Croft,Davison and Hargreaves,Engineering Mathematics,Solutions Manual 59

Chapter 9. Complex numbers

Exercises 9.2

1. (a)
x2 + 1 = 0, x2 = −1, x = ±j
(b)
x2 + 4 = 0, x2 = −4, x = ±2j
(c) 
7 7
2
3x + 7 = 0, x =− ,
2
x=± j
3 3
(d) √
2 −1 ± 3j
x + x + 1 = 0, x=
2
(e)
x2 √
− x + 2 = 0, x=1± 3j
2

(f)
√
3 ± 7j
−x − 3x − 4 = 0,
2
x =
−2
√
3 7
= − ± j
2 2

(g) √
−3 ± 15j
2x2 + 3x + 3 = 0, x=
4

(h) √
2 −3 ± 7j
x + 3x + 4 = 0, x=
2

2.
3x3 − 11x2 + 16x − 12 = (x − 2)(3x2 + ax + 6)

Equate coefficients of x2 :
−11 = −6 + a
therefore a = −5

√
5 47
Solving 3x − 5x + 6 = 0 yields x = ±
2
j.
6 6

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3. (a) −11 + 8j

(b) 5 − 3j

(c) − 12 j

(d) −17

(e) cos ωt − j sin ωt

(f) cos ωt + j sin ωt

(g) 1 + 0.333j

4. (a) x = 3

(b) x = ±j

(c) Solve x2 + x + 1 = 0.

√
−1 ± 1−4
So x =
2√
1 3
= − ± j
2 √2
1 3
Poles at x = − ± j
2 2

5. √
−2 ± 4 − 20
s= = −1 ± 2j
2

6. (a) j4 = (j2 )2 = 1

(b) j5 = j4 j = j

(c) j6 = j4 j2 = −1

7. (a) real part 7, imaginary part 11

(b) −6, 1

(c) 0, 0

(d) 12 , 12

(e) 0, 1

(f) −1, 0

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Exercises 9.3
1. (a) 7 − 6j (b) −1 + 10j (c) 1 − 10j

2. (a)
1 1−j
=
1+j 2
(b)
2 2j
− = − 2 = 2j
j j

(c)

1 1 2+j
+ = −j +
j 2−j 5
2 4j
= −
5 5

(d)
j j(1 − j) j 1
= = +
1+j 2 2 2

(e)

3 1 3(3 − 2j) 5 + j
+ = +
3 + 2j 5 − j 13 26
23 − 11j
=
26

3. (a)
2 2(1 + j)
= =1+j
1−j 2
(b)
−2 + 3j −2j − 3
= = 3 + 2j
j j2
(c)
3j(4 − 2j) = 12j + 6
(d)

(7 − 2j)(5 + 6j) = 35 − 10j + 42j − 12j2

= 47 + 32j

(e)
5 + 3j 5 + 3j 2 − 2j 16 − 4j j
= × = =2−
2 + 2j 2 + 2j 2 − 2j 8 2

4. Let (x − (1 − 3j)) (x − (1 + 3j)) = 0.

Then x2 − 2x + 10 = 0.

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5. (x + jy)2 = 3 + 4j
(x2 − y 2 ) + 2jxy = 3 + 4j
x2 − y 2 = 3 and 2xy = 4.

 2
2
Therefore x2 − = 3
x
x4 − 3x2 − 4 = 0
(x + 1)(x2 − 4)
2
= 0

x2 = 4 ⇒ x = ±2 (note, x2 cannot equal − 1)

2
and y =
x

Hence x = 2, y = 1

or x = −2, y = −1

6. (a)

2 3 2(4 − j) 3(2 + j)
− = −
4+j 2−j 17 5
62 61
= − − j
85 85

(b)
j4 − j5 = 1 − j

(c)
1
+ j = −j + j = 0
j

(d)
1 1 1 1
= = = j
j3 − 3j −j − 3j −4j 4

Exercises 9.4
not provided

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Exercises 9.5
1.
√
|z1 | = 13 arg(z1 ) = −0.588
|z2 | = 1 arg(z2 ) = − π2
|z3 | = √1 arg(z3 ) = π
|z4 | = 20 arg(z4 ) = −2.034
|z5 | = 3 arg(z5 ) = 0

