4 Differentiation

Skills check 4.
dy −
1
= e x − 3x 2 = e x −
3
1 −2 dy 1 dx x
1. a) y = 3x 4 + x 12 x 3 − x −3 12 x 3 − dy 3
2 dx x3 When x = 1, =e − =e−3
1

1 1 dx 1
dy − 9 5. y = e x − x
b) y = 8x + 18 x 2 − 5 8 + 9x 2 8 +
dx x dy
= e x − 1 = 0 at minimum point
1 5 2 dy 8 dx
c) y = x − + 2x − 4 = x 4 − 8x−5 = x 4 − 5
5 5 dx x ∴ e x = 1 so x = 0 (as e0 = 1)
5 3
1
d) y = 2 − x 2
dy 5
=− x 2 When x = 0, y = e0 − 0 = 1 − 0 = 1
3 dx 6 Minimum point is (0, 1).
dy 5
2. a) y = 5(4 − x)−1 = −5(4 − x)−2(−1) = 6. y = x − e x
dx ( 4 − x )2
dy
−
1
dy −7 −
3
−7 = 1 − ex = 0
b) y = 7(2 x + 3) 2
= (2 x + 3) 2 (2) = dx
dx 2 3
(2 x + 3) 2 At turning point, e x = 1 x=0
c) y = (x 2 −3x + 7)−1 When x = 0, y = 0 − e0 = −1
dy − ( 2 x − 3) Turning point is (0, −1).
= −1 (x 2 −3x + 7)−2 (2x − 3) = 2 d2 y
dx ( x − 3 x + 7 )2 = −e x = −e0 = −1< 0
3
−
5 dx 2
− dy
d) y = 4 (5 x + 1) 2
= − 6(5 x + 1) (5) 2
∴ This is a maximum turning point.
dx
Exercise 4.1 Exercise 4.2
1 1
1. a) 2e2x b) −5e−5x 1. a) ×4=
4x x
c) 3e3x+9 d) −e 8−x 1 −2 x 2x
2 b) × − 2x = = 2
e) −7ex f) 10 x e x 1− x 2
1− x 2
x −1
g) 6e2x−1 h) −8 x e6+ x
2
1 5
c) ×5=
3 3 + 5x 3 + 5x
3
−3e x
3x 2
(−3x −2 )
2
i) 10 x e5 x j) e x 1
x2 d) × 3x 2
=
x2 + 2 x3 + 2
x
⎛ 1 − 12 ⎞ 3e 1 −2 ex
k) 6e ⎜⎝ x ⎟⎠ = l) (−2) 1
x

2 x e2 x e2 x e) × ex = x
e −7
x
e −7
1
2. a) −2e−2x b) e5+x 1 1 − 1 1
f) × x 2= =
1
x 2 2 x x 2x
1 − −4e x
c) 27e3x d) −8e x
x 2
1 24 (6 x − 3)3 24
2 x g) × 4(6x − 3) 3
× 6 = =
( 6 x − 3) 4
( 6 x − 3) 4
6x − 3
e) 3e − 8e
x 4x
f) −4e −8x
1 8x + 2 4x + 1
h) × (8x + 2) = 2 = 2
g) 4e4x − e−x h) −6e−x − 12e3x 4 x 2 + 2x 4 x + 2x 2x + x
dy 2
i) y = e2x + e x −2 = 2e2x + e x i) x 2 × −2x −3 = −
dx x
3 12 3
dy j) ×4= =
j) y = 4e6x − 4e3x + 1 = 24e6x −12e3x 4x 4x x
dx
2 x −2
dy k) 2(x) × −1x −2 = 2 =
k) y = e−x + 1 = −e−x −x x
dx 3 54
l) 6× ×3=
l) e −4 x + 2 ( −4) + 7e5− 2 x ( −2) − 4e −4 x + 2 − 14e5−2 x 9x − 2 9x − 2

dy
3. = 10e2x
dx
dy
When x = 0, = 10e0 = 10
dx
© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Differentiation 1
2. a)
dy
=
8
×3=
8 Exercise 4.3
dx 3x x dy
1. a) = x (e x) + (e x) (1) = e x (x + 1)
dy 1 3 dx
b) = 3 × 6x 2 =
dx 2x x dy
b) = (4x − 1) (2x) + (x 2 − 5) (4) = 8x 2 − 2x + 4x 2 − 20
dy 1 −2 2 dx
c) = ×−4= =
dx 2 − 4x 1 − 2x 2x − 1 = 12x 2 −2x − 20 = 2 (6x 2 − x − 10)
dy 2 1 6 dy 1 1
d) =6× × = c)
−
= x 2 ( x 2 + 1) 2 (2x) + x 2 + 1 (2x)
dx x 2 x dx 2
1
dy 1 1 −
x3
e) = × (2 x + 1) 2 × 2 = + 2x x 2 + 1
dx 2x + 1 2 x +12

