Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, H. P.

India
Engineering Mathematics - IC 110
Solution Sheet-8
Odd Semester( 2019-20)
Problems Based on First and Second Order Differential Equations.

1. Solve the following ordinary differential with the help of an appropriate method,which are known for
solving the First Order Ordinary Differential Equations.
dy 8x+1
(i) y dx = y , y(1) = −5. (Variable Separation)
dy y2
(ii) x dx = x + 3y, y(1) = 4. (Reduce D.E. in Linear Form)
d2 y dy 3
(iii) x dx 2 + 2 dx = 4x . (Reduction of Order)
dy 2xy
(iv) dx = x2 −y 2 , also plot the solution for various value of integration constant. (Homogeneous Eq.)
d2 y dy
(v) dx2
− 2y dx = 0,with y(0) = y0 , y 0 (0) = y00 . Also plot a solution for y(0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 3.

Solution:
(i)
dy 8x + 1
y = , y(1) = −5
dx y
Separating variables
y 2 dy = 8xdx + dx . . . (1)
Integrating (1), we have
y3
= 4x2 + x + C.
3
−140
The initial condition gives C = 3 .So the solution is y 3 = 12x2 + 3x − 140.
(ii)
dy y2
x = + 3y, y(1) = 4.
dx x
This D.E. can be written as
y y
y 0 = 3( ) + ( )2 .
x x
Letting
y
u= ,
x
we get
du dx
2
= .
2u + u x
Since
1 1 1
2
= − .
2u + u 2u 4 + 2u
both sides can be integrated to give
1
(ln |u| − ln |u + 2|) = ln |x| + C.
2
The initial condition gives C = 12 (ln 23 ) so that the solution can be reduced to

y 2
| | = (x2 ).
2x + y 3
This can be solved explicitly for y(x) where we find for each case of the absolute value. The
4
(x3 )
first case y(x) = 3
1− 23 (x2 )
is seen to satisfy the condition at x = 1. The second case is discarded
as it does not satisfy the condition at x = 1 .

1
(iii)
d2 y dy
x 2
+2 = 4x3 .
dx dx
Use Method of Reduction of Order
Let p = y 0 and multiplying the given D.E. by x, then

x2 y 00 + 2xy 0 = 4x4 .
d 2
(x p) = 4x4 .
dx
This can be integrated to give
4 C1
p = (x3 ) + 2
5 x
Again Integrating the above equation,we have
1 C1
y= 4
− 2 + C2 = 0
5x x
(iv)
dy 2xy
= 2
dx x − y2
Separating variables, we get
(x2 − y 2 )dy = 2xydx.
This is not exact. The integrating factor is y −2 , so that on multiplication, we get

2x x2
dx − ( 2 − 1)dy = 0
y y
This can be written as
x2
d( + y) = 0.
y
which gives
x2 + y 2 = Cy.
The solution for various values of C gives circle ,which is easy to plot.
(v)
d2 y dy
2
− 2y = 0, with y(0) = y0 , y 0 (0) = y00
dx dx
Let y 0 = u, so that
du dy du dy du du
y 00 = = = =u
dx dy dx dx dy dy
The equation becomes
du
u − 2uy = 0.
dy
Now u = 0 satisfes the equation.Thus
dy
= 0, gives y = C.
dx
applying one initial condition: y = y0 . This satisfies the initial conditions only under special
circumstances, i.e. y00 = 0.
Now,
du
= 2y.
dy
u = y 2 + C1
apply Initial Condition, we get the value of integration constant C1 = y00 − y02 . Hence,
dy
= y 2 + y00 − y02
dx

2
 dy
= dx.
y2 + y00 − y02
Since y00 −y02 is a real number. So there will be three cases y00 −y02 > 0, y00 −y02 = 0, and y00 −
y02 < 0. Solution for each case is as follows..
(a) Case-1 For y00 − y02 > 0
y0
q q
y(x) = y00 − y02 (tan(x y00 − y02 + arctan( p 0 ))).
y0 − y02 )
(b) Case-2 For y00 − y02 = 0
1
y(x) = 1 .
y0 −x
(c) Case-3 For y00 − y02 < 0
One would obtain solutions in terms of hyperbolic trigonometric functions.
For y(0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 3, consider the first case , and plot the solution.

2. Suppose that Y (t) = Ats e−t + B is a solution to y 00 − 3y 0 − 4y = −5e−t − 4, where {A, B, s} are
constant numbers. Then find the value of A, B and s.
Solution:
Y 00 = As(s − 1)t(s−2) e−t − Asts−1 e−t − Asts−1 e−t + Ats set .
Y 0 = Asts−1 e−t − Ats e−t .
L[Y ] = (A + 3A − 4A)ts e−t + (−2As − 3As + 0)ts−1 e−t + (s(s1)A + 0 + 0)ts − 2e−t − 4B.
L[Y ] = −5Asts − 1e−t + s(s − 1)Ats − 2e−t − 4B.
Since
L[Y ] = −5e−t − 4,
s = 1, B = 1 and A = 1.

