Weaving Frames and Their Properties: Ritu Bhuyan

Weaving Frames and Their Properties
Ritu Bhuyan
Roll No. S21MA001
Under the supervision of
Dr. Saikat Mukherjee
Department of Mathematics
National Institute of Technology, Meghalaya
Shillong 793003, India
April 12, 2023
Ritu Bhuyan (NIT Meghalaya) Weaving Frames and Their Properties April 12, 2023 1 / 22
Outline
1 Introduction
2 Frame
3 Frame operators
4 Type of frames
5 Weaving frame
6 Some results on weaving frame
7 Riesz Bases
Weaving Riesz Bases
8 K-frame
Introduction
Introduction
▶ Let H be a Hilbert space. For a countable set I, the sequence {ek }k∈I
in H is said to be a basis for the Hilbert space if the elements of the
sequence are linearly independent and the sequence spans the whole
space.
▶ As a consequence, every f ∈ H has a unique representation in terms
of the elements in the basis.
▶ There exist unique scalar coefficients {ck }k∈I such that f = k∈I ck ek .
P
▶ If {ek }k∈I is an standard orthonormal basis in H, then the coefficients

are easy to find as taking inner product of f with any arbitrary ej we
get X X
⟨f , ej ⟩ = ⟨ ck ek , ej ⟩ = ck ⟨ek , ej ⟩ = cj (1)
k∈I k∈I
hence, X
f = ⟨f , ek ⟩ek (2)
k∈I
Introduction
Why do we need a tool alternate to basis ?
1. The conditions to become a basis is very restrictive.

▶ No linear dependency between the elements is possible.
▶ Sometimes we even want the elements to be orthogonal with respect to
an inner product.
2. This makes it hard or even impossible to find bases satisfying extra
conditions, and this is the reason that one may look for a more
flexible tool. Frames are such a tool.
3. One can think about a frame as a basis to which more number of
elements have been added. So that linearly independent is no more
needed.
Frame
Frame
Definition
A sequence of elements {fk }k∈I , where I is countable set, in Hilbert space
H is said to be a frame for H if there exist finite constants 0 < A ≤ B,
such that for every f ∈ H, the following inequality holds,
X
A∥f ∥2 ≤ |⟨f , fk ⟩|2 ≤ B∥f ∥2 (3)
k∈I
▶ A and B may not be unique as we can use any positive constant less
than A and positive constant greater than B for the same frame
satisfying the condition (3). The supremum over all lower bounds
and infimum over all upper bounds are called the optimal lower
bound and optimal upper bound respectively.
▶ If the above family (3) satisfies only the upper inequality, then it is
called a B-Bessel sequence.
Frame operators
Frame operators
Let {fk }k∈I be a frame in a Hilbert space H then the operators are,
1. Synthesis Operator: The synthesis operator is the linear map T :

l2 (I) → H defined by T {ck }k∈I = k∈I ck fk .
P
The synthesis operator T is bounded, then the adjoint operator is
defined as follows.
2. Adjoint operator: The adjoint operator is the linear map T ∗ : H →

l2 (I) defined by T ∗ f = {⟨f , fk ⟩}k∈I .
3. Frame operator : The composition of T with T ∗ will give rise to

another operator S : H → H defined by Sf = k∈I ⟨f , fk ⟩fk . The
P
operator S is positive, bounded, self-adjoint and invertible.
Frame operators
Reconstruction formula
Let {fk }k∈I be a frame in H with frame operator S. Then for all f ∈ H
X X
f = ⟨f , fk ⟩S−1 fk = ⟨f , S−1 fk ⟩fk
k∈I k∈I
where S−1 fk is called the dual frame for H.