1 1
= = x + 2 x ( x 2 + 1)
3
3x 3 + 2 x
2x + 1 2x + 1 2x + 1 = =
x +1
2
x 2 +1
dy 1 10
f) = 10 × 10(5x) (5) =
9
x (3 x 2 + 2)
dx (5 x ) x =
x2 +1
dy 1 3e − 2
x
g) (3e x − 2) dy 1 1 − 12 x 1 −1
dx 3e − 2 x
x
3e x − 2 x d) = x + (ln x) x = + (ln x ) x 2
dx x 2 x 2
dy 9 18(2 x + 3)
h) × 2 (x 2 + 3x) (2x + 3) = 2 x ln x x x ln x 2 x + x ln x
dx ( x + 3 x )2
2
x + 3x = + = + =
x 2 x x 2x 2x
dy 5 5 2 x (2 + ln x ) 2 + ln x
i) × 2x −2 = = =
dx 2 7x − 2 x2
7− 2x 2 x
x x
dy
5x 2 10 e) = x 2 × 7(2x + 5)6 × 2 + (2x + 5)7 (2x)
dx
7x − 2 x2 x (7 x − 2)
= 14x 2 (2x + 5)6 + 2x (2x+5)7
1
dy 4 1 2 −
= 2x (2x + 5)6 (7x + 2x + 5)
j) ( x − 8x ) 2 × (2x − 8)
dx x − 8x
2 2
= 2x (2x + 5)6 (9x + 5)
4 x −4 4( x − 4 )
= dy 1 − 12
x 2 − 8x x 2 − 8x x 2 − 8x f) = x 2(x − 3)1 + (x − 3)2 x
dx 2
dy 1 = 4x (x − 3) + (x − 3)2
k) × e5x × 5 = 5
dx e5 x
4 x ( x − 3) + ( x − 3)2
=
dy ( x + 3) 6 −6( x + 3)6 −6 2 x
l) × 7 × −6(x + 3)−7 = ( x − 3)( 4 x + x − 3) ( x − 3)(5 x − 3)
dx 7 ( x + 3 )7 x +3
= =
2 x 2 x
dy 1 dy 1
3. When x = 1, =1
dx x dx 1 dy
g) = e2 x ( 4 ) + ( 4 x + 1) e2 x ( 2 )
dy 1 2x dx
4. 2x When x = 3,
dy 6 3 = 4e2 x + 2e2 x ( 4 x + 1)
dx x2 + 1 x2 + 1 dx 10 5
= 2e2 x ( 2 + 4 x + 1)
dy 1 1 1
5. 3 = 2e2 x ( 4 x + 3)
dx 3x x 2
So x = 2 and When x = 2, y = ln 6. dy
h) = x × 4(x + 3)3 + (x + 3)4 × 1
dy 1 dx
6. y = x − ln x 1− =0 = (x + 3) (4x + x + 3)
3

dx x
at turning point, so x = 1 = (x + 3)3 (5x + 3)
When x = 1, y = 1 − ln 1 = 1 − 0 = 1 dy 1
i) = x 2 × + (ln x) × 2x = x + 2x ln x
Turning point is (1, 1). dx x
d2 y 1 d2 y 1 dy
= + x −2 = 2 When x = 1, = 2 j) = x 2 × 3(x + 3)2 + (x + 3)3 × 2x
dx 2 x dx 2 1 dx
=1>0 = x (x + 3)2 [3x + 2(x + 3)]
∴ This is a minimum.
= x (x + 3)2 (5x + 6)
© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Differentiation 2
 k) dy = ex × 4 (2x − 1)3 × 2 + (2x − 1)4 ex 5. dy = e x (1) + (1 + x)e x = e x[1 + 1 + x]
dx dx
= ex (2x − 1)3 [8 + 2x − 1] = ex (2x − 1)3 (2x + 7) = e x (2 + x) = 0 at turning point
l) y = x (x + 1)−1 ∴ e x = 0 (not possible) or x = −2
dy
= x × − 1(x + 1)−2 + (x + 1)−1 × 1 When x = −2, y = e−2 (1 − 2) = −e−2
dx

=
− x + ( x + 1)1
=
1 ∴ Coordinates of turning point are ( −2, −e−2).
( x + 1) 2
( x + 1)2
d2 y
dy 1 −
1 = ex (1) + (2 + x)ex = 3ex + x ex
m) = 6e x (1) + (x + 4) × 6e x × x 2 dx 2
dx 2 d2 y
When x = −2, 2 = 3e−2 − 2e−2 = e−2 > 0
3( x + 4 )e x dx
= 6e x +
x ∴ This is a minimum.
6 xe x
+ 3e ( x + 4)
x
3e x
[2 x + x + 4]
=
x
=
x Exercise 4.4
dy dy ( x + 3)(2) − (2 x )(1) 6
n) = 4x3 × e2x × 2 + e2x × 12x 2 = 4x 2e2x[2x + 3] 1. a) = =
dx dx ( x + 3) 2
( x + 3) 2
dy x ( e ) ( 2 ) − e (1)
dy 2 1
[ ]
2x 2x
o) = 2ex × + ln 2x × 2ex = 2ex + ln2x b) =
dx 2x x dx x2
p) y = (x − 2)(x + 2)−1 e2 x ( 2 x − 1)
=
dy x2
= (x − 2)× −1(x + 2)−2 + (x + 2)−1×1
dx dy ( x + 4 )(2 x ) − x 2 (1) x 2 + 8x x ( x + 8)
4 c) = = =
= (x + 2)−2[−(x − 2) + (x + 2)] = dx (x + 4) 2
(x + 4) 2
( x + 4 )2
( x + 2)2
dy (1 + x 2 )(1) − x (2 x ) 1 − x2
q) y = (2x + 3) (1 − 5x) −1 d) = =
dx (1 + x ) 2 2
(1 + x 2 )2
dy
= (2x + 3) × −1(1 − 5 x ) −2 (−5) + (1 −5x)−1 (2) dy (2 − x )(3) − 3 x ( −1) 6 − 3x + 3x 6
dx e) = = =
dx (2 − x )2 (2 − x )2 (2 − x )2
= (1 −5x)−2 [+5 (2x + 3) + 2 (1 − 5x)]
17 dy (2e x − x )6 x − 3 x 2 (2e x − 1)
= (1 −5x) −2
(17) = f) =
(1 − 5 x )2 dx (2e x − x )2
dy 1 3 x (4e x − 2 xe x − x )
r) = (x 2 + 1) 2 × 2x + ln(x 2 + 1) × 2x =
dx x +1 (2e x − x ) 2

