MODULE 1

LAPLACE TRANSFORM
06/09/2021

EM III_SMITA N 1
EM III_SMITA N 2
 LAPLACE TRANSFORM

If 𝑓 𝑡 is a function of t then the definite integral

∞ −𝒔𝒕
𝑳𝒇 𝒕 = ‫𝒇 𝒆 𝟎׬‬ 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 is called as Laplace Transform of 𝒇 𝒕

𝑳𝒇 𝒕 = 𝑭(𝒔)

EM III_SMITA N 3
LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF STANDARD FUNCTION

𝒌 𝒔
𝑳𝒌 = 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝟐
𝒔 𝒔 + 𝒂𝟐

𝟏 𝒂
𝑳𝟏 = 𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕 = 𝟐
𝒔 𝒔 + 𝒂𝟐

𝟏 𝒔
𝑳 𝒆𝒂𝒕 = 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒕 = 𝟐
𝒔−𝒂 𝒔 − 𝒂𝟐

𝜞(𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝑳 𝒕𝒏 = 𝒂
𝒔𝒏+𝟏 𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒂𝒕 = 𝟐
𝒔 − 𝒂𝟐
EM III_SMITA N 4
NOTE

𝑳 𝑨 ± 𝑩 = 𝑳[𝑨] ± 𝑳[𝑩]

𝑳[𝑨𝑩] ≠ 𝑳]𝑨] 𝑳[𝑩]

EM III_SMITA N 5
Example 1

Find 𝑳[𝒆𝟐𝒕 + 𝟒𝒕𝟑 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕]

Solution 𝟏
𝒂𝒕
𝑳𝒆 =
𝒔−𝒂
𝑳[𝒆𝟐𝒕 + 𝟒𝒕𝟑 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕]
= 𝑳[𝒆𝟐𝒕 ] + 𝑳[𝟒𝒕𝟑 ] − 𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕]
𝜞(𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝑳 𝒕𝒏 =
𝒔𝒏+𝟏
𝟏 𝜞(𝟑 + 𝟏) 𝟏
= +𝟒 𝟑+𝟏
− 𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒕 + 𝟑𝒕 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒕 − 𝟑𝒕 ]
𝒔−𝟐 𝒔 𝟐
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin (𝐴 − 𝐵)
𝟏 𝜞(𝟒) 𝟏
= + 𝟒 𝟒 − 𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟓𝒕 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 −𝒕 ]
𝒔−𝟐 𝒔 𝟐
𝟏 𝟑! 𝟏
= + 𝟒 𝟒 − 𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟓𝒕 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 ] 𝒂
𝒔−𝟐 𝒔 𝟐 𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕 = 𝟐
𝒔 + 𝒂𝟐
𝟏 𝟐𝟒 𝟏 𝟓 𝟏
= + 𝟒− 𝟐 𝟐
− 𝟐
𝒔−𝟐 𝒔 𝟐 𝒔 +𝟓 𝒔 + 𝟏𝟐 EM III_SMITA N 6
Example 2
𝟏 𝒔 𝒔
= +𝟑 𝟐
𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝟐𝒕] 𝟒 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟔𝟐 𝒔 + 𝟐𝟐

Solution
𝟏 𝒔 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟑𝒔(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟔𝟐 )
=
𝟒 (𝒔𝟐 + 𝟔𝟐 )(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐 )
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝜽 = 𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝜽 − 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝜽 + 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝜽
𝟏 𝒔(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟒 + 𝟑𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝟖)
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝜽 + 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 =
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝜽 = 𝟒 (𝒔𝟐 + 𝟔𝟐 )(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐 )
𝟒

𝟑
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑(𝟐𝒕) + 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒕 = 𝟏 𝒔(𝟒𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝟐)
𝟒 =
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟔𝒕 + 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕 𝟒 (𝒔𝟐 + 𝟔𝟐 )(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐 )
𝟑
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒕 =
𝟒
𝟑
𝟏
𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒕] = 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟔𝒕 + 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕 𝒔(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟐𝟖)
𝟒 = 𝟐
(𝒔 + 𝟔𝟐 )(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐 )
𝒔
𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕 =
𝒔𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 EM III_SMITA N 7
Example 3

𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕
2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)
Solution
𝟏
𝑳 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 = 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 + 𝟐𝒕 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 − 𝟐𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕
𝟐

𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽 = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 − 𝟏
= 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝒕 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕
𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽 + 𝟏 = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽

𝟏 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽
= 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝟑𝒕 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 =
𝟐 𝟐

𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟔𝒕
𝟏 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟔𝒕 𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝟑𝒕 =
= 𝑳 + [𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 + 𝟑𝒕 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 − 𝟑𝒕 ] 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝑳 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟔𝒕 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒕 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕 𝑳𝟏 =
𝟒 𝒔

𝟏 𝟏 𝒔 𝒔 𝒔 𝒔
= + 𝟐 + + 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝟐
𝟒 𝒔 𝒔 + 𝟔𝟐 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟒EM
𝟐 III_SMITA
𝒔𝟐 + N 𝟐𝟐 𝒔 +8𝒂𝟐
Example 4

𝑳 𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕

Solution

𝑳 𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒕 𝒕 𝒕 𝒕
=𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 + 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕

𝟐
𝒕 𝒕
=𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝟐 𝟐

𝒕 𝒕 𝒂
= 𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕 = 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝒔 + 𝒂𝟐

𝟏/𝟐 𝒔
= 𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒔
𝟏 𝟏 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝟐
𝒔𝟐 + 𝒔𝟐 + EM III_SMITA N 𝒔 +9𝒂𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
Example 5 𝒂
𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒂𝒕 =
𝒔𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐
𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟑 𝟑𝒕] 𝟏 𝟗 𝟑
= −𝟑 𝟐
Solution 𝟒 𝒔𝟐 − 𝟗𝟐 𝒔 − 𝟑𝟐

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝜽 = 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 − 𝟒𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝜽 𝟏 𝟗 𝒔𝟐 − 𝟑𝟐 − 𝟗(𝒔𝟐 − 𝟗𝟐 )

=
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟑𝜽 = 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝜽 + 𝟒𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟑 𝜽 𝟒 (𝒔𝟐 − 𝟗𝟐 )(𝒔𝟐 − 𝟑𝟐 )

𝟒𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟑 𝜽 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟑𝜽 − 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝜽 𝟏 𝟗 𝒔𝟐 − 𝟗 − 𝟗 𝒔𝟐 − 𝟖𝟏

