MAA HL

EXERCISES 5.14-5.15 SOLUTIONS

IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION – RATE OF CHANGE PROBLEMS
Compiled by: Christos Nikolaidis

IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

A. Practice Questions
1. Consider the equation xy + x2y2 = e x  e y + 2
(a) LHS = 1+1 = 2 RHS = 1–1+2 = 2
dy e  y  2 xy 2
x
dy e3
(b) (i)  y (ii) 
dx e  x  2 x y 2
dx P e  3
e3 e3
(c) Tangent line: y  1  ( x  1) Normal line: y  1   ( x  1)
e3 e3
dy dy dy dy 2 x  y
2. (a) x2 – xy +y2 = 3  2 x  y  x  2 y  0  2 x  y  ( x  2 y)  
dx dx dx dx x  2 y
dy 2x  y
(b) (i) 1  1  2x  y  x  2 y  y  x
dx x  2y
The original relation gives x 2  x (  x )  (  x ) 2  3  3 x 2  3  x 2  1  x  1
For x  1 , y  1 , point (1,-1). For x  1 , y  1 , point (-1,1).
dy
(ii)  0  2x  y  0  y  2x
dx
The original relation gives x 2  x ( 2 x )  ( 2 x ) 2  3  3 x 2  3  x 2  1  x  1
For x  1 , y  2 , point (1,2). For x  1 , y  2 , point (-1,-2).
dy
(iii)  not defined  x  2 y  0  x  2 y
dx
The original relation gives (2 y ) 2  (2 y ) y  y 2  3  3 y 2  3  y 2  1  y  1
For y  1 , x  2 , point (2,1). For y  1 , x  2 , point (-2,-1).
3. x2 – xy +y2 = 3 y  mx  2
(a) Intersection implies
x 2  x ( mx  2)  ( mx  2) 2  3  x 2  mx 2  2 x  m 2 x 2  4mx  4  3
 (m 2  m  1) x 2  (4m  2) x  1  0
Tangency implies
  0  ( 4m  2) 2  4(m 2  m  1)  0  16 m 2  16 m  4  4m 2  4m  4  0
 12 m 2  12 m  0  m 2  m  0  m(m  1)  0  m  0 or m  1
(b) The tangent lines are y  2 and y  x  2

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 B. Past Paper questions (SHORT)
2 2
4. 3x + 4y = 7
When x = 1, y = 1 (since y > 0)
d dy dy 3x
(3x2 +4y2 = 7)  6x +8y =0 
dx dx dx 4y
3
The gradient where x = 1 and y = 1 is –
4
OR
7  3x 2
3x2 + 4y2 = 7 y = , since y > 0
4
dy 3x 3
 1
= – when x = 1
dx 4
2(7  3x) 2

5. By implicit differentiation,
d dy dy 4 x
(2x2 – 3y2 = 2)  4x – 6y = 0  
dx dx dx 6 y
When x = 5, 50 – 3y2 = 2 y2 = 16 y = ±4
dy 5
Therefore 
dx 6

6. 2xy2 = x2y + 3
(a) x = 1  2y2 – y – 3 = 0
3
y = or y = –1 but y < 0  y = –1
2
dy dy
(b) 2y2 + 4xy = 2xy + x2
dx dx
 dy 2 xy  2 y 2 
  
 dx 4 xy  x 2 
 
dy 4
(1, – 1)  
dx 5

7. (a) 2p + 3p2 = 16  p = 2
dy dy
(b) 4xy + 2x2 + 6y =0
dx dx
dy dy dy
at P(1, 2), 8 + 2 + 12 = 0  14 = –8
dx dx dx
4
 gradient = – (= –0.571)
7

dy dy
8. 3x2y + 2xy2 = 2  6xy + 3x2 + 2y2 + 4xy =0
dx dx
Substituting x = 1 and y = –2
dy dy dy dy
–12 + 3 +8–8 = 0  –5 =4 =–4
dx dx dx dx 5
Gradient of normal is .5
4