= 2x + 2x ln(x 2 + 1) = 2x[1 + ln(x 2 + 1)] dy (2 x + 1)(3) − (3 x − 4)(2)

g) =
dx (2 x + 1)2
dy
2. = x 2 × −e−x + e−x × 2x = −x 2e−x + 2x e−x 6x + 3 − 6x + 8 11
dx = =
dy 1 (2 x + 1) 2
(2 x + 1)2
When x = 1, = −1e−1 + 2e−1 =
dx e dy ( x + 1)2 (3) − (3 x + 5)(2)( x + 1)
dy h) =
= ( x ) 3 (1 + x ) (2 x ) + (1 + x ) (1)
2 3
3. 2 2 dx ( x + 1) 4
dx
( x + 1) [3( x + 1) − 6 x − 10 ] −3 x − 7
When x = 2, = =
( x + 1) 4 ( x + 1)3
dy
= (2)(3)(5)2 (4) + (1 + 4)3 dy (2 − x )12 x − 6 x 2 ( −1) 24 x − 12 x 2 + 6 x 2
dx i) = =
= 600 + 125 − 735 dx (2 − x ) 2
(2 − x )2
When x = 2, y = 2(5)3 = 250 24 x − 6 x 2 6 x (4 − x )
= =
Equation is : (2 − x ) 2
(2 − x )2
y − 250 = 725( x − 2) dy (1 − x )3 ( 4 ) − 4 x (3)(1 − x )2 ( −1)
j) =
y = 725 x − 1200 dx (1 − x )6
1
dy 1 −
1
(1 − x 2 ) 4 (1 − x ) + 12 x
4. = (x + 4) ( x 2 − 1) 2 × 2x + ( x 2 − 1) 2 (1) =
dx 2 (1 − x )6
1
− 8x + 4 4 (2 x + 1)
= ( x 2 − 1) 2
[x (x + 4) + (x 2 −1)] = =
(1 − x ) 4 (1 − x ) 4
1
− 2x 2 + 4 x − 1
= ( x 2 − 1) 2
[x 2 + 4x + x 2 −1] =
x 2 −1
© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Differentiation 3
 dy ( x − 2)(2 x ) − ( x 2 + 1)(1) 2 x 2 − 4 x − x 2 − 1 −2 x ⎡⎣2 + 4 x 2 + 1 − 2 x 2 ⎤⎦
k) = = =
dx ( x − 2)2 ( x − 2)2 3

x − 4x −1
2
(1 + 2 x ) 2 2

= −2 x (3 + 2 x ) 2
( x − 2)2 = 3

(ln x )(10 x ) − 5 x 2 1 (1 + 2 x ) 2 2

l)
dy
= x = 10 x ln x − 5 x
dx (ln x )2 (ln x )2 dy (2 x − 3)(2 x ) − x 2 (2) 4 x 2 − 6 x − 2 x 2
2. = =
5 x (2 ln x − 1) dx ( 2 x − 3) 2 ( 2 x − 3) 2
=
(ln x )2 2x 2 − 6x 2 x ( x − 3)
= =
1
1 −
1 ( 2 x − 3) 2 ( 2 x − 3) 2
(1 − 2 x 2 ) 2 (3 x 2 ) − x 3 (1 − 2 x 2 ) 2 ( −4 x )
dy 2 dy
m) = Where = 0, 2x (x − 3) = 0
dx (1 − 2 x 2 ) dx
−
1
∴ x = 0 and x = 3
x 2 (1 − 2 x 2 ) 2
3(1 − 2 x 2 ) + 2 x 2
=
(1 − 2 x 2 ) 3. dy ( 2 x − 1)( 6 x ) − 3 x 2 ( 2 )
=
x 2 [3 − 4 x 2 ] dx ( 2 x − 1)2
= 3
dy (3)(12 ) − 12 ( 2 ) 12 4
(1 − 2 x 2 ) 2 When x = 2, = = =
dx 32 9 3
dy (2 x 2 + 1)(3 + 4 x 3 ) − (3 x + x 4 )( 4 x ) 3
n) = Gradient of normal = −
dx (2 x 2 + 1)2 4
6 x 2 + 8 x 5 + 3 + 4 x 3 − 12 x 2 − 4 x 5 Equation of the normal at ( 2,4 ) is :
= 3
(2 x 2 + 1)2 y − 4 = − ( x − 2)
4
4 x 5 + 4 x 3 − 6x 2 + 3
= 4 y − 16 = −3 x + 6
(2 x 2 + 1)2
4 y + 3 x = 22
1 1
1 −2 1
1 + x 2 (1) − x x 1+ x − x dy ( x − 1)(1) − x (1) −1
dy 2 2 4. = = −(x − 1)−2
o) = = dx ( x − 1)2 ( x − 1)2
dx (1 + x )2 (1 + x )2
d2 y 2
1 = 2 (x − 1)−3 (1) =
1+ x dx 2 ( x − 1)3
2 2+ x
= 2
= 1 1
2(1 +
1+ x x )2
dy
(1 + x 2 )2 (1) − ( x + 3) 1 (1 + x 2 )− 2 (2 x )
5. = 2
dy (2 x − 7 )(2 x ) − ( x 2 + 6)(2) (1 + x 2 )
p) = dx
dx (2 x − 7 )2
(1 + x 2 ) −1/2 [(1 + x 2 ) − ( x + 3)( x )]
=
4 x − 14 x − 2 x − 12 2( x 2 − 7 x − 6)
2 2
1+ x2
= =
(2 x − 7 )2 (2 x − 7 )2 [1 + x − x − 3 x ]
2 2
= 3
5 3 5
(1 + x 2 ) 2
( x ) ( x + 1) 2 − ( x + 1) 2 (1)
dy 2 1 − 3x
q) = = = 0 at turning point
dx x2 3