=
𝟏 𝟒 𝒔𝟐 − 𝟖𝟏 𝒔𝟐 − 𝟗
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟑 𝜽 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟑𝜽 − 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝜽
𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 𝟗𝒔𝟐 − 𝟖𝟏 − 𝟗𝒔𝟐 + 𝟕𝟐𝟗
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟑 𝟑𝒕 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟑(𝟑𝒕) − 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉(𝟑𝒕) =
𝟒 𝟒 (𝒔𝟐 − 𝟖𝟏)(𝒔𝟐 − 𝟗 )
𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟑 𝟑𝒕 = = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟗𝒕 − 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟑𝒕
𝟒 𝟏 𝟔𝟒𝟖
=
𝟏 𝟒 (𝒔𝟐 − 𝟖𝟏)(𝒔𝟐 − 𝟗 )
𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟑 𝟑𝒕] = 𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟗𝒕 − 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟑𝒕
𝟒 𝟏𝟔𝟐
= 𝟐
EM III_SMITA N (𝒔 − 𝟖𝟏)(𝒔𝟐 − 𝟗 ) 10
Example 6

𝑳[ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟓 𝒕]
Solution
𝒆𝒕 + 𝒆−𝒕
𝒆𝒕 + 𝒆−𝒕
𝟓 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒕 =
𝑳[ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟓 𝒕] = 𝑳 𝟐
𝟐

Pascal’s Triangle

1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1

𝒂+𝒃 𝟓 = 𝒂𝟓 + 𝟓𝒂𝟒 𝒃 + 𝟏𝟎𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟑 + 𝟓𝒂𝒃𝟒 + 𝒃𝟓

EM III_SMITA N 11
 𝟓
𝒆𝒕 + 𝒆−𝒕
𝑳
𝟐

𝟏
= 𝟓 𝑳 (𝒆𝒕 )𝟓 +𝟓 𝒆𝒕 𝟒
𝒆−𝒕 + 𝟏𝟎(𝒆𝒕 )𝟑 (𝒆−𝒕 )𝟐 +𝟏𝟎(𝒆𝒕 )𝟐 (𝒆−𝒕 )𝟑 +𝟓 𝒆𝒕 𝒆−𝒕 𝟒
+ (𝒆−𝒕 )𝟓
𝟐

𝟏
= 𝟓 𝑳 𝒆𝟓𝒕 + 𝟓𝒆𝟒𝒕 𝒆−𝒕 + 𝟏𝟎𝒆𝟑𝒕 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 + 𝟏𝟎𝒆𝟐𝒕 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 + 𝟓𝒆𝒕 𝒆−𝟒𝒕 + 𝒆−𝟓𝒕
𝟐

𝟏
= 𝟓 𝑳 𝒆𝟓𝒕 + 𝟓𝒆𝟑𝒕 + 𝟏𝟎𝒆𝒕 + 𝟏𝟎𝒆−𝒕 + 𝟓𝒆−𝟑𝒕 + 𝒆−𝟓𝒕
𝟐

𝟏
= 𝟓 𝑳 (𝒆𝟓𝒕 + 𝒆−𝟓𝒕 ) + 𝟓(𝒆𝟑𝒕 + 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 ) + 𝟏𝟎(𝒆𝒕 + 𝒆−𝒕 )
𝟐
EM III_SMITA N 12
 𝟏
= 𝟓 𝑳 (𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟓𝒕) + 𝟓(𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟑𝒕) + 𝟏𝟎(𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒕)
𝟐

𝟏
= 𝟒 𝑳 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟓𝒕) + 𝟓(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟑𝒕) + 𝟏𝟎(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒕)
𝟐 𝒔
𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒕 = 𝟐
𝒔 − 𝒂𝟐
𝟏 𝒔 𝒔 𝒔
= 𝟐 𝟐
+𝟓 𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝟏𝟎 𝟐
𝟏𝟔 𝒔 − 𝟓 𝒔 −𝟑 𝒔 − 𝟏𝟐

𝒔 𝟏 𝟓 𝟏𝟎
= 𝟐
+ 𝟐 + 𝟐
𝟏𝟔 𝒔 − 𝟐𝟓 𝒔 − 𝟗 𝒔 − 𝟏

EM III_SMITA N 13
Example 7

𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔 𝒕]

Solution

𝒆𝒊𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒆−𝒊𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 − 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕

𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 = 𝒆𝒊𝒕 + 𝒆−𝒊𝒕 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 = 𝒆𝒊𝒕 − 𝒆−𝒊𝒕 Pascal’s Triangle

1
𝒊𝒕 −𝒊𝒕
𝒆 −𝒆
𝒆𝒊𝒕 + 𝒆−𝒊𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 = 1 1
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 = 𝟐𝒊
𝟐 1 2 1
1 3 3 1
𝟔 1 4 6 4 1
𝒆𝒊𝒕 −𝒆−𝒊𝒕
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔 𝒕 = 𝟐𝒊 1 5 10 10 5 1
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
𝟔
𝒆𝒊𝒕 − 𝒆−𝒊𝒕
𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔 𝒕] = 𝑳
𝟐𝒊 𝟔
𝒂−𝒃 = 𝒂𝟔 − 𝟔𝒂𝟓 𝒃 + 𝟏𝟓𝒂𝟒 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 + 𝟏𝟓𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟒 − 𝟔𝒂𝒃
14
𝟓 + 𝒃𝟔
EM III_SMITA N
 𝟔
𝒆𝒊𝒕 − 𝒆−𝒊𝒕
=𝑳
𝟐𝒊

𝟏 𝒊𝒕 )𝟔 −𝟔 𝒆𝒊𝒕 𝟓 𝟒 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 𝟒 𝟓
= 𝑳 (𝒆 𝒆−𝒊𝒕 + 𝟏𝟓 𝒆𝒊𝒕 𝒆−𝒊𝒕 − 𝟐𝟎 𝒆𝒊𝒕 𝒆−𝒊𝒕 + 𝟏𝟓 𝒆𝒊𝒕 𝒆−𝒊𝒕 − 𝟔(𝒆𝒊𝒕 ) 𝒆−𝒊𝒕 + (𝒆−𝒊𝒕 )𝟔
(𝟐𝒊)𝟔