2
9. y3 + 3xy2
dy
+ 4xy + 2x2
dy
=0
dy
=

– y  4 xy
3

dx dx dx 3xy 2  2 x 2
dy
At (1,1), = –1
dx
Equation of tangent is y – 1 = –l(x – 1) or x + y = 2

10. METHOD 1
dy
3x2y2 + x32y =0
dx
dy dy 3
At (2, 1), 12 + 16 = 0 =–
dx dx 4
4
Gradient of normal =
3
4
Equation of normal is y – 1 = (x – 2)
3
METHOD 2
3 5
– dy
2
– 3
y = 2 2x = –3 2x 2 = – when x = 2
dx 4
4
Gradient of normal =
3
4
Equation of normal is y – 1 = (x – 2)
3

11.

dy dy dy 9 y – 3 x 2
12. x3 + y3 – 9xy = 0  3 x 2  3 y 2 – 9 y – 9x  0   2
dx dx dx 3 y – 9 x
EITHER
at point (2, 4) gradient = 0.8. Gradient of normal = –1.25
OR
– 3y 2  9x
Gradient of normal 
9 y – 3x 2
at point (2, 4), gradient is –1.25
THEN
Equation of normal is given by y – 4 = –1.25(x – 2) or y = –1.25x + 6.5

3
 dy
13. y2 = x3 so 2y = 3x2.
dx
dy 3
At P(1, 1),  .
dx 2
1    1
The tangent is 3x – 2y = 1, giving Q =  ,0  and R =  0, .
3   2 
2 1 1
Therefore, PQ : QR = : or 1 : = 2 : 1.
3 3 2

14. (a)

1
Extra question: the gradient is not defined, thus 2k  1  0  k 
2
15.

4
16.

17.

18.

EITHER

1  1 
19. y  ln  (1  e  2 x )   e y   (1  e  2 x )   3e y  1  e 2 x
3   3 
dy dy 2
Hence 3e y  2 e  2 x    e 2 x e  y
dx dx 3
But 3e y  1  e 2 x ,
dy 2 2 2
So   (3e y  1)e  y   (3  e  y )  (e  y  3).
dx 3 3 3

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FURTHER APPLICATIONS
A. Practice Questions

1 dy
20. (a) y  x x  ln y  x ln x   ln x  1
y dx
dy dy
  y (ln x  1)   x x (ln x  1)
dx dx
dy 2x 2
(b) y  ( x 2  1) x  ⋯   ( x 2  1) x (ln( x 2  1)  2 )
dx x 1
dy 2 x2 1
 x x 1 (2 x ln x 
2
(c) y  x x 1 ⋯ )
dx x
21. (a) x 3  y 2  xy . We use implicit differentiation:

dy dy dy 3 x 2  y
in terms of x: 3 x 2  2 y  yx  
dx dx dx x  2 y
1
dx dx dx x  2y dy  dx 
in terms of y: 3 x 2  2y  y x  Hence  
dy dy dy 3 x 2  y dx  dy 

dy
(b)  0  y  3 x 2 . Then, the original relation gives
dx
2 4 2 4 
x3  9 x4  3x3  9 x 4  2 x3  9 x  2  x  , y . The point is  , 
9 27  9 27 

dy dx
(c) not defined or  0  x  2 y . Then, the original relation gives
dx dy
1 1 1 1
8 y3  y 2  2 y 2  8 y3  y 2  8 y  1  y  , x  The point is  , 
8 4  4 8

dx dy 1 1
22. (a) y  ln x  x  e y   ey   y 
dy dx e x

dx dy 1 1
(b) y  x  x  y2   2y   
dy dx 2 y 2 x

23. f ( x )  x 2  f ( x )  2 x  f (3)  6
1 1
f 1 ( x)  x  f 1 ' ( x )   f 1 ' (9) 
2 x 6

dx dy 1 1 1
24. (a) y  arcsin x  x  sin y   cos y    
dy dx cos y 1  sin y
2
1 x2
dx dy 1 1 1
(b) y  arccos x  x  cos y    sin y    
dy dx sin y 1  cos 2 y 1 x2

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B. Past Paper questions (SHORT)

25.

