2x 2 tan θ

And, v = sin−1 = sin−1 = sin−1 ( sin 2θ) = 2θ

1+x 2
1 + tan2 θ

v = 2 tan−1 x
Differentiate w. r. t. x
dv d 2
=2 (tan−1 x) = . . . (III)
dx dx 1 + x2
Substituting (II) and (III) in (I) we get,
1
du 2(1 + x2) 1
= 2
=
dv 4
1 + x2

EXERCISE 1.4

dy (3) (i) If x = a√ sec θ − tan θ, y = a√ sec θ + tan θ,

(1) Find if
dx dy y
(i) x = at2 , y = 2at then show that =− .
dx x
(ii) x = a cot θ, y = b cosec θ (ii) If x = esin 3t, y = ecos 3t, then
(iii) x = √ a2 + m2, y = log (a2 + m2) dy y log x
show that =− .
(iv) x = sin θ, y = tan θ dx x log y
(v) x = a(1 − cos θ), y = b(θ − sin θ) t+1 t−1
1
a
1 (iii) If x = ,y= , then
(vi) x = t + , y = at + t , t−1 t+1
t dy
where a > 0, a ≠ 1 and t ≠ 0. show that y2 + = 0.
dx
2t
(vii) x = cos−1 , y = sec−1 (√ 1 + t2) (iv) If x = a cos3 t, y = a sin3 t, then
1 + t2 1
dy y
(viii) x = cos−1 (4t3 − 3t ), y = tan−1 √
1 − t2 show that =−
3
.
dx x
t
dy (v) If x = 2 cos4 (t + 3), y = 3 sin4 (t + 3),
(2) Find if
dx
π dy 3y
(i) x = cosec2 θ, y = cot3 θ, at θ = show that =− .
6 dx 2x
π (vi) If x = log (1 + t2), y = t − tan−1 t,
(ii) x = a cos3 θ, y = a sin3 θ, at θ =
3 dy √ ex − 1
show that = .
πt πt dx 2
(iii) x = t2 + t + 1, y = sin + cos ,
2 2 (vii) If x = sin−1 (e t ), y = √ 1 − e2t,
at t = 1
dy
(iv) x = 2 cos t + cos 2t , y = 2 sin t − sin 2t, show that sin x + = 0.
dx
π
at t = 2bt 1 − t2
4 (viii) If x = , y = a ,
(v) x = t + 2 sin(πt), y = 3t − cos(πt), 1 + t2 1 + t2
1 dx b2 y
at t = show that =− 2 .
2 dy a x

48
(4) (i) Differentiate x sin x w. r. t. tan x. (v) Differentiate 3x w. r. t. logx 3.
2x
(ii) Differentiate sin−1 cos x
1 + x2 (vi) Differentiate tan−1
1 + sin x
1 − x2
w. r. t. cos−1 . w. r. t. sec−1 x.
1 + x2
x (vii) Differentiate xx w. r. t. xsin x.
(iii) Differentiate tan−1
√ 1 − x2
√ 1 + x2 − 1
1 (viii) Differentiate tan−1
w. r. t. sec−1 . x
2x2 − 1
2x√ 1 − x2
1 − x2 w. r. t. tan−1 .
(iv) Differentiate cos −1
w. r. t. tan−1 x. 1 − 2x2
1 + x2

1.5.1 Higher order derivatives :

If f (x) is differentiable function of x on an open interval I, then its derivative f ' (x) is also a function
on I, so f ' (x) may have a derivative of its own, denoted as ( f ' (x))' = f '' (x). This new function f '' (x) is
called the second derivative of f (x). By Leibniz notation, we write the second detivative of
d dy d2 y
y = f (x) as y'' = f '' (x) = = 2
dx dx dx
By method of first principle
f (x + h) − f (x) dy
lim
f ' (x) = h→0 = and
h dx
f ' (x + h) − f ' (x) d2 y
f '' (x) = lim = 2
h→0 h dx
d
[ f '' (x)] = f ''' (x).
Further if f '' (x) is a differentiable function of x then its derivative is denoted as
dx
Now the new function f ''' (x) is called the third derivative of f (x). We write the third of y = f (x) as
d d2 y d3 y
y ''' = f ''' (x) = = . The fourth derivative, is usually denoted by f (4) (x). Therefore
dx dx2
dx 3

d4 y
f (4) (x) = .
dx4
In general, the nth derivative of f (x), is denoted by f (n) (x) and it obtained by differentiating f (x),
dn y
n times. So, we can write the nth derivative of y = f (x) as y(n) = f (n) (x) = n . These are called higher order
dx
derivatives.