𝟏 𝟔𝒊𝒕 − 𝟔𝒆𝟓𝒊𝒕 𝒆−𝒊𝒕 + 𝟏𝟓𝒆𝟒𝒊𝒕 𝒆−𝟐𝒊𝒕 − 𝟐𝟎𝒆𝟑𝒊𝒕 𝒆−𝒊𝟑𝒕 + 𝟏𝟓𝒆𝟐𝒊𝒕 𝒆−𝟒𝒊𝒕 − 𝟔𝒆𝒊𝒕 𝒆−𝟓𝒊𝒕 + 𝒆−𝟔𝒊𝒕
= 𝑳 𝒆
(𝟐𝒊)𝟔

𝟏 𝟔𝒊𝒕 − 𝟔𝒆𝟒𝒊𝒕 + 𝟏𝟓𝒆𝟐𝒊𝒕 − 𝟐𝟎 + 𝟏𝟓𝒆−𝟐𝒊𝒕 − 𝟔𝒆−𝟒𝒊𝒕 + 𝒆−𝟔𝒊𝒕

= 𝑳 𝒆
(𝟐𝒊)𝟔

𝟏
= 𝟔 𝟔 𝑳 𝒆𝟔𝒊𝒕 + 𝒆−𝟔𝒊𝒕 − 𝟔 𝒆𝟒𝒊𝒕 + 𝒆−𝟒𝒊𝒕 + 𝟏𝟓 𝒆𝟐𝒊𝒕 + 𝒆−𝟐𝒊𝒕 − 𝟐𝟎
𝟐 𝒊
EM III_SMITA N 15
 𝟏
= − 𝟔 𝑳 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟔𝒕 − 𝟔 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒕 + 𝟏𝟓 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕 − 𝟐𝟎
𝟐

𝟏
= − 𝟓 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟔𝒕 − 𝟔 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒕 + 𝟏𝟓 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕 − 𝟏𝟎
𝟐

𝟏 𝒔 𝒔 𝒔 𝟏𝟎
=− 𝟐 𝟐
−𝟔 𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝟏𝟓 𝟐 𝟐
−
𝟑𝟐 𝒔 + 𝟔 𝒔 +𝟒 𝒔 +𝟐 𝒔

EM III_SMITA N 16
EM III_SMITA N 17
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
08/09/2021

EM III_SMITA N 1
Match the following

𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕 𝟏
A
𝒔
1

2 𝑳 𝒆𝒂𝒕 B
𝜞(𝒏+𝟏)
𝒔𝒏+𝟏
𝒂
3 𝑳 𝒕𝒏 C
𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐

𝒔
4 𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕 D
𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐
𝒔
5 𝑳𝟏 E
𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐
𝒂
6 𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒂𝒕 F
𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐
7 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝟏
G
𝒔−𝒂

EM III_SMITA N 2
RECALL
∞

𝑳𝒇 𝒕 = න 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒇 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝑭(𝒔)
𝟎

𝑳 𝑨 ± 𝑩 = 𝑳[𝑨] ± 𝑳[𝑩]

𝐿[𝐴𝐵] ≠ 𝐿[𝐴] 𝐿[𝐵]

EM III_SMITA N 3
EXAMPLE 1
∞
Evaluate ‫𝒆 𝟎׬‬−𝟑𝒕 𝒕𝟓 𝒅𝒕 by Laplace transform

Solution

By the definition of Laplace Transform

∞

𝑳𝒇 𝒕 = න 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒇 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 … … … … . (𝟏)
𝟎
Comparing the R.H.S of equation (1) with the given problem we get

𝒇 𝒕 = 𝒕𝟓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔 = 𝟑
∞
න 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒕𝟓 𝒅𝒕 = 𝑳 𝒕𝟓 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒔 = 𝟑
𝟎
EM III_SMITA N 4
 𝜞(𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝑳 𝒕𝒏 =
𝜞(𝟓 + 𝟏) 𝒔𝒏+𝟏
𝑳 𝒕𝟓 =
𝒔𝟓+𝟏

𝜞(𝟔) 𝟓!
= 𝟔 = 𝟔
𝒔 𝒔

𝑷𝒖𝒕 𝒔 = 𝟑

∞
−𝟑𝒕 𝟓
𝟓! 𝟒𝟎
න 𝒆 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟔 =
𝟎 𝟑 𝟐𝟒𝟑

EM III_SMITA N 5
EXAMPLE 2
∞
Evaluate න 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒕𝒅𝒕 by Laplace transform
𝟎

Solution

By the definition of Laplace Transform

∞

𝑳𝒇 𝒕 = න 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒇 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 … … … … . (𝟏)
𝟎

Comparing the R.H.S of equation (1) we get 𝒇 𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔 = 𝟑

∞
න 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒕𝒅𝒕 = 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒕 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒔 = 𝟑
𝟎

EM III_SMITA N 6
 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒕 𝟏
𝑳𝟏 =
𝒔
𝒔
𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 = 𝒔 + 𝒂𝟐
𝟐

𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕 𝟏 𝟏 𝒔
𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒕 =𝑳 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒕 = + 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝒔 𝒔 + 𝟐𝟐

𝟏 𝑷𝒖𝒕 𝒔 = 𝟑 𝒘𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒕
𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒕 = 𝑳 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕
𝟐
∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏𝟏
𝟐
𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 = 𝑳 𝟏] + 𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕 න 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒕𝒅𝒕 = + 𝟐 𝟐
=
𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 +𝟐 𝟑𝟗

EM III_SMITA N 7
EXAMPLE 3

∞ −𝟒𝒕
Evaluate ‫𝒕𝒅𝒕 𝟑𝒉𝒔𝒐𝒄 𝒆 𝟎׬‬ by Laplace transform
Solution
By the definition of Laplace Transform
∞

𝑳𝒇 𝒕 = න 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒇 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 … … … … . (𝟏)
𝟎
Comparing the R.H.S of equation (1) with the given problem we get

𝒇 𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟑 𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔 = 𝟒
∞
න 𝒆−𝟒𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟑 𝒕𝒅𝒕 = 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟑 𝒕 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒔 = 𝟒
𝟎
EM III_SMITA N 8
 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟑𝒕 + 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒕 c𝒐𝒔𝟑𝜽 = 𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝜽 − 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝟑
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒕 =
𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟑𝜽 = 𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟑 𝜽 − 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝜽

𝟑
𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟑𝜽 + 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝜽 = 𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟑 𝜽
𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒕] = 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟑𝒕 + 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒕
𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟑𝜽 + 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝜽
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟑 𝜽 =
𝟒
𝟏 𝒔 𝒔
= 𝟐 𝟐
+𝟑 𝟐 𝒔
𝟒 𝒔 −𝟑 𝒔 − 𝟏𝟐
𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒕 = 𝟐
𝒔 − 𝒂𝟐
𝑷𝒖𝒕 𝒔 = 𝟒 𝒘𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒕

∞
𝟏 𝟒 𝟑(𝟒) 𝟏𝟐
න 𝒆−𝟒𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟑 𝒕𝒅𝒕 = 𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝟐 𝟐
=
𝟎 𝟒 𝟒 −𝟑 𝟒 −𝟏 𝟑𝟓
EM III_SMITA N 9
EXAMPLE 4
∞ −𝟐𝒕 𝟑
If ‫𝒏𝒊𝒔 𝒆 𝟎׬‬ 𝒕 + 𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 − 𝜶 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟖
, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝜶

Solution

By the definition of Laplace Transform

∞

𝑳𝒇 𝒕 = න 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒇 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 … … … … . (𝟏)
𝟎

Comparing the R.H.S of equation (1) with the L.H.S of the given problem we get

Hence 𝒇 𝒕 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 + 𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 − 𝜶 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔 = 𝟐

∞
න 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 + 𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 − 𝜶 𝒅𝒕 = 𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 + 𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 − 𝜶 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒔 = 𝟐
𝟎 EM III_SMITA N 10
 𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 + 𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 − 𝜶

𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝑨 − 𝑩)

𝟏
𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 + 𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 − 𝜶 = [𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 + 𝜶 + 𝒕 − 𝜶 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 + 𝜶 − 𝒕 − 𝜶 ]]
𝟐

𝟏
𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 + 𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 − 𝜶 = [𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒕 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜶 ]
𝟐

𝟏
𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 + 𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 − 𝜶 = [𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒕 ] + 𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜶 ]]
𝟐

EM III_SMITA N 11
 𝒂
𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕 = 𝟐
𝒔 + 𝒂𝟐
𝟏 𝟐
𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 + 𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 − 𝜶 = 𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜶 𝑳[𝟏]
𝟐 𝒔 +𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 + 𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 − 𝜶 = 𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜶
𝟐 𝒔 +𝟐 𝒔

𝑷𝒖𝒕 𝒔 = 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 + 𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 − 𝜶 = 𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜶
𝟐 𝟐 +𝟐 𝟐

𝟑
𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 + 𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 − 𝜶 = (𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏)
𝟖

EM III_SMITA N 12
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑
𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜶 =
𝟐 𝟐 +𝟐 𝟐 𝟖

𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
+ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜶 =
𝟖 𝟒 𝟖

𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜶 = −
𝟒 𝟖 𝟖
𝟏 𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜶 =
𝟒 𝟖

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜶 = 𝟏

𝝅 𝝅
𝟐𝜶 = 𝜶=
𝟐 𝟒

EM III_SMITA N 13
 PROPERTIES OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM

➢ CHANGE OF SCALE PROPERTY

If 𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 =𝑭 𝒔
𝟏 𝒔
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑳 𝒇 𝒂𝒕 = 𝑭
𝒂 𝒂

EM III_SMITA N 14
Example 1
𝟐 −𝒔
If 𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 = 𝒆 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑳 𝒇 𝟐𝒕 .
𝒔𝟑

Solution
𝒂=𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 =𝑭 𝒔 𝟏 𝒔
𝟐 −𝒔 𝑳 𝒇 𝟐𝒕 = 𝑭
𝟐 𝟐
𝑭 𝒔 = 𝟑𝒆
𝒔
By change of scale property 𝟏 𝟐 −𝒔
𝑳 𝒇 𝟐𝒕 = 𝟑
𝒆 𝟐
𝟐 𝒔
𝟏 𝒔 𝟐
𝑳 𝒇 𝒂𝒕 = 𝑭
𝒂 𝒂
𝟖 −𝒔
𝑳 𝒇 𝟐𝒕 = 𝟑
𝒆 𝟐
𝒔
EM III_SMITA N 15
Example 2
𝒔+𝟑
If 𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑳 𝒇 𝟑𝒕
𝒔+𝟏

Solution

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 =𝑭 𝒔
𝒂=𝟑
𝟏 𝒔
𝑳 𝒇 𝟑𝒕 = 𝑭
𝒔+𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝑭 𝒔 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒔
𝒔+𝟏 𝟏 +𝟑
𝑳 𝒇 𝟑𝒕 𝟑
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒔
By change of scale property 𝟑 +𝟏
𝟑
𝟏 𝒔 𝟏 𝒔+𝟗
𝑳 𝒇 𝒂𝒕 = 𝑭 𝑳 𝒇 𝟑𝒕 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝒂 𝒂 𝟑 𝒔+𝟑

EM III_SMITA N 16
Example 3

𝟐𝟎−𝟒𝒔
If 𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 = 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑳 𝒇 𝟑𝒕
𝒔𝟐 −𝟒𝒔+𝟐𝟎

Solution 𝟏 𝒔
𝒂=𝟑 𝑳 𝒇 𝟑𝒕 = 𝑭
𝟑 𝟑
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 = 𝑭 𝒔
𝒔
𝟐𝟎 − 𝟒𝒔 𝟏 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟒 𝟑
𝑭 𝒔 = 𝟐 𝑳 𝒇 𝟑𝒕 =
𝒔 − 𝟒𝒔 + 𝟐𝟎 𝟑 𝒔 𝟐 𝒔
− 𝟒 + 𝟐𝟎
𝟑 𝟑
By change of scale property
𝟏 𝒔 𝟔𝟎 − 𝟒𝒔
𝑳 𝒇 𝒂𝒕 = 𝑭 𝑳 𝒇 𝟑𝒕 = 𝟐
𝒂 𝒂 𝒔 − 𝟏𝟐𝒔 + 𝟏𝟖𝟎

EM III_SMITA N 17
Example 4 𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒕 = 𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟒𝒕
𝝅 −𝟏
If 𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 = 𝒆 𝟒𝒔 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒕 .
𝟐𝒔 𝒔
𝒂=𝟒
Solution
𝟏 𝒔
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 =𝑭 𝒔 𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟒𝒕 . = 𝑭
𝟒 𝟒
𝝅 −𝟏
𝑭 𝒔 = 𝒆 𝟒𝒔 𝟏
𝟐𝒔 𝒔 𝟏 𝝅 − 𝒔
= 𝒆 𝟒𝟒
𝟒 𝒔 𝒔
By change of scale property 𝟐
𝟒 𝟒
𝟏 𝒔
𝑳 𝒇 𝒂𝒕 = 𝑭
𝒂 𝒂 𝝅 −𝟏
𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟒𝒕 . = 𝒆 𝒔
𝒔 𝒔
EM III_SMITA N 18
EM III_SMITA N 19
First Shifting Theorem
08/09/2021

