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Exercise 2.2 (Solutions)Page 53

Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12
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Question # 1
Find from first principles, the derivatives of the following expensions w.r.t. their
respective independent variables:
3 −2
(i) ( ax + b ) (ii) (2 x + 3)5 (iii) ( 3t + 2 )
1
(iv) (ax + b) −5 (v)
(az − b)7
Solution
3
(i) Let y = ( ax + b )
3
⇒ y + δ y = ( a( x + δ x) + b )
3
⇒ δ y = ( ax + b + aδ x ) − y
3
= ( (ax + b) + aδ x ) − (ax + b)3
= (ax + b)3 + 3(ax + b) 2 (aδ x) + 3(ax + b)(aδ x) 2 + (aδ x)3  − (ax + b)3
= 3a (ax + b)2 δ x + 3a 2 (ax + b) δ x 2 + a 3δ x3
(
= δ x 3a (ax + b) 2 + 3a 2 (ax + b) δ x + a 3δ x 2 )
Dividing by δ x
δy
= 3a (ax + b)2 + 3a 2 (ax + b) δ x + a 3δ x 2
δx
Taking limit as δ x → 0
δy
lim = lim  3a (ax + b) 2 + 3a 2 (ax + b) δ x + a 3δ x 2 
δ x →0 δ x δ x →0

dy
⇒ = 3a (ax + b) 2 + 3a 2 (ax + b)(0) + a 3 (0)2
dx
dy dy
⇒ = 3a (ax + b) 2 + 0 + 0 ⇒ = 3a (ax + b) 2
dx dx

(ii) Let y = (2 x + 3)5

5
⇒ y + δ y = ( 2 ( x + δ x ) + 3)
5
⇒ δ y = ( 2 x + 2δ x + 3) − y
5
= ( (2 x + 3) + 2δ x ) − (2 x + 3)5
 5  5 5
=   (2 x + 3)5 + 4
 1  (2 x + 3) (2δ x) +
3 2
 2  (2 x + 3) (2δ x) + ....
 0     
5 
... +   (2δ x)5  − (2 x + 3)5
5 
FSc-II / Ex- 2.2 - 2

 5  5
= (1) (2 x + 3)5 + 2   (2 x + 3) 4 δ x + 4   (2 x + 3)3 δ x 2 + ....
 1  2
5 
... + 32   δ x5  − (2 x + 3)5
5 
5 5 5
= 2   (2 x + 3) 4 δ x + 4   (2 x + 3)3 δ x 2 + .... + 32   δ x 5
1  2 5
Dividing by δ x
δy 5 5 5
= 2   (2 x + 3) 4 + 4   (2 x + 3)3 δ x + .... + 32   δ x 4
δx 1  2 5
Taking limit as δ x → 0
δy  5  5 5 
lim = lim  2   (2 x + 3) 4 + 4   (2 x + 3)3 δ x + .... + 32   δ x 4 
δ x →0 δ x δ x →0
 1  2 5 
dy  5 
⇒ =  2   (2 x + 3) 4 + 0 + 0 + .... + 0 
dx  1 
dy dy
⇒ = 2(5)(2 x + 3) 4 or = 10(2 x + 3) 4
dx dx

−2
(iii) Let y = ( 3t + 2 )
−2
⇒ y + δ y = ( 3(t + δ t ) + 2 )
−2
⇒ δ y = ( 3t + 3δ t + 2 ) − y
−2 −2
⇒ δ y = ( (3t + 2) + 3δ t ) − ( 3t + 2 )
−2   
−2 −2
−2  3δ t  −2 3δ t 
= ( 3t + 2 )  1 +  − ( 3t + 2 ) = ( 3t + 2 )  1 +  − 1
 3t + 2   3t + 2  

−2 3δ t −2 ( −2 − 1)  3δ t 
2
 
= ( 3t + 2 ) 1 + (−2) +   + ....  − 1
 3t + 2 2!  3 t + 2   
−2  
2
6δ t −2 ( −3 )  δ t 
⇒ δ y = ( 3t + 2 ) 1 − +   + .... − 1 
 3t + 2 2  3t + 2  
 6δ t
−2  3δ t 
2

= ( 3t + 2 )  − + 3  + ....
 3t + 2  3t + 2  
−1 3δ t   3δ t  
= ( 3t + 2 ) ⋅  −2 + 3   + ....
3t + 2   3t + 2  
Dividing by δ t
δy −2−1   3δ t  
= 3 ( 3t + 2 )  −2 +   + ....
δt   3t + 2  
Taking limit when δ t → 0 , we have

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 FSc-II / Ex- 2.2 - 3

δy −3   3δ t  
lim = lim 3 ( 3t + 2 )  −2 +   + ....
δ t →0 δ t δ t →0
  3t + 2  
dy −3 dy −3
⇒ = 3 ( 3t + 2 ) [ −2 + 0 − 0 + ....] ⇒ = − 6 ( 3t + 2 )
dx dx

(iv) Let y = (ax + b) −5

Do yourself

1
(v) Let y = 7
= (az − b)−7
(az − b)
−7
⇒ y + δ y = ( a( z + δ z ) − b )
−7 −7
⇒ δ y = ( (az − b) + aδ z ) − ( az − b )
−7
 aδ z 
−7

⇒ δ y = ( az − b )  1 +  − 1
 ( az − b )  
Now do yourself
Error Analyst
Irfan Mehmood 2015-16 Fazaia Degree College Risalpur

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Book: Exercise 2.2 , page 53

Calculus and Analytic Geometry Mathematic 12
Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore.

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