1
3 (1 + x 2 ) 2
( x + 1) 2 5 x − 2( x + 1) 3 1
( x + 1) 2
(3 x − 2) ∴ 1 − 3x = 0, x =
= 2 2 = 3
x 2x 2 1 10
+3
1 3
1
1 1
When x = , y = = 3
(1 + 2 x )2 2
( −4 x ) − (1 − 2 x 2 ) ⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ (1 + 2 x 2 ) 2 ( 4 x ) 3
1+
1 10
dy 2
r) = 9 9
dx 1 + 2x 2
10 3 10 10 10 10
1 1
= ÷ = × = = 10
−4 x (1 + 2 x )
2 2
− 2 x (1 − 2 x 2 )(1 + 2 x 2 ) 2 3 10 10 10 10
=
1 + 2x 2 1
∴ Turning point is ( , 10 ).
1
3
−2 x (1 + 2 x )
2 2
⎡⎣2 (1 + 2 x 2 ) + (1 − 2 x 2 ) ⎤⎦
=
(1 + 2 x 2 )
1

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Differentiation 4
 7 dy
− 3 x 2 − (7 ln x − x 3 )3e3 x
e3 x 3. = 3cos2 x ( 2 ) = 6cos2 x
dy x dx
6. =
dx e6 x π dy 2π 1
dy e3 (7 − 3) − (7 ln1 − 1)(3e3 ) When x = , = 6cos = −6 ⎛ ⎞ = −3
Where x = 1, = 3 dx 3 ⎝ 2⎠
dx e6
dy
4e − 3e (0 − 1)
3 3
4. = 1 − cos x
= dx
e6 π dy π
4e + 3e3
3
7e 3 7 When x = , = 1 − cos =1
= 6
= 6 = 3 2 dx 2
e e e
∴ gradient normal = −1
Exercise 4.5 π π
Equation of normal is ⎛⎜ y − + 1⎞⎟ = −1⎛⎜ x − ⎞⎟
dy ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
1. a) = 5 cos 5x 3π
dx y = −x + −1
dy x 2
b) = 3 sec 2
dx 2 dy 1 1
−
1

dy 5. = x 2 cos x 2
− sin x
c) = −2 (x + 1) sin (x 2 + 2x) dx cos x
dx
dy − sin x 1
d) = 8 tan x sec2 x = =− tan x
dx 2 cos x 2
dy d2 y
e) = 3x 2 cos (x 3 − 7) ⇒ = − sec 2 x
dx dx 2
dy
f) = 20 sec2 4x dy
dx 6. = 2 cos x − 2 sin 2x = 0 at turning point
dy dx
g) = − 3 cos2x sin x ∴ cos x − sin 2x = 0
dx
∴ cos x − 2 sin x cos x = 0
dy
h) = sin 2 x ( − sin x ) + cos x ( cos2 x )( 2 ) ∴ cos x (1 − 2 sin x) = 0
dx
1 5
= 2cos x cos2 x − sin x sin 2 x ∴ cos x = 0, x = or sin x = , x = or
2 2 6 6
dy d2 y
i) = x 2 (3 sec2 3x) + tan 3x (2x) = −2 sin x − 4 cos 2x
dx dx 2
= x (3x sec2 3x + 2 tan 3x) d2 y
When x = , 2 = −2 sin 2 − 4 cos π
2 dx
dy x 2 ( −2 sin 2 x ) − (cos 2 x )(2 x )
j) =
dx x4 = −2 + 4 = 2 > 0 ∴ Minimum
x −2 x sin 2 x − 2 cos 2 x
= When x = , y = 2 sin + cos π = 2 + − 1 = 1
x4 2 2
−2 x sin 2 x − 2 cos 2 x
= ∴ , 1 = minimum turning point
x3 2
dy d2 y
k) = sin3 3x (−sin x) + cos x (3 sin2 3x) (3 cos 3x) When x = , = − 2 sin − 4 cos =−3 < 0
dx 6 dx 2 6 3
= sin2 3x (9 cos x cos 3x − sin x sin 3x) ∴ Maximum
dy 1 −
1
2 sec 2 x 1 3
l) = 4 sec2 x x 2
= y = 2 sin + cos =1+ =
dx 2 x 6 3 2 2
3
2. a)
dy
= 2 (cos 2x − sin x) (−2 sin 2x − cos x) ∴ , = maximum turning point
dx 6 2
= 2 ( cos2 x − sin x )( −1)( sin 2 x + cos x ) 5 d2 y 5 5
When x = , = − 2 sin − 4 cos
6 dx 2 6 3
= −2 (cos 2x − sin x) (sin 2x + cos x) = − 1 − 2 < 0 ∴ Maximum
dy 5π 5π 1 3
b) = ex × sec2 x + tan x × ex = ex (sec2x + tan x) y = 2sin + cos = 1 + =
dx 6 3 2 2
dy 1 − sin x
c) = × − sin x = = −tan x 5 3
dx cos x cos x ∴ , = Maximum turning point
6 2
dy
d) = x × esin x × cos x + esin x = esin x (x cos x + 1)
dx