RATE OF CHANGE

A. Practice Questions
dC dA
26. (a) C  2 A 3  1   6 A2
dt dt
dC
  18 A 2 .
dt
dC
When A  2, then  72 .
dt

3 1 dD 3 dB
(b) ln D    2
B D dt B dt

dD 6D
  2 .
dt B

dD 2e
When D  e, B  3 then 
dt 3

dF dA dB dB
(c) F  2 A 2 B  2 B 3   4 AB  2 A2  6B 2
dt dt dt dt

dF
 12 AB  4 A 2  12 B 2 .
dt
dF
When A  B  1 then  28
dt

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27. It is given that h  2 r

(a) V   r 2 h  2 r 3
(b) S  2 r 2  2 rh  2 r 2  4 r 2  6 r 2
dV dr dS dr
(c) (i)  6 r 2 (ii)  12 r
dt dt dt dt
dV dr
6 r 2
dt  dt  r  dV  r dS
(d) Divide (c)(i) by (c)(ii):
dS dr 2 dt 2 dt
12 r
dt dt
dV r dS 12 dS dS
(e)  6  1
dt 2 dt 2 dt dt
28.
(a)
Relation between Relation between the corresponding
Variables
the variables rates of change
5 1 d 5 dx
x and θ tan    2
x cos  dt
2
x dt
5 d 5 dy
y and θ sin   cos   2
y dt y dt

dx dy dx dy
x and y x 2  25  y 2 2x  2y x y
dt dt dt dt

5x dA 5 dx
A and x A 
2 dt 2 dt

dP dx dy
P, x and y P  x y5  
dt dt dt

 25
(b) When x  5 : (i)   (ii) y  5 2 (iii) A  (iv) P  10  5 2
4 2
dx
(c)  0.5
dt
1 d 5 dx d 5 d 1
(i)  2  4   2 0.5  
cos 2  dt x dt dt 5 dt 40
dx dy dy dy 1
(ii) x y  5  0.5  5 2  
dt dt dt dt 2 2
dA 5 dx dA 5 dA 5
(iii)    0.5  
dt 2 dt dt 2 dt 4

dP dx dy dP 1 1 2 2
(iv)      
dt dt dt dt 2 2 2 4

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B. Past Paper questions (SHORT)

dV 4 dV
29. = 8(cm3s–1), V = r3 => = 4r2
dt 3 dr
dV dV dr dr  dV   dV 
= ×  =  ÷ 
dt dr dt dt  dt   dr 
dr 1
When r = 2, = 8÷(4×22) = (cm s–1)
dt 2π

30. Let h = height of triangle and θ = C ÂB .

dh d
Then, h = 5tan  5 sec 2  
dt dt
π d d 1
Put θ = . 2=5×4×   rad per sec
3 dt dt 10

3 d  3 dx
31. tan θ =  sec2 θ 
x dt x 2 dt
π
when θ = , x2 = 3 and sec2 θ = 4
3
dx  x sec 2  d

dt 3 dt
dx  3(4)  1  1
    km s–1= –240 km h–1
dt 3  60  15
The aeroplane is moving towards him at 240 km h–1

Extra question
If z is the distance, then z 2  3 2  x 2  z 2  9  x 2
dz dx dz x dz x
Then 2 z  2x   240   240
dt dt dt z dt 9  x2
32.

Extra question
The volume after 1 minute is 10m3.
  270 10
Hence V  h 3  10  h3  h  3 33 .
27 27  
2/3 2/3
dV  2 dh   10  dh 10  10  dh
Then  h  10  9    
dt 9 dt 9   dt    dt
1/ 3
dh  10 
Therefore,  
dt   

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33.

Extra question
dx dz
Then  60 (positive) ,  0.8  60  0.6  70  6kmh 1
dt dt

34.

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