EM III_SMITA N 1
➢ CHANGE OF SCALE PROPERTY

If 𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 =𝑭 𝒔
𝟏 𝒔
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑳 𝒇 𝒂𝒕 = 𝑭
𝒂 𝒂

EM III_SMITA N 2
 FIRST SHIFTING THEOREM

If 𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 =𝑭 𝒔

then 𝑳 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝒇 𝒕 = 𝑭(𝒔 + 𝒂)

OR

𝑳 𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒇 𝒕 = 𝑭(𝒔 − 𝒂)

EM III_SMITA N 3
EXAMPLE 1

𝑳[𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕]

Solution

𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 =
𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 = 𝟐 𝟐 = (𝒔𝟐 +𝟒𝒔+𝟒+𝟒)
𝒔 +𝟐 𝒔𝟐 +𝟒

𝑳 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 = {𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 }𝒔→𝒔+𝟐 𝟐

=
(𝒔𝟐 +𝟒𝒔+𝟖)
𝟐
= { 𝟐 }𝒔→𝒔+𝟐
𝒔 +𝟒 𝟐
𝑳 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 =
(𝒔𝟐 +𝟒𝒔+𝟖)
𝟐
=
(𝒔 + 𝟐)𝟐 +𝟒
EM III_SMITA N 4
Example 2

𝑳[𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒕𝟓 ]

Solution

𝑳 𝒕𝟓 = 𝜞(𝟓+𝟏)
𝟓+𝟏
𝜞(𝟔)
= 𝟔 =
𝟓!
=
𝟏𝟐𝟎
𝒔 𝒔 𝒔𝟔 𝒔𝟔

𝐿 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒕𝟓 = {𝑳 𝒕𝟓 }𝒔→𝒔+𝟑
𝜞(𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝑳 𝒕𝒏 =
𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒔𝒏+𝟏
= { 𝟔 }𝒔→𝒔+𝟑
𝒔

𝟏𝟐𝟎
=
(𝒔+𝟑)𝟔
EM III_SMITA N 5
EXAMPLE 3
𝟏 𝒔 𝒔
𝑳[𝒆𝟐𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕.cost] = 𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝟐
𝟐 𝒔 +𝟑 𝒔 +𝟏

Solution
𝒔 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏 + (𝒔𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐 )
=
𝟐𝑪𝑶𝑺𝑨𝑪𝑶𝑺𝑩 = 𝑪𝑶𝑺 𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑪𝑶𝑺(𝑨 − 𝑩) 𝟐 (𝒔𝟐 +𝟑𝟐 )(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏)

𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕cost = [cos3t + cost] 𝒔 𝟐𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎
𝟐
=
𝟐 (𝒔𝟐 +𝟑𝟐 )(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏)
𝟏
𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 = 𝑳[cos3t + cost]
𝟐
𝒔(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟓)
= 𝟐
𝟏 (𝒔 +𝟗)(𝒔𝟐 +𝟏)
= [𝑳[cos3t] +L[ cost]]
𝟐

EM III_SMITA N 6
L[ 𝒆𝟐𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕.cost ] = {𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 }𝒔→𝒔−𝟐

𝒔 𝒔𝟐 +𝟓
=
(𝒔𝟐 +𝟗)(𝒔𝟐 +𝟏) 𝒔→𝒔− 𝟐

(𝒔−𝟐) (𝒔−𝟐)𝟐 +𝟓
=
(𝒔−𝟐)𝟐 +𝟗)[(𝒔−𝟐)𝟐 +𝟏)]

(𝒔−𝟐) 𝒔𝟐 −𝟒𝒔 +𝟗
=
(𝒔𝟐 −𝟒𝒔+𝟏𝟑)[(𝒔𝟐 −𝟒𝒔+𝟓)]

EM III_SMITA N 7
EXAMPLE 4

𝑳[𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟒𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕]

Solution

𝒆𝟒𝒕 + 𝒆−𝟒𝒕
𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟒𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕 = 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕
𝟐

𝟏 −𝟑𝒕 𝟒𝒕
= 𝒆 𝒆 + 𝒆−𝟒𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕
𝟐

𝟏
= 𝒆𝒕 + 𝒆−𝟕𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕
𝟐
𝟏 𝒕
= 𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕 + 𝒆EM−𝟕𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕
III_SMITA N 8
𝟐
 𝟏 𝒕
𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟒𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕 = 𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕 + 𝒆−𝟕𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕
𝟐

𝟏
𝑳 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟒𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕 = 𝑳 𝒆𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕 + 𝒆−𝟕𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕
𝟐
𝟏
= 𝑳 𝒆𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕] + 𝑳[𝒆−𝟕𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕 ………….(1)
𝟐

𝑳[𝒆𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕] = 𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕]𝒔→𝒔−𝟏

𝒂
𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕 = 𝟐
𝒔 + 𝒂𝟐
𝟑
= 𝟐
𝒔 + 𝟑𝟐 𝒔→𝒔−𝟏

𝟑
=
(𝒔 − 𝟏)𝟐 +𝟑𝟐
EM III_SMITA N 9
 𝟑
= 𝟐
𝒔 − 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟏 + 𝟗
𝟑
= 𝟐
𝒔 − 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟏𝟎

𝑳[𝒆−𝟕𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕] = 𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕]𝒔→𝒔+𝟕 𝒂

𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕 = 𝟐
𝒔 + 𝒂𝟐
𝟑
= 𝟐
𝒔 + 𝟑𝟐 𝒔→𝒔+𝟕
𝟑
=
(𝒔 + 𝟕)𝟐 +𝟑𝟐
𝟑 𝟑
= 𝟐 = 𝟐
𝒔 + 𝟏𝟒𝒔 + 𝟒𝟗 + 𝟗 𝒔 + 𝟏𝟒𝒔 + 𝟓𝟖

EM III_SMITA N 10
Substituting in (1)

𝟏
𝑳 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟒𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕 = 𝑳 𝒆𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕] + 𝑳[𝒆−𝟕𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕
𝟐