3. The following nonlinear differential equation can be solved exactly by separation of variables.
dx
= −10−6 (x2 − 81), x(0) = 1000.
dt
Solve the initial value problem and find the value of x(100). [Use: log 1000−9
1000+9 = −.001)]
Solution: The general solution of IVP is:
1 x−9
log = −10−6 t + c
18 x+9
To find the value of c, we use x(0) = 1000
1000 − 9
c = log = −.001
1000 + 9
The general solution of IVP is:
1 x−9
log = −10−6 t − .001
18 x+9
To find the value of x at t = 100
x = 909.10

4. Let y : R −→ R be a three times differential function satisfying the differential equation

d3 y
− y = 0.
dx3
Suppose that limx→∞ y(x) = 0. Find the real numbers a,b,c and d, not all zero such that

ay(0) + by 0 (0) + cy 00 (0) = d.

3
 Solution: Solving the auxiliary equation r3 − 1 = 0, we find that the general solution as
√ √
x −x x 3 −x x 3
y(x) = c1 e + c2 e 2 cos ( ) + c3 e 2 sin ( ) with c1 , c2 , c3 ∈ R . . . (∗)
2 2
We are given that lim y(x) = 0, it gives c1 = 0.
x→∞
But (*), with c1 = 0, is the general solution of the differential equation with auxiliary polynomial
r3 − 1
= r2 + r + 1, that is, y 00 + y 0 + y = 0.
r−1
So y 00 (0) + y 0 (0) + y(0) = 0, and we can take a = b = c = 1 and d = 0.

5. Given that y1 = x−1 is one of the solution of

d2 y 3 dy 1
2
+ + 2 = 0.
dx x dx x
Find the other solution of the given differential equation. [Hint: Apply Method of Reduction of Order.]
Solution: Consider y(x) = y1 (x)y2 (x) is the general solution of the given second order differential
dy d2 y
equation. Compute dx and dx 2 . Substitute the value of these derivatives in the given differential equation
and hence find the other solution y2 (x) of the given differential equation.

6. Find values of K so that eKx is solution of:

d2 y dy
− − 6y = 0.
dx2 dx
and hence state the General solution of the given differential equation.
Solution: As suggested we try a solution of the form y = ekx . Differentiating it,we find
dy d2 y
= kekx , = k 2 ekx
dx dx2
Substitution into the given equation yields

k 2 ekx − kekx − 6ekx = 0, i.e. (k 2 − k − 6)ekx = 0

The only way this equation can be satisfied for all values of x is if

k 2 − k − 6 = 0, i.e. (k − 3)(k + 2) = 0

so that
k = 3 or k = 2.
That is to say, if y = ekx is to be a solution of the differential equation, k must be either 3 or 2. We
therefore have found two solutions:

y1 (x) = e3x and y2 (x) = e2x .

These are linearly independent and therefore the general solution is

y(x) = Ae3x + Be2x .

7. Let k be a positive integer.For which values of real number c does the differential equation
d2 y dy
2
− 2c +y =0
dx dx
have a solution satisfying y(0) = y(2πk) = 0 ?
Solution: The auxiliary polynomial of the equation is

l2 − 2cl + 1 = 0,

which has the roots p p

l1 = c + c2 − 1 l2 = c − c2 − 1.

4
 √
(a) Case 1: |c| > 1. Let w = c2 − 1. Then the general solution is
y(x) = ecx (A cosh wx + B sinh wx).
The condition y(0) = 0 =⇒ A = 0, and then the condition
y(2πk) = 0 =⇒ B sinh (2πk) = 0 =⇒ B = 0, (∵ sinh (2πk) 6= 0)
that is, y(t) = 0. There are no nontrivial solutions in this case.

(b) Case 2: c = 1. The general solution is

y(x) = Aex + Bxex .
The condition y(0) = 0 =⇒ A = 0, and then the condition y(2πk) = 0 =⇒ B = 0. There are
no nontrivial solutions in this case.

(c) Case 3: c = −1. Similar reasoning shows that there are no nontrivial solutions in this case.
√
(d) Case 4: −1 < c < 1. Let w = 1 − c2 . The general solution is then
y(t) = ecx (A cos wx + B sin wx).
The condition y(0) = 0 =⇒ A = 0. If B 6= 0, the condition y(2πk) = 0 =⇒ 2πkw = πn(n ∈
n n2
Z), that is, w = 2k , and c2 = 1 − w2 = 1 − 4k 2 The right side is non-negative and less than 1 only
for 0 < |n| 6 2k.
The required values of c are thus
r r
n2 n2
c = 1 − 2 and c = −( 1 − 2 ), n = 1, 2, . . . , 2k.
4k 4k
8. Solve the second order differential equation
d2 y dy
x2 2
− 2x + 2y = 0, f or x > 0.
dx dx
[ Hint: Consider the solution in form of y(x) = xr .]
Solution: Substitute it in the given differential equation and get the values of r and hence, find the general
solution.
9. Using the method of variation of parameters, find the general solution of d.e.
y 00 + y = 2 sec t.
Solution: First find the solution to the homogeneous equation
y 00 + y = 0
yh = A cos t + B sin t
y1 = cos t, y2 = sin (t)

We will use variation of parameters to find a particular solution:

yp = u1 y1 + u2 y2
W [cos(t), sin(t)] = 1
Z
u1 = −2 tan(t)dt = −2 log sec(t) = 2 log cos(t)
Z
u2 = 2 dt = 2t

yp = u1 y1 + u2 y2 = 2 cos(t) log cos(t) + 2t sin(t)

y = yh + yp
y = A cos(t) + B sin(t) + 2 cos(t) log cos(t) + 2t sin(t)