Implicit Differentiation

(MAT051 - Calculus I)

2nd Semester, 2022-2023

JEAN M. CABARO, PhD

Mathematics Department
Mindanao State University Main Campus
Marawi City
jean.cabaro@msumain.edu.ph
Implicit Differentiation
Implicit Differentiation

If the function f is defined as f = {(x , y ) : y = 9x 2 + 3x − 8}, then the equation

y = 9x 2 + 3x − 8

defines the function f explicitly .

Implicit Differentiation

If the function f is defined as f = {(x , y ) : y = 9x 2 + 3x − 8}, then the equation

y = 9x 2 + 3x − 8

defines the function f explicitly .

However, not all functions can be defined explicitly by an equation.
Implicit Differentiation

If the function f is defined as f = {(x , y ) : y = 9x 2 + 3x − 8}, then the equation

y = 9x 2 + 3x − 8

defines the function f explicitly .

However, not all functions can be defined explicitly by an equation.
Consider the relation
Implicit Differentiation

If the function f is defined as f = {(x , y ) : y = 9x 2 + 3x − 8}, then the equation

y = 9x 2 + 3x − 8

defines the function f explicitly .

However, not all functions can be defined explicitly by an equation.
Consider the relation

R = {(x , y ) : x 2 + y 2 − 1 = 0}.
Implicit Differentiation

If the function f is defined as f = {(x , y ) : y = 9x 2 + 3x − 8}, then the equation

y = 9x 2 + 3x − 8

defines the function f explicitly .

However, not all functions can be defined explicitly by an equation.
Consider the relation

R = {(x , y ) : x 2 + y 2 − 1 = 0}.

Although the relation R is not a function, we may describe R by means of two

functions.
Defining p
f1 = {(x , y ) : y = 1 − x 2}
Defining p
f1 = {(x , y ) : y = 1 − x 2}
and p
f2 = {(x , y ) : y = − 1 − x 2 },
Defining p
f1 = {(x , y ) : y = 1 − x 2}
and p
f2 = {(x , y ) : y = − 1 − x 2 },
√
observe that√R = f1 ∪ f2 . The functions describing f1 and f2 are y = 1 − x2
and y = − 1 − x 2 respectively.
Defining p
f1 = {(x , y ) : y = 1 − x 2}
and p
f2 = {(x , y ) : y = − 1 − x 2 },
√
observe that√R = f1 ∪ f2 . The functions describing f1 and f2 are y = 1 − x2
and y = − 1 − x 2 respectively.

Another example of a relation which may be defined by decomposition into one

or more function is x 3 + 2x 2 y − 3xy 2 + 4y 4 = 0. In this case, the functions, if
any, are defined implicitly by the equation.
Definition.
Implicit differentiation is the process of finding the derivative of a function that is
defined implicitly.
Definition.
Implicit differentiation is the process of finding the derivative of a function that is
defined implicitly.
Example

Suppose that y is a differentiable function of the variable x. Find y 0 = dy /dx.

Example

Suppose that y is a differentiable function of the variable x. Find y 0 = dy /dx.

1. x 2 + y 2 − 1 = 0
Example

Suppose that y is a differentiable function of the variable x. Find y 0 = dy /dx.

1. x 2 + y 2 − 1 = 0
Solution:
dy
2x + 2y · =0
dx
dy
2y · = −2x
dx
dy x
=− .
dx y
Example

Suppose that y is a differentiable function of the variable x. Find y 0 = dy /dx.

1. x 2 + y 2 − 1 = 0
Solution:
dy
2x + 2y · =0
dx

dy x
=− .
dx y
Example

Suppose that y is a differentiable function of the variable x. Find y 0 = dy /dx.