1 𝟑 𝟑
= 𝟐
+ 𝟐
2 𝒔 − 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟏𝟎 𝒔 + 𝟏𝟒𝒔 + 𝟓𝟖

3 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒𝒔 + 𝟓𝟖 + 𝒔𝟐 − 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟏𝟎
=
2 (𝒔𝟐 − 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟏𝟎 )(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒𝒔 + 𝟓𝟖)
3 𝟐𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒔 + 𝟔𝟖
=
2 (𝒔𝟐 − 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟏𝟎 )(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒𝒔 + 𝟓𝟖)
𝟑(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟔𝒔 + 𝟑𝟒)
= 𝟐
(𝒔 − 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟏𝟎 )(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒𝒔 + 𝟓𝟖)
EM III_SMITA N 11
EXAMPLE 5

𝑳[𝒆𝟐𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒 𝒕]

Solution

𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒙𝒏 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝒕 + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏𝒕

𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 − 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒏
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝒕 − 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏𝒕
𝒙 𝒙

𝟏 𝟏
𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 = 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝒕 = 𝒙𝒏 + 𝒏
𝒙 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
𝟐𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 = 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏𝒕 = 𝒙𝒏 − 𝒏
𝒙 𝒙
EM III_SMITA N 12
 𝟒
𝟒
𝟏
(𝟐𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕) = 𝒙 −
𝒙

Pascal’s Triangle
1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1

(𝒂 − 𝒃)𝟒 = 𝒂𝟒 − 𝟒𝒂𝟑 𝒃 + 𝟔𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒃𝟑 + 𝒃𝟒

EM III_SMITA N 13
 (𝒂 − 𝒃)𝟒 = 𝒂𝟒 − 𝟒𝒂𝟑 𝒃 + 𝟔𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒃𝟑 + 𝒃𝟒
𝟒
𝟒
𝟏
(𝟐𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕) = 𝒙 −
𝒙 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
𝟒 𝟒 𝟑
𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(𝟐𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕) = 𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙 +
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
𝟒 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟔 − 𝟒 𝟐 + 𝟒
𝒙 𝒙

𝟒
𝟏 𝟐
𝟏
= 𝒙 + 𝟒 −𝟒 𝒙 + 𝟐 +𝟔
𝒙 𝒙
𝟏
𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝒕 = 𝒙𝒏 + 𝒏
𝒙
= 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒕 − 𝟒 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕 + 𝟔

(𝟐𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕)𝟒 = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒕 − 𝟒 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕 + 𝟔

EM III_SMITA N 14
 (𝟐𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕)𝟒 = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒕 − 𝟒 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕 + 𝟔

𝟐𝟒 𝒊𝟒 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒 𝒕 = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒕 − 𝟒 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕 + 𝟔

𝒊𝟒 = 𝟏
𝟐𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒 𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒕 − 𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕 + 𝟑

𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒 𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒕 − 𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕 + 𝟑
𝟖

𝟒
𝟏
𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕] = 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒕 − 𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕 + 𝟑
𝟖

𝟏
= 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒕 − 𝟒𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕 + 𝟑𝑳[𝟏]
𝟖
EM III_SMITA N 15
 𝟏 𝒔 𝒔 𝟏 𝒔
𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒 𝒕 = −𝟒 𝟐 +𝟑 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝟐
𝟐
𝟖 𝒔 +𝟒 𝟐 𝒔 +𝟐 𝟐 𝒔 𝒔 + 𝒂𝟐
𝟏
𝑳𝟏 =
𝟏 𝒔 𝟒𝒔 𝟑 𝒔
𝟒
𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟐
− 𝟐 +
𝟖 𝒔 + 𝟏𝟔 𝒔 + 𝟒 𝒔

𝑳 𝒆𝟐𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒 𝒕 = 𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒 𝒕]𝒔→𝒔−𝟐

𝟏 𝒔 𝟒𝒔 𝟑
= 𝟐
− 𝟐 +
𝟖 𝒔 + 𝟏𝟔 𝒔 + 𝟒 𝒔
𝒔→𝒔−𝟐

EM III_SMITA N 16
 𝟏 𝒔−𝟐 𝟒(𝒔 − 𝟐) 𝟑
= 𝟐
− 𝟐
+
𝟖 (𝒔 − 𝟐) +𝟏𝟔 (𝒔 − 𝟐) +𝟒 𝒔 − 𝟐

𝟏 𝒔−𝟐 𝟒(𝒔 − 𝟐) 𝟑
= 𝟐
− 𝟐 +
𝟖 𝒔 − 𝟒𝒔 + 𝟒 + 𝟏𝟔 𝒔 − 𝟒𝒔 + 𝟒 + 𝟒 𝒔 − 𝟐

𝟏 𝒔−𝟐 𝟒(𝒔 − 𝟐) 𝟑
= 𝟐
− 𝟐 +
𝟖 𝒔 − 𝟒𝒔 + 𝟐𝟎 𝒔 − 𝟒𝒔 + 𝟖 𝒔 − 𝟐

EM III_SMITA N 17
EXAMPLE 6
𝑳 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒇 𝟐𝒕 = 𝑳 𝒇 𝟐𝒕 𝒔→𝒔+𝟑
𝒔
𝑰𝒇 𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 = 𝟐 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑳[𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒇 𝟐𝒕 ] 𝒔+𝟑
𝒔 +𝒔+𝟒 𝟏 𝟐
=
𝟐 𝒔+𝟑 𝟐 𝒔+𝟑
Solution + +𝟒
𝟐 𝟐
By change of Scale property
𝒔+𝟑
𝟏 𝒔 =
If 𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 = 𝑭 𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑳 𝒇 𝒂𝒕 = 𝑭 𝒔 + 𝟑 𝟐 + 𝟐(𝒔 + 𝟑) + 𝟏𝟔
𝒂 𝒂

𝟏 𝒔 𝒔 𝒔+𝟑
𝑳 𝒇 𝟐𝒕 = 𝑭 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑭 𝒔 = 𝟐 = 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝒔 +𝒔+𝟒 𝒔 + 𝟔𝒔 + 𝟗 + 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟔 + 𝟏𝟔

𝒔 𝒔+𝟑
= 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝒔 + 𝟖𝒔 + 𝟑𝟏
𝑳 𝒇 𝟐𝒕 = 𝟐
𝟐 𝒔 𝒔
+ +𝟒
𝟐 𝟐

EM III_SMITA N 18
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
15/09/2021