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Differentiation 5
 dy 1 dy 1 15
7. = 1 − 2 cos x = 0 at maximum, so cos x = c) =5 (3) =
dx 2 dx 1 + (3 x ) 2
1+ 9x 2
5
x = or dy
3 3 d) 3x 2 + x 2y + y 2(1) = 5
dx
when x = ,y= − 2 sin = − 3 dy
3 3 3 3 2xy = 5 − 3x 2 − y 2
dx
5 5 5 5
when x = ,y= − 2 sin = + 3 dy 5 − 3x 2 − y 2
3 3 3 3 =
dx 2 xy
d2 y
= 2 sin x
dx 2 dy dy
2
e) 2x + 2y =1
d y dx dx
When x = , = 2 sin = 3 > 0 ∴ Minimum
3 dx 2 3 dy dy 2x
2x = (1 − 2y) =
5 d y 52 dx dx 1− 2y
When x = , = 2 sin = − 3 < 0 ∴ Maximum
3 dx 2 3
5 dy dy dy
Hence maximum y value = + 3 f) 2x 1 + y (2) − 3 = 2y −7
3 dx dx dx
Minimum value is where x = , and y = − 3. dy
3 3 2y + 7 = (2y − 2x + 3)
1 dx
8. y = ln (1 – cos x)1/2 = ln (1 – cos x) dy 2y + 7
2 =
dy 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ sin x dx 2 y − 2x + 3
= ⎜ ⎟⎠ (sin x) = 1 dy x dy
dx ⎝
2 1 − cos x 2(1 − cos x ) g) x + ln y (1) = 1 = 1 − ln y
y dx y dx
d 2 y (2 − 2 cos x ) cos x − sin x (2 sin x )
= dy y (1 − ln y )
dx 2 4(1 − cos x )2 =
dx x
(2 cos x − 2 cos2 x ) − 2 sin 2 x
= h) y = ex tan−1 x
4(1 − cos x )2
dy 1 e x (1 + tan −1 x )
= ex + tan−1x (ex) =
2 cos x − 2 cos2 x − 2(1 − cos2 x ) dx 1+ x 2
1+ x2
=
4(1 − cos x )2
dy dy
2 cos x − 2 i) 2x + 2y +2−4 =0
= dx dx
4(1 − cos x )2
2(cos x − 1) dy
2x + 2 = (4 − 2y)
= dx
4(1 − cos x )2
−2(1 − cos x ) dy 2x + 2 x +1
= =
= dx 4 − 2y 2− y
4(1 − cos x )2
−1 dy dy
= j) 4x 3 + x 2 2y + y 2 (2x) − 4y 3 =0
2(1 − cos x ) dx dx
1 dy
= (2x 2y − 4y 3) = − 4x 3 − 2xy 2
2(cos x − 1) dx
dy −4 x 3 − 2 xy 2 −2 x 3 − xy 2 2 x 3 + xy 2
= = =
Exercise 4.6 dx 2x 2 y − 4 y3 x 2 y − 2 y3 2 y 3 − x 2y
dy dy
1. a) 2x + 2
dx
− 2y = 0
dx (
k) x cos y
dy
dx ) [
+ sin y (1) − y (cos x) + sin x (1)
dy
dx ( )] = 0
dy dy dy
(2 − 2y) = − 2x x cos y + sin y − y cos x − sin x =0
dx dx dx
dy −2 x −x x dy
= = = (x cos y − sin x) = y cos x − sin y
dx 2(1 − y ) 1 − y y −1 dx
dy dy dy y cos x − sin y
b) x ( − sin y ) + cos y (1) = 2 y +1 =
dx dx dx x cos y − sin x
dy
cos y − 1 =
dx
( 2 y + x sin y ) (
l) e x+y 1 + 1
dy
dx
=2)
dy cos y − 1 dy
= e x+y + e x+y =2
dx 2 y + x sin y dx

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Differentiation 6
 dy dy 2−3
e x+y = 2 − e x+y At (1, 1), = = −1
dx dx 3−2
dy 2 − ex + y 2
= x+y = x+y − 1 Equation of tangent is y − 1 = −1 (x − 1),
dx e e
so x + y = 2.
dy 1 x
m) =x + tan−1x (1) = + tan−1 x dy dy dy
dx 1+ x 2
1+ x2 4. x 2 (3y 2) + y3 (2x) − 2x (2y) − y 2 (2) = 3
dx dx dx
dy dy dy
n) 1 + 3y 2 = 1 − 2x (3x 2 y 2 − 4xy − 3) = −2xy3 + 2y 2
dx dx dx
dy
(1 + 3y 2) = 1 − 2x dy 2 y 2 − 2 xy 3
dx = 2 2
dx 3 x y − 4 xy − 3
dy 1− 2x
=
dx 1 + 3 y 2 1 dy dy
5. x + y (1) = 2 x + 2 y
dy dy xy dx dx
o) (x) e y + e y (1) + 2 =0
dx dx dy dy
x + y = 2x 2y + 2xy 2
dy dx dx
(x ey + 2) = −ey
dx dy
dy −e y (x − 2xy 2) = 2x 2 y − y = y (2x 2 − 1)
= y dx
dx xe +2
dy y (2 x 2 − 1) y (2 x 2 − 1)
= =
dy 1 dy dx x − 2 xy 2 x (1 − 2 y 2 )
p) 1 =x + ln y (1)
dx y dx
dy 1 1
dy x 6. = (−2) = (−2)
1− = ln y dx 1 + (1 − 2 x )2 1 + (1 − 4 x + 4 x 2 )
dx y
dy ln y y ln y −2 −2 −1
= = = = =
dx x y−x 2 − 4 x + 4 x 2 2(1 − 2 x + 2 x 2 ) 1 − 2 x + 2 x 2
1−
y
dy 1 x 1
q) = × 2 = Exercise 4.7
dx 4 1 + (2 x ) 2 + 8x 2
dy dy dy dx dy dy dy dt 1 4
r) cos y + x 2 (3y 2) + y 3 (2x) = 2 −sin x 1. a) = 6t 2, = 8t, = × = 8t × 2 =
dx dx dx dt dt dx dt dy 6t 3t
dy dx dy 2
sin x + 2xy3 = (2 − cos y − 3x 2 y 2) b) = 3t2 − 6, =1− 2
dx dt dt t
dy 2 xy 3 + sin x dy 2
= 1 − 2 ÷ (3t2 − 6)
dx 2 − cos y − 3 x 2 y 2 dx t

dy dy −2 x −x t2 − 2 1 1
2. 2x + 12y =0 = = = × 2 = 2
dx dx 12 y 6y t 2
3(t − 2) 3t