▶ We can write ⟨Sf , f ⟩ = k∈I |⟨f , fk ⟩|2 . So (3) can be rewritten as
P
A∥f ∥2 ≤ ⟨Sf , f ⟩ ≤ B∥f ∥2
Frame operators
Frame property
1. The necessary and sufficient condition for a sequence of elements

{fk }k∈I in H to become a frame
▶ Necessary : The sequence can be used to reconstruct any signal f in the
space H.
▶ Sufficient : The sequence spans the space H.
Type of frames
Type of frames
▶ The frame {fk }k∈I in H is called
✇ tight if A=B. For example, {e1 , e1 , e2 , e2 , · · · } with A=B=2.
✇ parseval√if it is √ tight and √ A=B=1.
√ For example
√
{e1 , e2 / 2, e2 / 2, e3 / 3, e3 / 3, e3 / 3, · · · }.
✇ equal norm if ||fi || = ||fj ||, ∀i, j.
✇ unit norm if ||fi || = 1, ∀i.
✇ exact if removal of any one element from the frame results the system
to be no more frame. For example {2e1 , e2 , e3 , · · · } with A=1, B=2.
✇ equiangular
√
if |⟨fi , fj√⟩| =constant, ∀i , j. For example
{( − 2 3 , 21 ), (0, −1), ( 23 , 12 )} with A= ( 32 ).
As requirements, frames were generalized to different forms with different

characteristics. Some areas of generalizations are
▶ K frame
▶ Generalized frame (G frame)
▶ K-g frame
▶ Weaving frame
Weaving frame
Weaving frame
✈ Suppose, in a sensor networking system, there are sensors
(characterized by frames) A1 , A2 , .., An which capture data to produce
certain results.
✈ Due to some technical errors if one of the sensors fail to transmit
data then whole process will fail. Now assume that there is another
set of sensors B1 , B2 , · · · , Bn which behaves in an analogous manner
′
as Ai s. For example when A100 fails, then we can replace it by
corresponding B100 like given below
ϕ = {A1 , A2 , · · · , A100 , A101 , · · · , An }

ψ = {B1 , B2 , · · · , B100 , B101 , · · · , Bn }
J = {A1 , A2 , · · · , B100 , A101 , · · · , An }
✇ The idea of weaving frames for separable Hilbert space was inspired
by distributed signal processing and was first proposed by Bemrose
and Casazza[3].
Weaving frame
Weaving frame
Definition
Two frames {ϕk }k∈I and {ψk }k∈I for a Hilbert space H are said to be woven
if there are universal constants A and B so that for every partition σ ⊂ I,
where I is countable, the family {ϕk }k∈I ∪ {ψk }k∈I is a frame for H with
lower and upper frame bounds A and B respectively. The family
{ϕk }k∈I ∪ {ψk }k∈I is called a weaving.
▶ If A = B, we say that {ϕk }k∈I and {ψk }k∈I are A-woven, and if A = B =
1, then we call them 1-woven.
▶ Suppose that {ϕk }k∈I and {ψk }k∈I are woven, the frame operator of
{ϕk }k∈I ∪ {ψk }k∈I is defined by
X X
Sw f = ⟨f , ϕk ⟩ϕk + ⟨f , ψk ⟩ψk (4)
k∈σ k∈σc
▶ Sw is a positive, bounded, invertible, self-adjoint operator.
Weaving frame
Weaving example
✇ Let
ϕ = {e1 , e2 , 2e1 , e3 , e4 , · · · }
ψ = {2e1 , −e2 , −2e2 , e3 , e4 , · · · }
and
J = {e1 , −e1 , 2e2 , e3 , e4 , · · · }
be frames in l2 (I) then
▶ ϕ and ψ are woven as well as ψ and J are woven but ϕ and J are not
woven.
Some results on weaving frame
✇ Let {ϕk }k∈I be a frame with bounds A, B and let T be a bounded

operator. If ||Id -T||2 < A/B, where Id is identity operator, then
{ϕk }k∈I and {T ϕk }k∈I are woven.
✇ Let {ϕk }k∈I and {ψk }k∈I be frames for Hilbert space H with bounds
A1 ,√B1 and√A2 , B2 respectively. Assume there is a 0 < λ <1 so that
λ( B1 + B2 ) ≤ A1 /2 and for all sequences of scalars {ak }k∈I we
have X
|| ak (ϕk − ψk )|| ≤ λ||{ak }k∈I || (5)
k∈I
Then for every σ ⊂ I the family {ϕk }k∈σc ∪ {ψk }k∈σ is a frame for H
with frame bounds A1 /2 and B1 + B2 . That is {ϕk }k∈I and {ψk }k∈I are
woven.
Weaving between different frames
There are some examples, where weaving is not possible.