EM III_SMITA N 1
RECALL
∞

𝑳𝒇 𝒕 = න 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒇 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝑭(𝒔)
𝟎

𝑳 𝑨 ± 𝑩 = 𝑳[𝑨] ± 𝑳[𝑩]

𝐿[𝐴𝐵] ≠ 𝐿]𝐴] 𝐿[𝐵]

EM III_SMITA N 2
LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF STANDARD FUNCTION

𝒌 𝒔
𝑳𝒌 = 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝟐
𝒔 𝒔 + 𝒂𝟐

𝟏 𝒂
𝑳𝟏 = 𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕 = 𝟐
𝒔 𝒔 + 𝒂𝟐

𝟏 𝒔
𝑳 𝒆𝒂𝒕 = 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒕 = 𝟐
𝒔−𝒂 𝒔 − 𝒂𝟐

𝜞(𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝑳 𝒕𝒏 = 𝒂
𝒔𝒏+𝟏 𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒂𝒕 = 𝟐
𝒔 − 𝒂𝟐
EM III_SMITA N 3
CHANGE OF SCALE PROPERTY

If 𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 =𝑭 𝒔
𝟏 𝒔
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑳 𝒇 𝒂𝒕 = 𝑭
𝒂 𝒂

EM III_SMITA N 4
 FIRST SHIFTING THEOREM

If 𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 =𝑭 𝒔

then 𝑳 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝒇 𝒕 = 𝑭(𝒔 + 𝒂)

OR

𝑳 𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒇 𝒕 = 𝑭(𝒔 − 𝒂)

EM III_SMITA N 5
 SECOND SHIFTING THEOREM

If L [𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔)
𝒇 𝒕−𝒂 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕 > 𝒂
and if 𝒈 𝒕 = ,
𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕 < 𝒂

then L[𝒈 𝒕 ] = 𝒆−𝒂𝒔 𝑭(𝒔)

EM III_SMITA N 6
EXAMPLE 1

(𝒕 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕 > 𝟏

Find L[𝒈 𝒕 ] where 𝒈 𝒕 =
𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕 < 𝟏

Solution

𝒇 𝒕 = 𝒕𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂 = 𝟏 If L [𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔)

𝒇 𝒕−𝒂 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕 > 𝒂
𝟐 and if 𝒈 𝒕 =
L [𝒇(𝒕)] = L[𝒕𝟐 ] = = 𝑭(𝒔) 𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕 < 𝒂
𝒔𝟑

By Second Shifting theorem L[𝒈 𝒕 ] = 𝒆−𝒂𝒔 𝑭(𝒔)

𝟐 𝟐𝒆−𝒔
L[𝒈 𝒕 ] = -s
e 𝟑 =
𝒔 𝒔𝟑

EM III_SMITA N 7
EXAMPLE 2
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒕 − ) 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕 >
Find 𝑳[𝒈 𝒕 ] 𝟑 𝟑
where 𝒈 𝒕 = 𝟐𝝅
𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕 <
𝟑
Solution

𝟐𝝅 If L [𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔)
𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕, 𝒂 =
𝟑
𝒇 𝒕−𝒂 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕 > 𝒂
𝒔 and if 𝒈 𝒕 =
then L [𝒇(𝒕)] = L [𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕] = =𝑭(𝒔) 𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕 < 𝒂
𝒔𝟐 +𝟏

By Second Shifting theorem L[𝒈 𝒕 ] = 𝒆−𝒂𝒔 𝑭(𝒔)

𝟐𝝅𝒔
𝟐𝝅𝒔 −
− 𝟑 𝒔 𝒔𝒆 𝟑
L [g(𝒕)] =𝒆 =
𝒔𝟐 +𝟏 𝒔𝟐 +𝟏

8
EM III_SMITA N
EXAMPLE 3
𝒆−𝒃(𝒕−𝒂) (𝒕 − 𝒂)𝟑 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕 > 𝒂
Find 𝑳[𝒈 𝒕 ] 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒈(𝒕) =
𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕 < 𝒂

Solution

𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒆−𝒃𝒕 𝒕𝟑
If L [𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔)
𝟑! 𝟔
L[𝒇(𝒕)] = L[𝒆−𝒃𝒕 𝒕𝟑 ] = = =𝑭(𝒔) 𝒇 𝒕−𝒂 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕 > 𝒂
𝒔+𝒃 𝟒 𝒔+𝒃 𝟒
and if 𝒈 𝒕 =
𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕 < 𝒂
By Second Shifting theorem
𝟔 𝟔𝒆−𝒂𝒔
L[𝒈 𝒕 ] = 𝒆−𝒂𝒔 𝑭(𝒔)
−𝒂𝒔
L[𝐠(𝒕)] =𝒆 =
(𝒔+𝒃)𝟒 (𝒔+𝒃)𝟒

EM III_SMITA N 9
EXAMPLE 4
𝒆𝒕−𝒌 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕 > 𝒌
Find 𝑳[𝒈 𝒕 ] 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒈 𝒕 =
𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝟎 < 𝒕 < 𝒌

Solution

𝒇 𝒕 = 𝒆𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂 = 𝒌 If L [𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔)

𝒇 𝒕−𝒂 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕 > 𝒂
𝒕 𝟏 and if 𝒈 𝒕 =
L [𝒇(𝒕)] = L[𝒆 ] = = 𝑭(𝒔) 𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕 < 𝒂
𝒔−𝟏

By Second Shifting theorem L[𝒈 𝒕 ] = 𝒆−𝒂𝒔 𝑭(𝒔)

𝟏 𝒆−𝒌𝒔
L[𝒈 𝒕 ] = 𝒆−𝒌𝒔 =
𝒔−𝟏 𝒔−𝟏

EM III_SMITA N 10
 Multiplication by t Property

If 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔)

𝒅 𝒏
Then 𝑳 𝒕𝒏 𝒇 𝒕 = (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏 [𝑭 𝑺 ]
𝒅𝒔