√
2. (a) 3 − j = 10
− 0.322

(b) 2 = 2
0

(c) −j = 1
− π/2

(d) −5 + 12j = 13
1.966

3.
|z1 | = 2 arg(z1 ) = 5π/6

√ √ π
|z2 | = 32 = 4 2 arg(z2 ) =
4
√ 13π
z1 z2 = 8 2

12
z1 1 7π
= √

z2 2 2 12
√
2 7π
=

4 12

4. √ π
2
=1+j
4
π √
2
= 3+j
6
π √
2
− = 3−j
6
5.
z1 = r1 (cos θ1 + j sin θ1 )
z2 = r2 (cos θ2 + j sin θ2 )
z1 r1 (cos θ1 + j sin θ1 )
=
z2 r2 (cos θ2 + j sin θ2 )
r1 (cos θ1 + j sin θ1 )(cos θ2 − j sin θ2 )
=
r2 (cos2 θ2 + sin2 θ2 )
r1
= (cos(θ1 − θ2 ) + j sin(θ1 − θ2 ))
r2

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6.
1 j
z= =−
jωC ωC

7.

z1 z2 = 12(cos 110◦ + j sin 110◦ )

z1 4
= (cos 30◦ − j sin 30◦ )
z2 3

8.

2 .4 − 3
5π
2π
2

= 4
2π
2
− π6
= 4

Exercises 9.7

1. (a)

|3ejπ/4 | = 3
jπ/4 π
arg(3e ) =
4

(b)

|2e−jπ/6 | = 2
π
arg(2e−jπ/6 ) = −
6

(c)

|7ejπ/3 | = 7
jπ/3 π
arg(7e ) =
3

2. (a)
 π π
5ejπ/3 = 5 cos + j sin
3√ 3
5 3
= 2.5 + j = 2.5 + 4.3301j
2

(b)
2π 2π
ej2π/3 = cos
+ j sin
3 √ 3
1 3
= − + j
2 2
= −0.5 + 0.8660j

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(c)
11ejπ = 11(cos π + j sin π) = −11
(d)
2e−jπ = 2(cos(−π) + j sin(−π)) = −2

3.

z = 6(cos 30◦ + j sin 30◦ )

= 6ejπ/6

√
Real part: 3 3 = 5.1962.
Imaginary part: 3.

4.

e(σ+jω)T = eσT ejωT

= eσT (cos ωT + j sin ωT )

Real part: eσT cos ωT .

Imaginary part: eσT sin ωT .

5.

z = e1+jπ/2 = eejπ/2
π π
= e cos + j sin
2 2
= ej

√
6. −1 − j = 2e−3πj/4 .

√ √ √
7. (a) z = 7 + 5j. |z| = 49 + 25 = 74. arg(z) = 0.6202. Therefore z = 74e0.6202j .
  2
1 2
(b) z = 12 − 13 j. |z| = 2 + − 13 = 0.6009 (4dp). This complex number lies in the fourth quadrant, and
θ = −0.5880. Therefore z = 0.6009e−0.5880j .

8. not provided

Exercises 9.9
1.

(cos θ + j sin θ)9 = cos 9θ + j sin 9θ

1 θ θ
(cos θ + j sin θ) 2 = cos + j sin
2 2

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2. (a)

(cos 3θ + j sin 3θ).(cos 4θ + j sin 4θ)

= (cos θ + j sin θ)3 (cos θ + j sin θ)4
= (cos θ + j sin θ)7

(b)
(cos 8θ + j sin 8θ)
(cos 2θ − j sin 2θ)
(cos θ + j sin θ)8
=
(cos θ + j sin θ)−2
= (cos θ + j sin θ)10

3. (a) z 3 + 1 = 0
let z = r
θ, then
r3
3θ = 1
π + 2nπ
π 2nπ
therefore r = 1, θ= 3 + 3 n = 0, 1, 2.

(b) z 4 = 1 + j
let z = r
θ, then
√
r4
4θ = 2
π4 + 2nπ

π nπ
therefore r = 21/8 , θ= 16 + 2 n = 0, 1, 2, 3.

√
4. Let z = 3
2 + 2j then z 3 = 2 + 2j.
Let z = r
θ, then
√ π
r3
3θ = 8
4 + 2nπ

π 2nπ
therefore r = 81/6 , θ= 12 + 3 n = 0, 1, 2.