Note : The higher order derivatives may also be denoted by y2, y3, . . . , yn.

49
 EXERCISE 1.5

(1) Find the second order derivative of the (vii) If 2y = √ x + 1 + √ x − 1,

following : show that 4(x2 − 1) y2 + 4x y1 − y = 0.
2
(viii) If y = log (x + √ x2 + a2 ) ,
m
(i) 2x5 − 4x3 − −9 (ii) e 2x · tan x
x2
d2 y
dy
(iii) e 4x · cos 5x (iv) x 3 log x show that (x2 + a2) +x
=0
dx2 dx
(v) log (log x) (iv) x x (ix) If y = sin (m cos−1 x) then show that
d2 y d2 y dy
(2) Find of the following : (1 − x )
2
−x + m2y = 0
dx2 dx2 dx

(i) x = a (θ − sin θ), y = a (1 − cos θ) (x) If y = log (log 2x), show that

(ii) x = 2at2, y = 4at x y2 + y1 (1 + x y1) = 0.

π
(iii) x = sin θ, y = sin3 θ when θ = (xi) If x2 + 6xy + y2 = 10, show that
2
π d2 y 80
(iv) x = a cos θ, y = b sin θ at θ = = .
4 dx 2
(3x + y)
3

(3) (i)
If x = at2 and y = 2at then show that (xii) If x = a sin t − b cos t , y = a cos t + b sin t ,
d2 y
xy 2 + a = 0 d2 y x2 + y2
dx show that = − .
dx2 y3
(ii) If y = em tan x, show that
−1

d2 y dy (4) Find the nth derivative of the following :

(1 + x ) 2 + (2x − m)
2
=0 1
dx dx (i) (ax + b) m (ii)
x
(iii) If x = cos t, y = emt show that
d2 y dy (iii) e ax + b
(iv) a px + q
(1 − x2) 2 − x − m 2y = 0
dx dx
(v) log (ax + b) (vi) cos x
(iv) If y = x + tan x, show that
d2 y (vii) sin (ax + b) (viii) cos (3 − 2x)
cos2 x · 2 − 2y + 2x = 0
dx
(ix) log (2x + 3)
(v) If y = eax · sin (bx), show that
1
(x)
y2 − 2ay1 + (a + b ) y = 02 2
3x − 5
7x3 − 5y3
(vi) If sec −1
= m, (xi) y = e ax · cos (bx + c)
7x3 + 5y3
d2 y (xii) y = e 8x · cos (6x + 7)
show that 2 = 0.
dx