When x = 2, 22 + 6y 2 = 10 so 6y 2 = 10 − 4 = 6 dx dy
c) = −3 sin t, = 2 cos t
giving y 2 = 1 and y = ± 1 dt dt
dy −2 1 dy 1 −2
At (2, 1) = =− = 2 cos t × = cot t
dx 6(1) 3 dx −3 sin t 3
dy −2 1 dx dy dy 8 1
At (2, −1) = = d) = 8t, = 8,
dx −6 3 dt dt dx 8t t

dy dy dx dy dy sin t
3. 3x 2 + 3y 2 = 2x + y (2) e) = 1 − cos t, = sin t,
dx dx dt dt dx 1 − cos t
dy dx 1 dy dy 1
(3y 2 −2x) = 2y − 3x 2 f) = , = 2t, = 2t ÷
dx dt (1 − t )2 dt dx (1 − t )2
dy 2 y − 3x 2 = 2t (1 −t)2
= 2
dx 3 y − 2x

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Differentiation 7
 dx dy 1 −21 1 dy 1 1 1 dx
g) = 2t, t , 8. x = aθ + a sin θ = a + a cos θ
dt dt 2 2 t dx 1
2t 3 d
2t 2
4t 2
dy
dx dy y = a − a cos θ = a sin θ
h) = 9 cos2 θ (−sin θ), = 9 sin2 θ cos θ d
dt dt
dy a sin θ sin θ
= =
dy 9 sin 2 cos sin dx a(1 + cos θ ) 1 + cos θ
= =− = −tan θ
dx −9 sin cos 2 cos
dx dy dy 12t 2 − 16t
dx dy dy 3 9. =2 = 12t 2 − 16t = 6t 2 − 8t
i) = 2t + 3, = 3, dt dt dx 2
dt dt dx 2t + 3
dy
When = 0, 2t (3t − 4) = 0
dx dy dx
j) = −2sin 2θ , = 4 cos θ 4
dθ dθ So t = 0 or t =
dy 4 cos θ 4 cos θ 3
= = = − cosecθ
dx −2 sin 2θ −4 sin θ cos θ dx dy
10. a) = −15 sin 3t = 6 cos 3t
dx dy dt dt
k) = −a sin θ, = b cos θ
d d dy 6 cos 3t
=
dy b cos b dx −15 sin 3t
= = − cot
dx −a sin a −2 cos 3t
=
dx dy dy 4 − 3t 2
3t − 4
2 5 sin 3t
l) = −2t, = 4 −3t 2,
dt dt dx −2t 2t dy
b) = 0 when cos 3t = 0
dx 1 dy 1 dx
2. 1− 1+
dt t2 dt t2 3
∴ 3t = or
2 2
dy t 2 + 1 t 2 − 1 = t 2 + 1
= 2 ÷ 2
dx t t t2 − 1 t= or
6 2
dx dy
3. = 4 cos t = −2 sin 2t But 0 < t < so t =
dt dt 2 6
dy −2 sin 2t − sin 2t −2 sin t cos t 3
= = = = −sin t When t = , x = 5cos =0
dx 4 cos t 2 cos t 2 cos t 6 6
dx dy −2 dy −2 t 3 3
4. =1 3
= −2t−3 y = 2sin =2
dt dt t dx 1 6
∴ Coordinates are (0,2).
dx dy
5. = −2 sin 2θ = 2 + 2 cos 2θ
d d
Summary exercise 4
dy 2 + 2 cos 2 1 + cos 2θ 2 cos 2 θ dy dy 8x
= = = 1. a) − 5e−5 x b)
dx −2 sin 2 − sin 2θ −2 sin θ cos θ dx dx 4x 2 + 5
= − cot θ dy 1 4
c) = 2 (4) =
dx dy dy 2t dx 1 + (4 x ) 1 + 16 x 2
6. =2 = 2t =t
dt dt dx 2 dy (2 x − 3)(1) − 2( x − 1) −1
d) = =
dx (2 x − 3) 3
(2 x − 3)2
When x = 5, 2t + 3 = 5, 2t = 2, t = 1
dy e x (cos x ) − sin x (e x ) e x (cos x − sin x )
dy e) =
∴ =1 dx e2 x e2 x
dx
cos x − sin x
dx dy −3 dy −3 t 2 −1 =
7. =3 ex
dt dt t2 dx 3 t2 dy
f) = (x + 1)2 3 (x − 2)2 (1) + (x − 2)3 2 (x + 1) (1)
dy −1 dx
When x = −1, = = −1
dx 1 = (x + 1) (x − 2)2 [3 (x + 1) + 2 (x − 2)]
∴ Gradient of normal = 1 = (x + 1) (x − 2)2 (5x − 1)
Equation of normal is y + 9 = 1 (x + 1), so 1
1 2 −
1

x − y − 8 = 0. ( x 2 − 1) 2 (2 x ) − x 2 ( x − 1) 2 (2 x )
dy 2
g)
dx ( x 2 − 1)

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Differentiation 8
 1
dx dy
x ( x 2 − 1)
−
2
2( x 2 − 1) − x 2 s) = − 2 sin θ = −6 cos θ
= d d
x2 − 1
dy −6 cos θ 6 cos θ
x ( x 2 − 2) = = = 3cot θ
= dx −2 sin θ 2 sin θ
3
( x 2 − 1) 2 dy 1 3
t) = (3) =
9 dx 3 x + 1 3x + 1
h) dy = 6 1 1

