OrdinaryDifferential Equation

Degree and Order of ordinary differential equation

Ordinary Differential Equation:

An ordinary differential equation is an equation which contains a single unknown function with a
single variable and finite number of derivatives.

dy 1+ y 2
=
e.g. (і) dx 1+ x 2

dy 2 dy
( ) +2 y 2=4( )+4 x
(іі) dx dx

d3 y dy
3
+ y + y =e x
(ііі) dx dx

The order of differential equation is the order of the highest derivatives involved in differential
equation. Equation (і) and (іі) is the first order and (ііі) is third order differential equation.

The degree of differential equation(de) is the power of highest differential coefficient when the
equation has been made rational equation. Equation (і) and (ііi) are first degree and Equation
(ii) is second degree.

Linear &Non -linear Differential Equation:

A differential Equation is called as a linear differential equation if all the terms of dependent
variable and its derivatives are of first degree only.

Otherwise , it is called an non-linear differential Equation.

Example:

Linear Differential Equation:

dy
+xy=x 2
i. dx
d 2 y dy
+3 −2 y =0
ii. dx 2 dx
 Non- Linear Differential Equation:

d2 y dy
2
+2 +3 y 2 =0
i. dx dx
d2 y dy
2
+3( )2 + y =x
ii. dx dx .

Solution of Differential Equation

A relation between the dependent and independent variable which on substitution in the de
satisfies given diff.equ. reduces it to an identity, is called a solution of de.

dy
=3 x 2 3
e.g. dx ; y=x +c is a solution of de

Complete Integral or Primitive or General Solution:

If the solution of any n-th order de contains n arbitrary constant , then the solution is called
general sol or complete sol or primitive of the de.

dy
=y x
e.g. dx ; y= Ae is a general sol , where A is a arbritrary const.

Particular Sol:

The solution which is obtained from the general solution by particular values to the arbritrary
constant is called particular integral (P.I.)

dy
=y
e.g. dx ; y=e x is P.I.

Singular Sol:

Sometimes a solution of de (not of the first order) can be found without involving any arbitrary
const. and this solution cannot be obtained for any particular values of the ordinary const. in the
general solution.

dy 2
( ) =y
e.g. dx ; y=0 is the singular solution.
Explicit Solution:

If the function y=f ( x ) is the solution of differential equation of variables x and y ,then
the solution is called explicit solution.
 d2 y
=6 x
e.g. dx 2 ; y=x 3 + Ax+B is the explicit solution of this de . A and B are
const.

Implicit Solution:

If the function F( x , y)=0 is the solution of a de of variable x and y ,then it is called

implicit solution of de.

e.g. 2 xdx+2 ydy=0 ⇒ x 2 + y 2 =c is the implicit solution of de.

Solving Problem:

Problem.1.

Eliminate the constant from y=ax+bx 2

Sol: Given y=ax+bx 2

diff. w.r.t. x we get,

dy
=a+2 bx …(1)
dx
Again diff. w.r.t. x we get,

d2 y
=2b
dx 2

1 d2 y
⇒b=
2 dx 2

Now, from (1)

dy 1 d2 y
=a+2 . .x
dx 2 dx 2

dy d2 y
⇒ =a+ x 2
dx dx

dy d2 y
⇒ a= −x 2
dx dx

Putting these values of the constant in given equation we get,

 dy d2 y 2
2 1 d y
y=x ( −x 2 )+ x ( )
dx dx 2 dx 2

dy 2 d 2 y x 2 d 2 y
=x −x +
dx dx 2 2 dx 2

dy x 2 d 2 y
=x −
dx 2 dx 2

d2 y dy
⇒ x2 2
−2 x +2 y=0
dx dx which is a diff. equation of second degree

Problem.2.

Find the differential equation of all circles passing through the origin and having their centre on
the y-axis

Sol: Equation of circles passing through the origin and having their centre on the y− axis ,

x 2 + y 2 +2 fy=0 ⋯(1) where f is an arbitrary constant.