60
(4) Find the values of x for which the function (14) Find the largest size of a rectangle that can be
f (x) = x3 − 12x2 − 144x + 13 inscribed in a semi circle of radius 1 unit, So
(a) Increasing (b) Decreasing that two vertices lie on the diameter.
(5) Find the values of x for which (15) An open cylindrical tank whose base is a
f (x) = 2x3 − 15x2 − 144x − 7 is circle is to be constructed of metal sheet so
(a) strictly increasing as to contain a volume of πa3 cu. cm of water.
(b) strictly decreasing Find the dimensions so that sheet required is
x minimum.
(6) Find the values of x for which f (x) = is
x2 + 1 (16) The perimeter of a triangle is 10 cm. If one of
(a) strictly increasing the side is 4 cm. What are the other two sides
(b) strictly decreasing of the triangle for its maximum area ?
1 (17) A box with a square base is to have an open
(7) Show that f (x) = 3x + increasing in
3x top. The surface area of the box is 192 sq.cm.
1 1 1
, 1 and decreasing in , . What should be its dimensions in order that
3 9 3
the volume is largest ?
(8) Show that f (x) = x − cos x is increasing for (18) The profit function P (x) of a firm, selling x
all x. items per day is given by
(9) Find the maximum and minimum of the P (x) = (150 − x)x − 1625. Find the number
following functions - of items the firm should manufacture to get
(i) y = 5x3 + 2x2 − 3x maximum profit. Find the maximum profit.
(ii) f (x) = 2x3 − 21x2 + 36x − 20 (19) Find two numbers whose sum is 15 and when
(iii) f (x) = x − 9x + 24x
3 2 the square of one multiplied by the cube of
16 the other is maximum.
(iv) f (x) = x2 + 2
x (20) Show that among rectangles of given area,
log x the square has the least perimeter.
(v) f (x) = x log x (vi) f (x) =
x (21) Show that the height of a closed right circular
(10) Divide the number 30 in to two parts such cylinder of a given volume and least surface
that their product is maximum. area is equal to its diameter.
(11) Divide that number 20 in to two parts such (22) Find the volume of the largest cylinder that
that sum of their squares is minimum. can be inscribed in a sphere of radius 'r' cm.
(12) A wire of length 36 meters is bent in the form 2x
(23) Show that y = log (1 + x) − , x > −1 is
of a rectangle. Find its dimensions if the area 2+x
of the rectangle is maximum. an increasing function on its domain.
4 sin θ
(13) A ball is thrown in the air. Its height at any (24) Prove that y = − θ is an increasing
2 + cos θ
time t is given by h = 3 + 14t − 5t2. Find the π
maximum height it can reach. function of θ ∈ 0, .
2

90
19. �sin−1 (cos 3x) · dx 1 − sin x
21. �tan−1 · dx
Solution : 1 + sin x
π Solution :
I = �sin−1 sin − 3x · dx
2 1 − cos
π
−x
2
π I = �tan−1 π · dx
= � − 3x · dx 1 + cos 2 −x
2 π x
2 sin2 −
π x2 = �tan −1 4
π
2
x · dx
= x−3 +c 2 cos2 −
2 2 4 2

π x
sin 2x = �tan−1 tan2 − · dx
20. �tan −1
· dx 4 2
1 + cos 2x
π x
Solution : = �tan−1 tan − · dx
4 2
1 + cos 2x
I = �cot−1 · dx π x
sin 2x = � − · dx
4 2
2 cos2 x π 1 x2
= �cot−1 · dx = x− · +c
2 sin x · cos x 4 2 2
= �cot−1 (cot x) · dx π x2
= x− +c
x2 4 4
= �x · dx = +c
2

EXERCISE 3.1

I. Integrate the following functions w. r. t. x : III. Evaluate :

2 x 4x + 3
2 (i) � · dx (ii) � · dx
(i) x + x − x + 1
3 2
(ii) x 1 − 2
x+2 2x + 1
x
4 1 5x + 2 x−2
(iii) 3 sec2 x − + −7 (iii) � · dx (iv) � · dx
x x√ x 3x − 4 �x + 5
3 4 3x3 − 2x + 5 2x − 7 sin 4x
(iv) 2x3 − 5x + + 5 (v) (v) � · dx (vi) � · dx
x x x√ x �4x − 1 cos 2x
II. Evaluate : (vii) ��1 + sin 5x · dx (viii) �cos2 x·dx
sin 2x
(i) �tan2 x · dx (ii) � · dx 2
cos x (ix) � · dx
sin x cos 2x √x − √x + 3
(iii) � 2 · dx (iv) � 2 · dx 3
cos x sin x (x)� ·dx
cos 2x sin x √ 7x − 2 − √ 7x − 5
(v) � 2 · dx (vi) � · dx 3 11
sin x· cos x
2
1 + sin x IV. f ' (x) = x − 3 , f (1) = then find f (x).
x 2
tan x
(vii) � · dx (viii) ��1 + sin 2x · dx
sec x + tan x
(ix) ��1 − cos 2x · dx (x)�sin 4x·cos 3x·dx

