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Exercise 2.1 (Solutions)Page 50

Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12
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Question # 1
Find the definition, the derivatives w.r.t ' x ' of the following functions defined as:
1 1
(i) 2 x2 + 1 (ii) 2 − x (iii) (iv)
x x3
1
1 2
(v) (vi) x( x − 3) (vii) (viii) ( x + 4 )3
x−a x4
3
1
(ix) x 2 (x) x5 2 (xi) x m , m ∈ N (xii) m , m ∈ N
x
40 −100
(xiii) x (xiv) x
Solution
(i) Let y = 2 x 2 + 1
2 2
⇒ y + δ y = 2( x + δ x) + 1 ⇒ δ y = 2( x + δ x) + 1 − y
( )
⇒ δ y = 2 x2 + 2x δ x + δ x2 + 1 − 2 x2 − 1 ∵ y = 2x2 + 1
⇒ δ y = 2 x 2 + 4 x δ x + 2δ x 2 − 2 x 2 ⇒ δ y = 2 x 2 + 4 x δ x + 2δ x 2 − 2 x 2
⇒ δ y = 4 x δ x + 2δ x 2
= δ x ( 4 x + 2δ x )
Dividing by δ x
δy
= 4 x + 2δ x
δx
Taking limit when δ x → 0
δy
lim = lim ( 4 x + 2δ x )
δ x →0 δ x δ x →0

dy
⇒ = 4 x + 2(0)
dx
dy d
⇒
dx
= 4 x i.e.
dx
( )
2 x2 + 1 = 4x

(ii) Let y = 2 − x
⇒ y +δ y = 2− x +δx ⇒ δ y = 2− x +δ x − y
1 1
⇒ δ y = 2− x +δ x − 2+ x ⇒ δ y = x − ( x + δ x)2
2

1
1 1
 δx 2
⇒ δ y = x − x 1 +
2 2

 x 
1 1
 1 δx (
1 1
2 2 − 1)  δ x  2 
⇒ δ y = x − x 2 1 + ⋅
2
+   + ... 
 2 x 2!  x 
 
FSc-II / Ex- 2.1 - 2

1 1
 δ x 12 ( − 12 ) δ x 2
1

=x −x −x 
2 2 2
+ + .... 
 2x 2 x 2
 
1
 1 1δx 
= − x 2δ x  − 2
+ .... 
 2x 8 x 
Dividing by δ x , we have
1
δy  1 1δx 
= −x2  − 2
+ .... 
δx  2x 8 x 
Taking limit as
1
δy  1 1δx 
lim = − x 2 lim  − 2
+ .... 
δ x →0 δ x δ x →0  2 x 8x 
1
dy  1 
⇒ = x2  − 0 + 0 − .... 
dx  2x 
1 1 1
1 1 −1 dy 1 − 2
=x ⋅ = x2
2
⇒ = x
2x 2 dx 2

1
1 −
(iii) Let y = ⇒ y=x 2
x
Now do yourself as above

1
(iv) Let y = 3
⇒ y = x −3
x
−3
⇒ y + δ y = ( x + δ x)
−3
⇒ δ y = ( x + δ x ) − x −3
 δ x  −3 
⇒ δ y = x  1 +
−3
 − 1
 x  
−3
 3δ x −3(−3 − 1)  δ x  2  
= x  1 − +   + ....  − 1
 x 2!  x  
−3
 3δ x −3(−4)  δ x 2 
= x 1 − +   + ..... − 1
 x 2  x  
−3
 3δ x −3(−4)  δ x 2 
= x − +   + .....
 x 2  x  
δx δx 
= x −3 ⋅
 −3 + 6   − .....
x   x  
Dividing both sides by δ x , we get

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 FSc-II / Ex- 2.1 - 3

δy  δx  
= x −3−1  −3 + 6   − .....
δx   x  
Taking limit on both sided, we get
δy  δx  
lim = lim x −4  −3 + 6   − .....
δ x →0 δ x δ x →0
  x  
dy
⇒ = x −4 [ −3 + 0 − 0 + .....]
dx
dy dy 3
⇒ = −3x −4 or =− 4
dx dx x

1
(v) Let y =
x−a
−1
⇒ y = ( x − a)
−1
⇒ y + δ y = ( x + δ x − a)
−1
⇒ δ y = ( x − a + δ x) − y
−1 −1
⇒ δ y = ( x − a + δ x) − ( x − a)
−1  δx 
−1

= ( x − a)  1 +  − 1
 x−a 
−1 δ x −1( −1 − 1)  δ x 
2
 
= ( x − a )  1 − +   + ....  − 1
 x − a 2!  x − a 
  
−1  
2
δ x −1( −1 − 1)  δ x 
⇒ δ y = ( x − a ) 1 − +   + .... − 1
 x − a 2!  x−a 
 δx
−1 −1( −2 )  δ x 
2

= ( x − a ) − +   + ....
 x − a 2  x−a 
−1 δx   δx  
= ( x − a) ⋅  −1 +   − ....
x−a  x−a 
Dividing by δ x
δy −1−1   δx  
= ( x − a )  −1 +   − ....
δx   x−a 
Taking limit when δ x → 0 , we have
δy −1−1   δx  
lim = lim ( x − a )  −1 +   − ....
δ x →0 δ x δ x →0
  x−a 
dy −2 dy −1
⇒ = ( x − a ) [ −1 + 0 − 0 + ....] ⇒ =
dx dx ( x − a )2

