Exercise 3.

1 (Solutions)Page 123
MathCity.org Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12
Merging man and maths Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 3.0
Question # 1 1
= dx
Find δ y and dy in the following cases: 1
2x2
(i) y = x 2 − 1 when x changes from 3 to 3.02 Put x = 4 & dx = δ x = 0.41
1
1 (
(ii) y = x 2 + 2 x when x changes from 2 to 1.8 dy = 0.41)
2 ( 4) 2

0.41
(iii) y = x when x changes from 4 to 4.41 =
4
Solution
⇒ dy = 0.1025
(i) y = x 2 − 1 …… (i) [[[[[[[

x = 3 & δ x = 3.02 − 3 = 0.02 Question # 2

y + δ y = ( x + δ x) −1
2 dy dx
Using differentials find and in the
2
dx dy
⇒ δ y = ( x + δ x ) −1 − x2 + 1 following equations.
2
= ( x + δ x) − x 2
(i) xy + x = 4 (ii) x 2 + 2 y 2 = 16
Put x = 3 & δ x = 0.02 (iii) x 4 + y 2 = xy 2 (iv) xy − ln x = c
2
δ y = ( 3 + 0.02 ) − (3) 2 Solution
(i) xy + x = 4
⇒ δ y = 0.1204 Taking differential on both sides
Taking differential of (i) d ( xy ) + dx = d ( 4 )
(
dy = d x 2 − 1 ) ⇒ xdy + ydx + dx = 0
⇒ dy = 2 x dx ⇒ xdy + ( y + 1) dx = 0
Put x = 3 & dx = δ x = 0.02
⇒ xdy = − ( y + 1) dx
dy = 2 ( 3)( 0.02 )
dy y +1
⇒ dy = 0.12 ⇒ = −
dx x
dx x
& =−
(ii) Do yourself as above. dy y +1

1
(iii) y = x = x 2 ……. (i) (ii) Do yourself as above
x = 4 & δ x = 4.41 − 4 = 0.41
1 (iii) x 4 + y 2 = xy 2
y + δ y = ( x + δ x) 2
Taking differential
1
⇒ δ y = ( x + δ x)2 − x 2
1
( ) ( )
d x 4 + d y 2 = d xy 2 ( )
Put x = 4 & δ x = 0.41 ⇒ 4 x dx + 2 ydy = x ⋅ 2 ydy + y 2 dx
3

1 1
δ y = ( 4 + 0.41) 2 − ( 4 ) 2 ⇒ 2 ydy − 2 xydy = y 2 dx − 4 x3 dx
= 2.1 − 2 (
⇒ 2 y (1 − x ) dy = y 2 − 4 x3 dx )
⇒ δ y = 0.1 dy y 2 − 4 x3
⇒ =
Taking differential of (i) dx 2 y (1 − x )
d  12  dx 2 y (1 − x )
dx  
dy = x dx & =
dy y 2 − 4 x3
1 −1
= x 2 dx
2 (iv) xy − ln x = c

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FSc-II / Ex- 3.1 - 2

Taking differential = 2 + 0.03125

d ( xy ) − d ( ln x ) = d ( c ) = 2.03125
1
⇒ xdy + ydx − dx = 0 1
x (ii) Let y = f ( x) = x 5
1
⇒ xdy = dx − ydx Where x = 32 & δ x = dx = −1
x
Try yourself as above.
1 
=  − y  dx
 x  (iii) Let y = f ( x) = cos x
 1 − xy  π
⇒ xdy =   dx Where x = 30 & δ x = −1 = − rad
 x  180
dy 1 − xy = −0.01745 rad
⇒ =
dx x2 Now dy = d ( cos x )
dx x2 = − sin x dx
=
dy 1 − xy Put x = 30 and dx = δ x = −0.01745
Question # 3 dy = − sin 30 ( −0.01745 )
Using differentials to approximate the values of = − ( 0.5 )( −0.01745 ) = 0.008725
1
(i) 4
17 (ii) ( 31) 5 Now f ( x + δ x ) ≈ y + dy
(iii) cos 29 (iv) sin 61 = f ( x) + dy
Solution ⇒ cos ( 30 − 1) = cos 30 + 0.008725
(i) Let y = f ( x) = 4 x
⇒ cos 29 = 0.866 + 0.008725
where x = 16 and δ x = dx = 1 = 0.8747
Taking differential of above
dy = d ( x)
4
(iv) Let y = f ( x) = sin x
1
= d ( x) 4 π
Where x = 60 & δ x = 1 = rad
180
1 1 −1
= x 4 dx = 0.01745 rad
4 Now dy = d ( sin x )
1 − 34
= x dx = cos x dx
4
1 Put x = 60 and dx = δ x = 0.01745
= dx
3
4 dy = cos 60 ( 0.01745)
4x
Put x = 16 and dx = 1 = ( 0.5 )( 0.01745 ) = 0.008725
1 Now f ( x + δ x ) ≈ y + dy
dy = 3
(1)
4 (16 ) 4 = f ( x) + dy

=
1 ⇒ sin ( 60 + 1) = sin 60 + 0.008725
3
( )
4 2 4 4
⇒ sin 61 = 0.866 + 0.008725
= 0.8747
1
= = 0.03125
4 (8)
Question # 4
Now f ( x + dx ) ≈ y + dy Find the approximate increase in the volume of
= f ( x) + dy a cube if the length of its each edge changes
∵ y = f ( x) from 5 to 5.02...
Solution
⇒ 4
16 + 1 ≈ 4
16 + 0.03125 Let x be the length of side of cube where
1
x = 5 & δ x = 5.02 − 5 = 0.02
⇒ 4
17 ≈ (2 )
4 4
+ 0.03125
Assume V denotes the volume of the cube.
 FSc-II / Ex- 3.1 - 3

Then V = x⋅x⋅x dV = 3 ( 5 ) ( 0.02 )

2

= x3 = 1.5
Taking differential Hence increase in volume is 1.5 cubic unit.
dV = 3 x 2 dx
Put x = 5 & dx = δ x = 0.02

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Book: Exercise 3.1, page 123

Text Book of Algebra and Trigonometry Class XII
Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore.

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