102
 EXERCISE 3.2 (A)
I. Integrate the following functions w. r. t. x : x2 1
3 23. 24.
(log x) n (sin x) 2
−1 √ 9 − x6 x (x3 − 1)
1. 2.
x √ 1 − x2 1
25.
1+x x·sec2 (x2) x·log x·log (log x)
3. 4.
x·sin (x + log x) √ tan3 (x2) II. Integrate the following functions w. r. t. x :
e3x (x2 + 2) cos 3x − cos 4x cos x
5. 6. · a x + tan
−1
x
1. 2.
e +13x
(x + 1)
2
sin 3x + sin 4x sin (x − a)
ex · log (sin ex) e2x + 1 sin (x − a)
7. 8. 3.
tan (ex) e2x − 1 cos (x + b)
1 1
9. sin4 x·cos3 x 10. 4.
4x + 5x−11 sin x·cos x + 2 cos2x
−1 sin x + 2 cos x 1
11. x9·sec2 (x10) 12. e3 log x·(x4 + 1) 5. 6.
3 sin x + 4 cos x 2 + 3 tan x
2
√ tan x (x − 1) 4 e x − 25 20 + 12 e x
13. 14. 2 7. 8.
sin x·cos x (x2 + 1) 2 ex − 5 3 ex + 4
2 sin x·cos x 1 3 e 2x + 5
15. 16. 9. 10. cos8 x·cot x
3 cos2 x + 4 sin2 x √ x + x3 4 e 2x − 5
10 x9 + 10x·log 10 xn − 1 11. tan5 x 12. cos7 x
17. 18.
10x + x10 √ 1 + 4x n
13. tan 3x·tan 2x·tan x
19. (2x + 1)√ x + 2 20. x ·√ a + x
5 2 2
14. sin5 x·cos8 x 15. 3cos x·sin 2x
2

−
1
7 + 4x + 5x2 sin 6x sin x·cos3 x
21. (5 − 3x) (2 − 3x) 2 22. 16. 17.
3 sin 10x·sin 4x 1 + cos2x
(2x + 3) 2

3.2.3 Some Special Integrals

1 1 x 1 1 x−a
1. � · dx = tan−1 +c 2. � · dx = log +c
x +a
2 2
a a x −a
2 2
2a x+a
1 1 a+x 1 x
3. � · dx = log +c 4. � · dx = sin−1 +c
a2 − x2 2a a−x √ a2 − x2 a
1 1
5. � · dx = log ( x + √ x2 − a2 ) + c 6. � · dx = log ( x + √ x2 + a2 ) + c
√x − a
2 2
√ x + a2
2

1 1 x
7. � · dx = sec−1 +c
x√ x − a 2 2
a a

110
 EXERCISE 3.2 (C)

I. Evaluate :
3x + 4 2x + 1 2x + 3
1. � ·dx 2. � ·dx 3. � ·dx
x2 + 6x + 5 x2 + 4x − 5 2x2 + 3x − 1

3x + 4 7x + 3 x−7
4. � ·dx 5. � ·dx 6. � ·dx
√ 2x2 + 2x + 1 √ 3 + 2x − x2 x−9

9−x 3 cos x e3x − e2x

7. � ·dx 8. � · dx 9. � ·dx
x 4 sin x + 4 sin x − 1
2
ex + 1

3.3 Integration by parts :

This method is useful when the integrand is expressed as a product of two different types of
functions; one of which can be differentiated and the other can be integrated conveniently.
The following theorem gives the rule of integration by parts.

3.3.1 Theorem : If u and v are two differentiable functions of x then

d
�u·v·dx = u·�v·dx − � ·u (�v·dx)·dx
dx
dw
Proof : Let �v·dx = w . . . (i) ⇒ v= . . . (ii)
dx
d d d
Consider, (u·w) = u· w + w· u
dx dx dx
du
= u·v + w·
dx
By definition of integration
du
u·w ·dx = � u·v + w·
dx
du
= �u·v·dx + �w· ·dx
dx
du
= �u·v·dx + � ·w·dx
dx
du
∴ u·�v·dx = �u·v·dx + � ·�v·dx·dx
dx
d
∴ �u·v·dx = u·�v·dx − � ·u (�v·dx)·dx
dx

In short, �u·v = u·�v − �(u' �v)

128