1. x 2 + y 2 − 1 = 0
Solution:
dy
2x + 2y · =0
dx
dy
2y · = −2x
dx
dy x
=− .
dx y
2. x 3 + 2x 2 y − 3xy 2 + 4y 4 = 0
2. x 3 + 2x 2 y − 3xy 2 + 4y 4 = 0
Solution:
dy dy dy
3x 2 + (4xy + 2x 2 ) − (3y 2 + 3x · 2y ) + 16y 3 = 0
dx dx dx
2. x 3 + 2x 2 y − 3xy 2 + 4y 4 = 0
Solution:
dy dy dy
3x 2 + (4xy + 2x 2 ) − (3y 2 + 3x · 2y ) + 16y 3 = 0
dx dx dx
dy dy dy
3x 2 + 4xy + 2x 2 − 3y 2 − 6xy + 16y 3 = 0
dx dx dx
2. x 3 + 2x 2 y − 3xy 2 + 4y 4 = 0
Solution:
dy dy dy
3x 2 + (4xy + 2x 2 ) − (3y 2 + 3x · 2y ) + 16y 3 = 0
dx dx dx
dy dy dy
3x 2 + 4xy + 2x 2 − 3y 2 − 6xy + 16y 3 = 0
dx dx dx
dy
(2x 2 − 6xy + 16y 3 ) = −3x 2 − 4xy + 3y 2
dx
2. x 3 + 2x 2 y − 3xy 2 + 4y 4 = 0
Solution:
dy dy dy
3x 2 + (4xy + 2x 2 ) − (3y 2 + 3x · 2y ) + 16y 3 = 0
dx dx dx
dy dy dy
3x 2 + 4xy + 2x 2 − 3y 2 − 6xy + 16y 3 = 0
dx dx dx
dy
(2x 2 − 6xy + 16y 3 ) = −3x 2 − 4xy + 3y 2
dx
dy −3x 2 − 4xy + 3y 2
= .
dx 2x 2 − 6xy + 16y 3
3. (x − y )2 − (x + y )2 = x 4 − y 4
3. (x − y )2 − (x + y )2 = x 4 − y 4
Solution:
   
dy dy dy
2(x − y ) 1 − − 2(x + y ) 1 + = 4x 3 − 4y 3
dx dx dx
3. (x − y )2 − (x + y )2 = x 4 − y 4
Solution:
   
dy dy dy
2(x − y ) 1 − − 2(x + y ) 1 + = 4x 3 − 4y 3
dx dx dx
dy dy dy
2(x − y ) − 2(x − y ) − 2(x + y ) − 2(x + y ) = 4x 3 − 4y 3
dx dx dx
3. (x − y )2 − (x + y )2 = x 4 − y 4
Solution:
   
dy dy dy
2(x − y ) 1 − − 2(x + y ) 1 + = 4x 3 − 4y 3
dx dx dx
dy dy dy
2(x − y ) − 2(x − y ) − 2(x + y ) − 2(x + y ) = 4x 3 − 4y 3
dx dx dx
dy dy dy dy dy
2x − 2y − 2x + 2y − 2x − 2y − 2x − 2y = 4x 3 − 4y 3
dx dx dx dx dx
3. (x − y )2 − (x + y )2 = x 4 − y 4
Solution:
   
dy dy dy
2(x − y ) 1 − − 2(x + y ) 1 + = 4x 3 − 4y 3
dx dx dx
dy dy dy
2(x − y ) − 2(x − y ) − 2(x + y ) − 2(x + y ) = 4x 3 − 4y 3
dx dx dx
dy dy dy dy dy
2x − 2y − 2x + 2y − 2x − 2y − 2x − 2y = 4x 3 − 4y 3
dx dx dx dx dx
dy
(−4x + 4y 3 ) = 4x 3 + 4y
dx
3. (x − y )2 − (x + y )2 = x 4 − y 4
Solution:
   
dy dy dy
2(x − y ) 1 − − 2(x + y ) 1 + = 4x 3 − 4y 3
dx dx dx
dy dy dy
2(x − y ) − 2(x − y ) − 2(x + y ) − 2(x + y ) = 4x 3 − 4y 3
dx dx dx
dy dy dy dy dy
2x − 2y − 2x + 2y − 2x − 2y − 2x − 2y = 4x 3 − 4y 3
dx dx dx dx dx
dy
(−4x + 4y 3 ) = 4x 3 + 4y
dx
dy 4x 3 + 4y x3 + y
= = .
dx 4y 3 − 4x y3 − x
4. x sin y − y sin x = 25 + xy
4. x sin y − y sin x = 25 + xy
Solution:

(1 · sin y + x cos y · y 0 ) − (y 0 · sin x + y cos x ) = 0 + (1 · y + x · y 0 )

4. x sin y − y sin x = 25 + xy
Solution:

(1 · sin y + x cos y · y 0 ) − (y 0 · sin x + y cos x ) = 0 + (1 · y + x · y 0 )

sin y + x cos y · y 0 − sin x · y 0 − y cos x = y + xy 0
4. x sin y − y sin x = 25 + xy
Solution:

(1 · sin y + x cos y · y 0 ) − (y 0 · sin x + y cos x ) = 0 + (1 · y + x · y 0 )

sin y + x cos y · y 0 − sin x · y 0 − y cos x = y + xy 0
x cos y · y 0 − sin x · y 0 − xy 0 = y − sin y + y cos x
4. x sin y − y sin x = 25 + xy
Solution:

(1 · sin y + x cos y · y 0 ) − (y 0 · sin x + y cos x ) = 0 + (1 · y + x · y 0 )

sin y + x cos y · y 0 − sin x · y 0 − y cos x = y + xy 0
x cos y · y 0 − sin x · y 0 − xy 0 = y − sin y + y cos x
(x cos y − sin x − x )y 0 = y − sin y + y cos x
4. x sin y − y sin x = 25 + xy
Solution:

(1 · sin y + x cos y · y 0 ) − (y 0 · sin x + y cos x ) = 0 + (1 · y + x · y 0 )

sin y + x cos y · y 0 − sin x · y 0 − y cos x
x cos y · y 0 − sin x · y 0 − xy 0
(x cos y − sin x − x )y 0
y0
= y + xy 0
= y − sin y + y cos x
= y − sin y + y cos x
y − sin y + y cos x
= .
x cos y − sin x − x
5. sin(x + y ) = y cos x
5. sin(x + y ) = y cos x
Solution:

cos(x + y )(1 + y 0 ) = y 0 cos x + y sin x

5. sin(x + y ) = y cos x
Solution:

cos(x + y )(1 + y 0 ) = y 0 cos x + y sin x

cos(x + y ) + cos(x + y )y 0 = y 0 cos x + y sin x
5. sin(x + y ) = y cos x
Solution:

cos(x + y )(1 + y 0 ) = y 0 cos x + y sin x

cos(x + y ) + cos(x + y )y 0 = y 0 cos x + y sin x
[cos(x + y ) − cos x ] y 0 = y sin x − cos(x + y )
5. sin(x + y ) = y cos x
Solution:

cos(x + y )(1 + y 0 ) = y 0 cos x + y sin x

cos(x + y ) + cos(x + y )y 0 = y 0 cos x + y sin x
[cos(x + y ) − cos x ] y 0 = y sin x − cos(x + y )
y sin x − cos(x + y )
y0 = .
cos(x + y ) − cos x
Exercise.
Suppose that y is a differentiable function of the variable x.
Find dy /dx = Dx y = y 0 of the following.

1. x 3 − y 3 = xy 2. x 2 − y 2 = x 2 y 2
2 2
5. x − y = 3y − 3x 6. 3x 2 y − 5xy 2 = 7x 3 y 3
3. 3x 3 y − 7xy 3 = 5 − 3xy + 7y 4. x34(x + y )2 − 3(x − y )2 = 2x 4 + 2y 4
−
7. y = cot(x + y ) 8. tan xy + xy = 0
9. x cos y + y sin x = xy 10. cos(x − y ) = sin(x + y )
 ASSESSMENT TEST

NAME: SIGNATURE:
SECTION: DATE:
SCORE:
Find the derivative dy /dx implicitly, given that y is a function of x.
1. (x + y ) + 2x − 3y 2 = x 2 y
2. tan2 xy + 5xy = 15
3. cos(x − y ) = sin(x + y )