▶ Tight frame: {ϕk }k∈I = {e1 , e2 , · · · } and {ψk }k∈I = {2e1 , 2e2 , · · · } in
l2 (I).
√ √
▶ Mercedes Benz frame: {ϕ1 } = {( − 2 3 , 12 ), (0, −1), ( 2 , 2 )}
3 1
and
√ √
{ϕ2 } = {( − 2 3 , −1 in R .
2 ), (0, 1), ( 2 , 2 )}
3 −1 2
▶ Exact frame: {ϕ1 } = {(1, 2), (2, 3)} and {ϕ2 } = {(2, 1), (2, 4)} in R2 .
Riesz Bases
Riesz Bases
Definition
A family of vectors {ϕk }k∈I in a Hilbert space H is said to be a Riesz
sequence if there are finite constants 0 < A ≤ B so that ∀ {ck }k∈I ∈ l2 (I),
X X X
A |ck |2 ≤ || ck ϕk ||2 ≤ B |ck |2 (6)
k∈I k∈I k∈I
▶ A and B are the lower Riesz bound and upper Riesz bound,
respectively. If, in addition, {ϕk }k∈I is complete in H, then it is a
Riesz basis for H.
Definition
A Riesz sequence {ϕk }k∈I is called a Riesz basis for H if and only if there
is an orthonormal basis {ek }k∈I for H and an invertible operator
T : H → H satisfying T(ek ) = ϕk , ∀k ∈ I.
Riesz Bases
Riesz Bases and frames
✇ Every Riesz bases are frames.

✇ A frame which is not a Riesz basis is said to be non-exact frame or
redundant frame or overcomplete.
Theorem
Let {fk }k∈I be a frame for H. Then the following are equivalent:
▶ {fk }k∈I is a Riesz basis for H.
▶ {fk }k∈I is an exact frame.
Riesz Bases Weaving Riesz Bases
Weaving Riesz Bases
Theorem
If J ⊂ I, where I is countable and {ϕk }k∈J and {ψk }k∈J are woven frames
then {ϕk }k∈I and {ψk }k∈I are woven.
Theorem
Suppose {ϕk }k∈I and {ψk }k∈I are Riesz bases for H for which there are
uniform constants 0 < A ≤ B < ∞ so that ∀ σ ⊂ N, the family
{ϕk }k∈σ ∪ {ψk }k∈σc is a Riesz sequence with Riesz bounds A and B. Then
for every σ ⊂ N, the family {ϕk }k∈σ ∪ {ψk }k∈σc is actually a Riesz basis,
that is, it spans H.
Theorem
Let ϕ = {ϕk }k∈I be a Riesz basis and let ψ = {ψk }k∈I be a frame for H. If ϕ
and ψ are woven, then ψ must actually be a Riesz basis.
Riesz Bases Weaving Riesz Bases
Example based on weaving
Theorem
Suppose {ϕk }k∈I and {ψk }k∈I are woven with universal constants A and B.
If J ⊂ I and k∈J |⟨x, ϕk ⟩|2 ≤ D∥x∥2 for some 0<D<A and for all x ∈ H,
P
then {ϕk }k∈I−J and {ψk }k∈I−J are also frames for H and are woven with
universal lower and upper frame bounds A - D and B, respectively.
Example: Let {ek }∞ k=1 be an orthonormal basis for H. Consider the two
frames {ϕk }∞ k=1 = {e 1 , 100e1 , e2 , 100e2 /2, · · · , ek , 100ek /k, · · · } and
{ψk }∞k=1 = {e 1 , e1 , e 2 , e2 , · · · , ek , ek , · · · }. These two frames are woven, and
it is clear that the even terms in each frame may be removed to still leave
two woven frames. However, J = 2N does not satisfy the above theorem.
On the other hand, 0<ϵ can be chosen so that
{ϕk ,ϵ }∞
k=1 = {e1 , ϵ100e1 , e2 , ϵ100e /2, · · · , ek , ϵ100ek /k, · · · } and ψ are still
P2
woven with lower bound 1 but k∈2N |⟨x, ϕk,ϵ ⟩|2 ≤ D∥x∥2 for some 0<D<1.
That is even terms are not necessary to determine weaving.
K-frame
K-frame
Definition
Let K ∈ B(H) then a sequence {fk }k∈I in Hilbert space H is said to be a
K-frame for H if there exist finite constants 0 < A ≤ B and countable set
I, such that for every f ∈ H we have the inequality,
X
A∥K∗ f ∥2 ≤ |⟨f , fk ⟩|2 ≤ B∥f ∥2 (7)
k∈I
Definition
A sequence {Λk ∈ L(H, Hk ) : k ∈ I} is called a K-g -frame for H with
respect to {Hk : k ∈ I}, if there exist 0 < A ≤ B such that
X
A∥K∗ f ∥2 ≤ ||Λk f ||2 ≤ B∥f ∥2 (8)
k∈I
If right inequality of (5) holds, then {Λk : k ∈ I} is called g-Bessel sequence