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FSc-II / Ex- 2.1 - 4

(vi) Let y = x( x − 3)
= x 2 − 3x
Do yourself

2
(vii) Let y =4
= 2x − 4
x
⇒ y + δ y = 2( x + δ x)− 4
Do yourself
1
(viii) Let y = ( x + 4)3
1
⇒ y + δ y = ( x + δ x + 4)3
1
⇒ δ y = ( x + δ x + 4) − y 3

1 1
= ( x + 4 + δ x )3 − ( x + 4)3
 1

1
 δ x  3
= ( x + 4 ) 1 + − 1
 x + 4 
3

 
1  (
1 1 −1
) 2  
1 δ x 3 3  δ x 
= ( x + 4 ) 3  1 + +   + ....  − 1

   
 
3 x + 4 2! x + 4
1  (
1 −2
) 2 
δ x 3 3  δ x 
= ( x + 4)3  +   + .... 
 3( x + 4) 2  x + 4  
1
δ x 1 1  δ x  
= ( x + 4)3 ⋅  −   + ....
x + 4 3 9  x + 4  
Dividing by δ x
δy −1  1 1 δx  
1
= ( x + 4)3  −   + ....
δx 3 9  x + 4  
Taking limit when δ x → 0
δy − 1 1 δx  
2
lim = lim ( x + 4 ) 3  −   + ....
δ x →0 δ x δ x →0
3 9  x + 4  
− 1 
2 2
dy dy 1 −
⇒ = ( x + 4 ) 3  − 0 + 0 − .... ⇒ = ( x + 4) 3
dx 3  dx 3

3
(ix) Let y = x 2
3
⇒ y + δ y = ( x + δ x)2

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 FSc-II / Ex- 2.1 - 5

3 3
⇒ δ y = ( x + δ x) − x 2 2

3  3

  δ x  2
= x 1 +
2
 − 1
 x  
 
3   
3 δ x 2 ( 2 − 1)  δ x 
3 3 2
2 
= x 1+ +   + ....  − 1
 2 x 2!  x 
 
3  
3δ x 2 ( 12 )  δ x 
3 2

=x 2
+   + ....
 2 x 2  x  
3
δ x 3 3δ x  
= x2 ⋅  +   + ....
x 2 8 x  
Dividing by δ x
−1  3 
3
δy 3 δ x 
= x 2  +   + ....
δx 2 8 x  
Taking limit when δ x → 0
3 3 δ x  
1
δy
lim = lim x 2  +   + ....
δ x →0 δ x δ x →0
2 8 x  
1 1
dy 3  dy 3 2
⇒ = x 2  − 0 + 0 − .... ⇒ = x
dx 2  dx 2

(x) Let y = x5 2
Do yourself as above.

(xi) Let y = x m
m
⇒ y +δ y = ( x + δ x)
m
⇒ δy = ( x + δ x ) − xm
m
 δ x  m 
= x  1 +  − 1
 x  
 δ x m ( m − 1)  δ x 
2
 
= x  1 + m ⋅
m
+   + ....  − 1
 x 2!  x  

m mδ x m ( m − 1)  δ x 
2

= x  +   + ....
 x 2  x  
δx m ( m − 1)  δ x  
= xm ⋅  m +   + .... 
x  2  x  
Dividing by δ x
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FSc-II / Ex- 2.1 - 6

δy  m ( m − 1)  δ x  
= x m −1  m +   + ....
δx  2  x  
Taking limit when δ x → 0
δy  m ( m − 1)  δ x  
lim = lim x m −1  m +   + ....
δ x →0 δ x δ x →0
 2  x  
dy dy
⇒ = x m −1 [ m + 0 + 0....] ⇒ = m x m −1
dx dx

1
(xii) Let y = m
= x−m
x
Do yourself as above, just change the m by −m in above question.

(xiii) Let y = x 40
40
⇒ y +δ y = ( x + δ x)
40
⇒ δy = ( x + δ x ) − x 40
 40   40   40   40  
=   x 40 +   x39δ x +   x38δ x 2 + .... +   δ x 40  − x 40
 0  1 2  40  
 40   40   40 
= (1) x 40 +   x39δ x +   x38δ x 2 + .... +   δ x 40 − x 40
1 2  40 
 40   40   40 
=   x39δ x +   x38δ x 2 + .... +   δ x 40
1 2  40 
Dividing by δ x
δy  40   40   40 
=   x39 +   x 38δ x + .... +   δ x39
δx 1 2  40 
Taking limit as δ x → 0
δy  40   40   40  
lim = lim   x39 +   x 38δ x + .... +   δ x39 
δ x →0 δ x δ x →0  1  2  40 
 
dy  40  
=   x 39 + 0 + 0 + .... + 0 
dx  1  
dy  40  dy
⇒ =   x39 or = 40 x39
dx 1 dx

(xiv) Let y = x −100

Do yourself Question # 1(xii), Replace m by −100 .

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 FSc-II / Ex- 2.1 - 7

Question # 2
dy
Find from the first principles if
dx
1
(i) x+2 (ii)
x+a
Solution
1
(i) Let y = x + 2 = ( x + 2 ) 2
Now do yourself as Question # 1(ix)

1
1 −
(ii) Let y = = ( x + a) 2
x+a
Now do yourself as Question # 1 (ix)
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Book: Exercise 2.1, page 50

Text Book of Algebra and Trigonometry Class XII
Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore.

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