1 × ( 3 x − 4 )− 2 ( 3 ) =
dx (3 x − 4 ) 2 2 3x − 4 dx dy
u) = 4 (t + 2)3 (1) = 24t 2 − 2
dt dt
dy dy
i) 1 = x (2y) + y 2 (1) −3x 2 dy 24 t 2 − 2 12t 2 − 1
dx dx = =
dx 4(t + 2) 2(t + 2)3
dy
3x 2 −y 2 = (2xy − 1)
dx dy 1
v) x + ln x (1) = 1 + ln x
dy 3x 2 − y 2 dx x
=
dx 2 xy − 1 1 −
1 1
1 −2
1

(1 − x 2 ) x 2 − x 2 ( −2 x ) x (1 − x 2 + 4 x 2 )
dy 7 dy 2 2
j) = 2 x (e2x)2 = 14 w) = =
dx e dx (1 − x 2 )2 (1 − x 2 )2
dy 1 + 3x 2
[or y = 14x ln e = 14x, = 14] =
dx 2 x (1 − x 2 )2
1 dy dy
ln x x e x + e x (1) − x e x x) 3x 2 + x 2 y + y 2 (1) − 3 y 2 0
x = e ( x ln x + ln x − 1)
x
k) dx dx
(ln x ) 2
(ln x )2
dy
dy 1 1 3x 2 + y 2 = (3y 2 − 2xy)
1 −
dx
l) = x2 (1 + x 2 ) 2 (2x) + (1 + x 2 ) 2 (2x)
dx 2
dy 3x 2 + y 2
1 = 2
− dx 3 y − 2 xy
= x (1 + x ) 2 2 [x 2 + 2 (1 + x 2)]
dy ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 2
x (3 x 2 + 2) 3x 3 + 2 x y) =⎝ ⎠ 2 (10) =
= 1 dx 5 1 + (10 x ) 1 + 100 x 2
(1 + x 2 ) 2 1+ x2
dy
dx dy −1 dy −1 −1 2. = 3x (e2x)2 + e2x (3) = 6x e2x + 3e2x = 3e2x (2x + 1)
m) =3 = 2 = 2 ÷3= 2 dx
dt dt t dx t 3t
d2 y
= 3e2x (2) + (2x + 1) 3e2x (2)
dy 1 − 12 −e 2x
dx 2
n) − 2e x
x =
dx 2 x = 6e2x + 12x e2x + 6e2x = 0
dy dy 12e2x + 12x e2x = 0
o) 6x 2 + [3x (2y) + y 2 (3)] −3y 2 =0
dx dx
12e2x (1 + x) = 0 ∴ x = −1, y = −3e−2
dy
6x 2 + 3y 2 = (3y 2 −6xy)
dx dy 1 1 −1
3. = × cos x × x 2
dx sin x 2
dy 6x 2 + 3 y 2 2x 2 + y 2
= 2 = 2
dx 3 y − 6 xy y − 2 xy cos x 1 cot x
= × =
sin x 2 x 2 x
dy e x (2)(2e x − 3)1 (2e x ) − (2e x − 3)2 (e x )
p) dx
dx e2 x 4. a) = 2 (1 + t)1 (1) = 2 (1 + t)
dt
e x (2e x − 3) 4e x − (2e x − 3)
= dy
e2 x = 2 (1 − t)1 (−1) = −2 (1 − t)
dt
(2e x − 3) (2e x + 3) 4e2x − 9
= = dy −2(1 − t ) t −1
ex ex = =
dy 2 2
dx 2(1 + t ) t +1
q) = e tan x (2 tan x) (sec2 x) = 2 e tan x tan x sec2 x
dx dy t −1
b) Parallel to x-axis, =0 ∴ =0
dy dx t +1
r) = x 2 (e3x−2) (3) + e3x−2 (2x) = x e3x−2 (3x + 2)
dx ∴ t − 1 = 0, t = 1