for H.
K-frame
K-woven frame
Definition
A family of K-frames {ϕjk }k∈I ,j∈[m] for H is said to be K-woven if there
exist universal positive constants A and B such that for any partition
S
{σj }j∈[m] of N, the family j∈[m] {ϕjk }k∈σi is a K-frame for H with lower
and upper K-frame bounds A and B respectively.
Theorem
Suppose that { fk }k∈I and { gk }k∈I are K-frames for H and are K-woven on
H with universal frame bounds A, B. Let T1 , T2 ∈ L(H) are surjective on
H and√Tk K = KTk , where k=1, 2. If R(K) is closed, and
√
A > B||T1 − T2 ||||K † ||||T1 −1 ||, where K † is the pseudo-inverse of K.
Then {T1√fk }k∈I√ and {T2 gk }k∈I are K-woven on H, with universal frame
† −1 2
bounds [ A− B||T||T 1 −T2 ||||K ||||T1 ||]
−1 2
||
and B(||T1 ||2 + ||T2 ||2 ).
1
K-frame
Future works
▶ We have seen that the properties, which are satisfied by a standard

frame { fk }k∈I in H is also satisfied for K-frames. But the converse
may not be true. Therefore, the aim is to find suitable cases for
which this happens.
▶ After weaving of K-frames, now aim is to expand the property of
wovenness in between different frames under suitable conditions.
K-frame
References
[1] Ole Christensen, An Introduction to Frames and Riez Bases,

Birkhauser, 2, (2010).
[2] Travis Bemrose, Peter G. Casazza, Karlheinz Grochenig, Mark C.
Lammers, Richard G. Lync Weaving frames, arXiv preprint, (2015).
[3] Deepsikhaa, Lalit K. Vasistha Weaving K-frames in Hilbert space,
73–81, (2018).
[4] Yuxiang Xu and Jinsong Leng New inequalities for weaving frames
in Hilbert spaces, Springer, 1–15, (2021).
[5] P. Calder´on M. Ruiz On perturbations of woven pairs of frames,
AMS, 3, (2022).

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Weaving Frames and Their Properties

Under the supervision of

Dr. Saikat Mukherjee

April 12, 2023

6 Some results on weaving frame

▶ If {ek }k∈I is an standard orthonormal basis in H, then the coefficients

Why do we need a tool alternate to basis ?

1. The conditions to become a basis is very restrictive.

1. Synthesis Operator: The synthesis operator is the linear map T :

2. Adjoint operator: The adjoint operator is the linear map T ∗ : H →

3. Frame operator : The composition of T with T ∗ will give rise to

where S−1 fk is called the dual frame for H.

A∥f ∥2 ≤ ⟨Sf , f ⟩ ≤ B∥f ∥2

1. The necessary and sufficient condition for a sequence of elements

As requirements, frames were generalized to different forms with different

ϕ = {A1 , A2 , · · · , A100 , A101 , · · · , An }

▶ Sw is a positive, bounded, invertible, self-adjoint operator.

Some results on weaving frame

✇ Let {ϕk }k∈I be a frame with bounds A, B and let T be a bounded

Weaving between different frames

There are some examples, where weaving is not possible.

Riesz Bases and frames

✇ Every Riesz bases are frames.

Weaving Riesz Bases

Example based on weaving

If right inequality of (5) holds, then {Λk : k ∈ I} is called g-Bessel sequence

▶ We have seen that the properties, which are satisfied by a standard

[1] Ole Christensen, An Introduction to Frames and Riez Bases,

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