Differentiating w.r.t. x we get,

dy x 2 + y 2 dy
2 x+2 y − =0
dx y dx
dy x 2+ y 2
⇒2 x+ (2 y− )=0
dx y
y 2 −x 2 dy
⇒2 x+( ) =0
y dx
dy
⇒2 xy +( y 2 −x 2 ) =0
dx
2 2
⇒( x − y )dy−2 xydx=0
Which is the required de.

Problem.3.

Form the de for y 2 =4 a( x+a) ,(where a parameters)

Sol: Given that, y 2 =4 a( x+a) ⋯(1)

2
=4 ax +4 a
 Diff. w.r.t. x we get,

dy
2y =4 a
dx
dy 2 a
⇒ =
dx y
dy
⇒ y =2 a
dx

Putting the value of 2a in (1) we get,

dy y dy
y 2 =2 y ( x+ )
dx 2 dx
dy dy
⇒ y 2 =2 xy + y 2 ( )2
dx dx
dy dy
⇒ y 2 ( )2 +2 xy − y 2=0
dx dx
dy dy
⇒ y ( )2 +2 x − y=0
dx dx
Which is the required de.

Problem.4.
x
Form the de for y=e ( A cos x +B sin x ) ,A,B, being arbitrary const.
x
Sol: Given, y=e ( A cos x +B sin x )
x x
= Ae cos x+Be sin x ⋯( 1)
Diff. w.r.t. x we get,

dy
=Ae x (−sin x )+ Ae x cos x+Be x cos x +Be x sin x
dx
=e x (−A sin x + A cos x )+e x ( B cos x+B sin x )
=e x (−A sin x +B cos x )+( Ae x cos x +Be x sin x )
=e x (−A sin x +B cos x )+ y
dy
∴ − y=e x (− A sin x+B cos x )
dx
Again, diff. w.r.t. x we get,
 d2 y x dy
2
=e (− A cos x−B sin x )+e x (− A sin x +B cos x )+
dx dx
dy
=−( Ae x cos x + Be x sin x )+e x (− A sin x+B cos x )+
dx
dy dy
=− y +( − y )+
dx dx
dy
=2 −2 y
dx
2
d y dy
∴ 2 −2 +2 y=0
dx dx

Which is the required de.

Problem.5.
2 2
Find the de for y=a+b ln x+c (ln x ) +3 x where a,b,c are parameter.
2 2
Sol: Given that, y=a+b ln x+ c (ln x ) +3 x ⋯(1)

Diff. w.r.t. x we get,

dy b
= +2 c ln x +6 x 2
dx x
dy
⇒ x =b+2 c ln x +6 x 2 ⋯(2 )
dx
Again, diff.(2) w.r.t. x we get,

d2 y dy c
x 2
+ =2 +12 x
dx dx x
2
d y dy
⇒ x 2 2 + x =2c +12 x2 ⋯( 3)
dx dx

Again, diff.(3) w.r.t. x we get,

d3 y d2 y d 2 y dy
x2 +2 x +x + =24 x
dx 3 dx 2 dx 2 dx
d3 y d 2 y dy
⇒ x 2 3 +3 x 2 + −24 x=0
dx dx dx

Which is the required de.

Exercise:

1. Find the differential equation of all circles passing through the origin and having their
centre on the x− axis.
2
2. Form the differebtial Equation to the family of curves y=c( x−c ) where c is an
arbitrary constant.

3. Form the de for y=( A cos x+B sin x ) ,A,B, being arbitrary const.
2x −2 x
4. Form the de for y= Ae +Be ,A,B, being arbitrary const.

5. Find the third order de whose solution is the 3-parameter family of curves defined by
x 2 + y 2 +2 ax +2 by +c=0 , where a,b,c are parameters.

A d 2 v 2 dv
v =B+ +( )( )=0.
6. Show that r is a solution of dr 2 r dr