y
Z Z
ydy = dx
1 2
y =x+k
2 √
y = 2x + c

where c = 2k ∈ R.

Figure 3: Sketch of field and field lines

Q5
a
Given a velocity field v = −x2 î + xĵ + 2z k̂. To find field lines, we can define
dx 2 dy dz
dt = −x , dt = x and dt = 2z. Goal is to try and express everything wrt t.

4
Solve for x:
dx
= −x2
Z dt Z
1
− 2 dx = dt
x
1
= t + k1
x
1
x=
t + k1
Solve for y:
dy 1
=x=
dt t + k1
Z Z
1
dy = dt
t + k1
y = ln|t + k1 | + k2

Solve for z:
dz
= 2z
Z dt
1
dz = 2dt
z
ln|z| = 2t + c
z = e2t+c = k3 e2t
 
1 2t
The field line can be described as x(t) = t+k1 , ln|t + k1 | + k2 , k3 e .

This line passes through (x0 , y0 , z0 ) at t = 0. Thus,

 
1
(x0 , y0 , z0 ) = , ln|k1 | + k2 , k3
k1
1
which gives k1 = x0 , k2 = y0 − ln| x10 | and k3 = z0 . The field line can be
now written as
 
x0
x(t) = , ln|x0 t + 1| + y0 , z0 e2t
x0 t + 1

b
At t = 0, the particle’s position is (1, 0, e2 ). This tells

x(0) = (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = (1, 0, e2 )

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.
The field line now becomes
 
1 (2t+2)
x(t) = , ln|t + 1|, e
t+1
.
At t = 1, the particle’s position is
 
1 4
x(1) = , ln(2), e
2

Q6

Figure 4: Both γ(t) and β(t) should look similar to this

These are different parameterizations of the same curve.

Q7a
Since it is given that τ = h(t), and that ~γ and β~ are parameterizing the same
curve, it follows that

~ ) = β(h(t))
β(τ ~ = ~γ (t)

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 And thus,
~γ 0 (t) = β~ 0 (h(t))h0 (t)
Therefore,

Zτ2 Zt2
kβ (τ )kdτ = kβ~ 0 (h(t))kh0 (t)dt
~ 0

τ1 t1

∵ substituting τ = h(t)
Zt2
= kβ~ 0 (h(t))h0 (t)kdt
t1

∵ h0 (t) > 0
Zt2
= k~γ 0 (t)kdt
t1

Q7b
Different parameterizations of the same curve have the same arc length.