5. (a) (cos θ + j sin θ)4 = cos4 θ + 4j cos3 θ sin θ − 6 cos2 θ sin2 θ

−4j cos θ sin3 θ + sin4 θ

Use De Moivre’s theorem and equate real parts

cos 4θ = cos4 θ − 6 cos2 θ sin2 θ + sin4 θ

= cos4 θ − 6 cos2 θ(1 − cos2 θ) + (1 − cos2 θ)2
= cos4 θ − 6 cos2 θ + 6 cos4 θ + 1 − 2 cos2 θ + cos4 θ
= 8 cos4 θ − 8 cos2 θ + 1

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(b) Let z = cos θ + j sin θ, then 1

z = cos θ − j sin θ, and z − z1 = 2j sin θ.
 6
1 15 6 1
z− = z 6 − 6z 4 + 15z 2 − 20 + 2 − 4 + 6
z z z z
therefore − 64 sin6 θ = 2 cos 6θ − 6.2 cos 4θ + 15.2 cos 2θ − 20
32 sin6 θ = − cos 6θ + 6 cos 4θ − 15 cos 2θ + 10

6. z 4 + 25 = 0
let z = r
θ, then
r4
4θ = 25
π + 2nπ
π nπ
therefore r = 251/4 = 51/2 , θ= 4 + 2 n = 0, 1, 2, 3.

√
7. z = 5
j, z5 = j
let z = r
θ, then
π
r5
5θ = 1
2 + 2nπ
π 2nπ
therefore r = 1, θ= 10 + 5 n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.

8.
 3
1 3 1
z+ = z 3 + 3z + + 3
z z z
   
3 1 1
= z + 3 +3 z+
z z
therefore 8 cos3 θ = 2 cos 3θ + 6 cos θ
1 3
therefore cos3 θ = cos 3θ + cos θ
4 4

9.
 4
1 4 1
z− = z 4 − 4z 2 + 6 − 2
+ 4
z z z
16 sin4 θ = 2 cos 4θ − 8 cos 2θ + 6
1
4
sin θ = (cos 4θ − 4 cos 2θ + 3)
8

10, 11. (cos θ + j sin θ)5 = cos5 θ + 5j cos4 θ sin θ − 10 cos3 θ sin2 θ
−10j cos2 θ sin3 θ + 5 cos θ sin4 θ + j sin5 θ

Equate real parts

cos 5θ = cos5 θ − 10 cos3 θ sin2 θ + 5 cos θ sin4 θ
= 16 cos5 θ − 20 cos3 θ + 5 cos θ

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Equate imaginary parts

sin 5θ = 5 cos4 θ sin θ − 10 cos2 θ sin3 θ + sin5 θ

= 16 sin5 θ − 20 sin3 θ + 5 sin θ

12.

ejθ = cos θ + j sin θ

jnθ
e = cos nθ + j sin nθ
jθ n
i.e. (e ) = cos nθ + j sin nθ

Exercises 9.10
Solutions in text.

Review Exercises 9
1– 4. not provided

5. (a)
(cos θ + j sin θ)6 = cos 6θ + j sin 6θ

(b)
1
= cos 3θ − j sin 3θ
(cos θ + j sin θ)3

(c)
cos θ + j sin θ
= cos(θ − φ) + j sin(θ − φ)
cos θ + j sin φ

6.

Let z = a + bj
z̄ = a − bj

(a)
z + z̄ = 2a = 2 Re(z)

(b)
z − z̄ = 2bj = 2j Im(z)

(c)
z z̄ = a2 + b2 = |z|2

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7.
ejωt = cos ωt + j sin ωt
−jωt
e = cos ωt − j sin ωt

therefore ejωt + e−jωt = 2 cos ωt

−jωt
e jωt
−e = 2j sin ωt

8.
1 + e2jωt = (1 + cos 2ωt) + j sin 2ωt

9. not provided

10.
e( 2 −6j) = e 2 e−6j
1 1

1
= e 2 (cos 6 − j sin 6)
1 1
= e 2 cos 6 − je 2 sin 6
= 1.5831 + 0.4607j
√
11. z 4 = −1 + j 3
let z = r
θ
2π
r4
4θ = 2
3 + 2nπ
1 π nπ
therefore r = 24 , θ= 6 + 2 n = 0, 1, 2, 3.

12. Solving the quadratic s2 + 6s + 13 = 0 we have

√
−6 ± 36 − 52
s= = −3 ± 2j
2
Hence the required factorization is
(s − (−3 + 2j)) (s − (−3 − 2j))

13.
Let 2s2 + 8s + 11 = 0
 
11
therefore 2 s2 + 4s + = 0
2

√
−4 ± 16 −
−4 ± 6j
44
2
s= =
2 2√
6
= −2 ± j
2


√ 

√ 
6 6
therefore 2 s − −2 + j s − −2 − j
2 2
is the required result.

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