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Differentiation 9
 When t = 1, x = (1 + 1)2 = 4 − sin x − cos x
= = 0 at stationary point
ex
y = (1 − 1)2 = 0 ∴ −sin x − cos = 0 and so sin x = −cos x
Ans: (4, 0) 3π
tan x = −1, x =
4
dy ( x 2 − 3)(2 x + 2) − ( x 2 + 2 x )(2 x )
5. = dy 1 −2
dx ( x 2 − 3)2 12. = −2sin (ln x) = sin (ln x)
dx x x
dy ( 4 − 3)( 4 + 2) − ( 4 + 4 )( 4 )
When x = 2, = d2 y −2 1 2
dx ( 4 − 3) 2 cos (ln x) + sin (ln x) 2
dx 2 x x x
6 − 32
= = −26 d2 y dy −2 2
1 x2 +x + y = x 2 2 cos (ln x ) + 2 sin (ln x )
dx 2
dx x x
Equation of tangent is y − 8 = −26 (x − 2),
−2
so y = −26x + 60. +x sin(ln x ) + 2cos(ln x)
x
1 dy
6. x 3
(3 y 2 ) + ln y3 (1) = 0 = −2 cos (ln x) + 2 sin (ln x) −2 sin (ln x)
y dx
+ 2 cos (ln x) = 0
dy −1ny 3 − y ln y 3
= x =
dx 3 3x dy ( x − 1)2 (10 x − 10 ) − (5 x 2 − 10 x + 9 )2( x − 1)
y 13. =
dx ( x − 1) 4
dy −e ln e3 −e 3 ln e −3e −e ( x − 1) ( x − 1)(10 x − 10 ) − 2(5 x 2 − 10 x + 9 )
At (2, e), = = = = =
dx 6 6 6 2 ( x − 1) 4
dy dy
7. 4 x + 2 y +5 −3 =0 10 x 2 − 10 x − 10 x + 10 − 10 x 2 + 20 x − 18
dx dx
=
( x − 1)3
dy dy −4 x − 5 −8
(2y − 3) = −4x − 5 = =
dx dx 2y − 3 ( x − 1)3
dy 4−5 −1
At (−1, 4), = = dx dy −2t dy
dx 8−3 5 14. =1 = −2t = −2t
dt dt 1 dx
∴ Gradient of normal = 5 dy
Equation of normal is y − 4 = 5 (x + 1), When x = 2, 2 = t + 1, t = 1 = −2 (1) = −2
dx
so y − 4 = 5x + 5. 1
∴ Gradient of normal =
5x − y + 9 = 0 2
When x = 2, t = 1 and ∴ y = 4 − (1)2 = 3
dy 1 ⎛ 1⎞ 2 8 1
8. = (4) 2
⎝ ⎠ = 1 = Equation of normal is y − 3 = (x − 2), so
dx 1 2 4 + x2 2
1+ ⎛ x ⎞ 1+ x 2 2y − 6 = x − 2 and
⎝2 ⎠ 4
dy 1 2 x − 2y + 4 = 0.
9. = (2) = = 2(1 + 4x2)−1
dx 1 + (2 x )2 1+ 4x2 1
1
dy 1 − −
d y 2
−16 x 15. (5x 2 + 3) 2 (10x) = 5x (5 x 2 + 3) 2
= −2(1 + 4x2)−2(8x) = dx 2
dx 2 1+ 4x2
2
dx dy dy 3t 2 3 dy
10. = 2t = 3t 2 t = 25x 2 (5x 2 + 3)−1
dt dt dx 2t 2 dx
When x = 1, t 2 = 1, t = 1 or −1 When x = −1,
When y = 1, t 3 = 1, ∴ t = 1 dy
2
25
= 25 (5 + 3)−1 =
dy 3 3 dx 8
(1) =
dx 2 2
3 dy 1
Equation of tangent is y − 1 = (x − 1), so 16. =x (3) + 1n3x . (1)= 1 + ln 3x = 0 at the
2 dx 3x
2y − 2 = 3x − 3 and
stationary point
3x − 2y − 1 = 0. 1
∴ ln 3x = −1 e−1 = 3x x=
e x ( − sin x ) − cos x (e x ) 3e
dy e x ( − sin x − cos x )
11. =
dx e2 x e2 x

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Differentiation 10
 1 1 1 1 −1 dy
When x = , y = ln 3 = ln e−1 = 20. = cos x − 8 sec2 x = 0 at stationary values
3e 3e 3e 3e 3e dx
8
1 −1 ∴ cos x = 8 sec2 x =
∴ Coordinates are , . cos 2 x
3e 3e ∴ cos3 x = 8

dy (cx + d )(a ) − (ax + b )(c ) ∴ cos x = 3 8 = 2

17. =
dx (cx + d )2 But cos x must be between 1 and −1 so
acx + ad − acx − bc y = sin x − 8 tan x cannot have any
= stationary points.
(cx + d )2
ad − bc dy dy
= =0 21. a) 2x − 2y −5 + 3 = 0
(cx + d )2 dx dx
At the stationary point ad − bc = 0 which will not dy
(3 − 2y) = 5 − 2x
give a value of x. dx
dy 5 − 2x
∴ No stationary point =
dx 3 − 2y
dy −
x
−
x
1 dy
18. = e 2 (cos 2x) (2) + sin 2x e 2 − b) Maximum / minimum value of y when =0
dx 2 dx
5
1 −x i.e. 5 − 2x = 0, x =
= e 2 [4 cos 2x − sin 2x] 2
2
5 25 25
d2 y 1 − x2 When x = , − y2 − + 3y + 13 = 0
e [(−4 sin 2x) (2) − 2 cos 2x] 2 4 2
dx 2 2
25 − 4y 2 − 50 + 12y + 52 = 0
1 −x
+ (4 cos 2 x − sin 2 x ) − e 2 0 = 4y 2 −12y − 27
4
x
(2y + 3) (2y − 9) = 0
− 1
=e 2
−4 sin 2 x − cos 2 x − cos 2 x + sin 2 x 3 9
4 y = − or y =
x
2 2
− 15
=e 2
− sin 2 x − 2 cos 2 x dx
4 22. = 2 (t 2 − 2)1 (2t) = 4t (t 2 − 2)
dt
d2 y dy dy
4 +4 + 17y y = t 2 − 6t = 2t −6
dx dx dt
x x
− −
=e 2
(−15 sin 2x − 8 cos 2x) + 2 e 2
(4 cos 2x − sin 2x) dy 2t − 6
= 0 at stationary value
x dx 4 t (t 2 − 2)
−
+ 17e 2
sin 2x
∴ 2t − 6 = 0, t = 3
x
−
=e 2 [−15 sin 2x − 8 cos 2x + 8 cos 2x − 2 sin 2x When t = 3, x = (32 − 2)2 = 49 and y = 3 (3 − 6) = −9
+ 17 sin 2x] ∴ Stationary point is (49, −9).
x
−
=e 2
[0] = 0
1
19. y = cosec 2θ =
sin 2
dy sin 2 (0) − 1(cos 2 )(2) −2 cos 2
= 2 =
dx sin 2 sin 2 2
−2 cos 2 1
= ×
sin 2 sin 2
= −2 cosec 2θ cot 2θ

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Differentiation 11