Differential

Equations
The supervision:
Dr. Al-Sayyid Abdul-Rauf Muhammad Al-
Hade.

Done by:

Fatima turki.
1

Exact Initial Separabl

differenti value e
al problem equations
equations

1 2 3
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- Exact differential
equations
is called an exact differential equation if there exists a function of two variables u(x,y) with continuous partial
derivatives such that
du(x,y) = P(x,y)dx+Q(x,y)dy.
The general solution of an exact equation is given by ,u(x,y)=C, where C is an arbitrary constant.

Low :

When M(x,y)dx+N(x,y)dy=0
∂M ∂ N
If =
∂ y ∂x
Then;
∂
∫ M ( x , y ) dx+∫ N ( x , y ) dy −∫ [ ∂y ]
∫ M ( x , y ) dx dy=c
Example 1:
Solve (y2-2x)dx+(2xy+1)dy=0

(y2-2x)dx + (2xy+1)dy=0

M N

Stp1

∂M ∂N
=2 y , =2 y so, the equation is exact
∂y ∂x
Stp2

∂
∫ y 2 −2 x dx+∫ 2 xy +1 dy−∫ [ ∂y
∫ ]
y 2−2 x dx dy=c

xy2- x2+ xy2+ y -∫ 2 xydy=c xy2- x2+ xy2+ y – xy2 =c

# xy2 – x2 + y =c
Example 2 :

Topics
Solve (y-xy2+2yex)dx + (x-x2y+2ex)dy = 0

(y-xy2+2yex)dx + (x-x2y+2ex)dy

M N

Stp1

∂M ∂N ∂M ∂N
=1−2 xy +2 e x , =1−2 xy +2 e x , = so the equationis exact
∂y ∂x ∂ y ∂x
Stp2

∂
∫ y −x y 2 +2 y e x dx +∫ x−x 2 y +2 e x dy−∫ [ ∂y
∫ ]
y−x y 2 +2 y e x dx dy=c

x2 y2 x x2 y2 x 2 x
xy− + 2 y e + xy− + 2 y e −∫ x−x y+ 2 e dy=c
2 2

x2 y2 x x2 y2 x x2 y2 x
xy− + 2 y e + xy− + 2 y e −xy + −2 y e =c
2 2 2

x2 y2 x
¿ xy− + 2 y e =c
2
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-Initial Value Problem

First order equations
Initial Value Problem:
a differential equation along with a sufficient number of initial conditions

Example 1 :
Solve y’ = ex + 4x3 -2x2 + x ,y(0)=7
y=∫ e x + 4 x 3−2 x 2+ x dx

3 2
2x x
x
y=e + x −
4
+ +c the general solution
3 2

when x=0 , y=7

2(0)3 (0)2
7=e0+(0)4- + +c
3 2
C=7

2 x3 x2
x
y=e + x −
4
+ +7 the actual solution
3 2

Example 2:
ds
Solve =cos t+sin t , s ( π )=1
dt
ds=cost + sint dt by multiplying dt both sides
∫ ds=∫ cost+ sint dt
s=sint −cost +c the general solution
When t=π , s=1

5 1=sin(0) – cos(0) + c
C=0
S =sint – cost the actual solution
seconed order equations

Example 3 :
 Solve y’’ + y’ – 6y = 0

Replacing each dy with r

r2 + r – 6 = 0
(r+3)(r-2) = 0
Where r1 =-3 and r2 = 2
So ,
:. y = c1 e-3x + c2 e2x

-Separable Equation
separable differential equation:
any differential equation that we can write in the following form.

Example 1 :
dr r 2 ( )
Solve = , r 1 =2
dθ θ
dr dθ
=
r2 θ
1 1
∫ r 2 dr =∫ θ dθ
−1
=ln|θ|+ c the general solution
r
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When ϴ= 1 , r = 2
−1
=ln |1|+c
2
−1
C= 2
−1 1
r
=ln |θ|−¿ ¿
2
the actual solution

Example 2 :
dy 1
Solve =6 y 2 x , y(1) =
dx 25
dy dy
=6 x dx ∫ y 2 =∫ 6 x dx
y2
−1
=3 x 2 +c the general solution
y
1
When x=1 , y= 25
−1
=3 (1 )2 + c
1
25

-25-3=c
C=-28
−1 1
=3 x 2−28 y= the actual solution
y −3 x 2+ 28