EM III_SMITA N 11
 𝒅 −𝟔𝒔
EXAMPLE 1 =
𝒅𝒔 (𝒔𝟐 +𝟗) 𝟐
𝑳[𝒕𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕]
(𝒔𝟐 +𝟗) 𝟐 (−𝟔) − (−𝟔𝒔)𝟐(𝒔𝟐 +𝟗)𝟐𝒔
Solution =
(𝒔𝟐 +𝟗) 𝟒
𝒅 𝒏
𝑳 𝒕𝒏 𝒇 𝒕 = (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏 [𝑭 𝑺 ]
𝒅𝒔 (𝒔𝟐 +𝟗)(−𝟔) − (−𝟔𝒔)(𝟐)(𝟐𝒔)
=
𝟑 𝟑 (𝒔𝟐 +𝟗) 𝟑
𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕 = 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝟐
𝒔 +𝟑 𝒔 +𝟗
𝟐 −𝟔𝒔𝟐 − 𝟓𝟒 + 𝟐𝟒𝒔𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝒅 𝟑 =
𝑳 𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕 = (−𝟏) (𝒔𝟐 +𝟗) 𝟑
𝒅𝒔𝟐 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟗
𝒅 (𝒔𝟐 +𝟗 ) 𝟎 − 𝟑(𝟐𝒔) 𝟏𝟖𝒔𝟐 − 𝟓𝟒 𝟏𝟖(𝒔𝟐 − 𝟑)
= = 𝟐 𝟑
=
𝒅𝒔 (𝒔𝟐 +𝟗) 𝟐 (𝒔 +𝟗) (𝒔𝟐 +𝟗) 𝟑
EM III_SMITA N 12
EXAMPLE 2

Find 𝑳[𝒕(𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕 − 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕)]

Solution

𝑳 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕 − 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 = 𝑳[𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕] − 𝑳[𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕]

= 𝟐𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕] − 𝟑𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕]
𝟑 𝒔
=𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
−𝟑 𝟐
𝒔 +𝟑 𝒔 + 𝟑𝟐
𝟔 − 𝟑𝒔
= 𝟐
𝒔 +𝟗

EM III_SMITA N 13
 𝒅 −𝟑𝒔𝟐 − 𝟐𝟕 − 𝟏𝟐𝒔 + 𝟔𝒔𝟐
𝑳 𝒕𝒇 𝒕 = − [𝑭 𝑺 ] =−
𝒅𝒔 (𝒔𝟐 + 𝟗)𝟐

𝒅 𝟔 − 𝟑𝒔
𝑳 𝒕 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕 − 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 =− 𝟑𝒔𝟐 − 𝟐𝟕 − 𝟏𝟐𝒔
𝒅𝒔 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟗 =−
(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟗)𝟐
𝒔𝟐 +𝟗 −𝟑 −(𝟔−𝟑𝒔)𝟐𝒔
=−
(𝒔𝟐 +𝟗)𝟐
𝟐𝟕 + 𝟏𝟐𝒔 − 𝟑𝒔𝟐
=
(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟗)𝟐
−𝟑𝒔𝟐 −𝟐𝟕−(𝟏𝟐𝒔−𝟔𝒔𝟐 )
=−
(𝒔𝟐 +𝟗)𝟐
𝟑(𝟗+𝟒𝒔− 𝒔𝟐 )
=
(𝒔𝟐 +𝟗)𝟐

EM III_SMITA N 14
 𝟏
EXAMPLE 3 𝑳 𝒆𝟑𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 =
(𝒔𝟐 −𝟔𝒔+𝟏𝟎)
L[t𝒆𝟑𝒕 sin t]
L[t𝒆𝟑𝒕 sin t ] = − 𝒅 𝟏
Solution 𝒅𝒔 (𝒔𝟐 −𝟔𝒔+𝟏𝟎)

𝟏
𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 = 𝒔𝟐 − 𝟔𝒔 + 𝟏𝟎 𝟎 − 𝟏(𝟐𝒔 − 𝟔)
𝒔𝟐 +𝟏 =−
(𝒔𝟐 − 𝟔𝒔 + 𝟏𝟎)𝟐
By First Shifting theorem

𝑳 𝒆𝟑𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 = {𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 }𝒔→𝒔−𝟑 (𝟐𝒔−𝟔)

=
(𝒔𝟐 −𝟔𝒔+𝟏𝟎)𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
= =
𝒔𝟐 +𝟏 𝒔→𝒔−𝟑 (𝒔−𝟑)𝟐 +𝟏
(𝟐𝒔−𝟔)
=
𝟏
=
𝟏 L[t𝒆𝟑𝒕 sin t]=
(𝒔𝟐 −𝟔𝒔+𝟏𝟎)𝟐
(𝒔𝟐 −𝟔𝒔+𝟗+𝟏) (𝒔𝟐 −𝟔𝒔+𝟏𝟎)
EM III_SMITA N 15
EXAMPLE 4

𝟓 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑳[𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒕] = +
𝟐 𝒔−𝟏 𝒔+𝟏
Solution

𝒅 𝟓 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟓 𝟓
𝒆𝒕 + 𝒆−𝒕 𝑳 𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒕 = (−𝟏) 𝟓
+
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒕 = 𝒅𝒔 𝟐 𝒔 − 𝟏 𝒔 + 𝟏
𝟐
𝒆𝒕 + 𝒆−𝒕 𝟏 𝒅𝟒 −𝟏 −𝟏
𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒕] = 𝑳 =− 𝟒 𝟐
+
𝟐 𝟐 𝒅𝒔 (𝒔 − 𝟏) (𝒔 + 𝟏)𝟐

𝟏
= 𝑳 𝒆𝒕 + 𝒆−𝒕
𝟐 𝟏 𝒅𝟑 −𝟐 −𝟐
𝟏 = 𝟑 𝟑
+
𝟐 𝒅𝒔 (𝒔 − 𝟏) (𝒔 + 𝟏)𝟑
= 𝑳 𝒆𝒕 ] + 𝑳[𝒆−𝒕
𝟐
EM III_SMITA N 16
 𝒅𝟐 𝟑 𝟑
= 𝟐 𝟒
+
𝒅𝒔 (𝒔 − 𝟏) (𝒔 + 𝟏)𝟒

𝒅 −𝟏𝟐 −𝟏𝟐
= 𝟓
+
𝒅𝒔 (𝒔 − 𝟏) (𝒔 + 𝟏)𝟓
𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎
= 𝟔
+
(𝒔 − 𝟏) (𝒔 + 𝟏)𝟔

𝟓 𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎
𝑳 𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒕 = +
(𝒔−𝟏)𝟔 (𝒔+𝟏)𝟔

EM III_SMITA N 17
EXAMPLE 5

𝑳[𝒕𝒆−𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟐𝒕]

Solution

𝒔 𝒔
𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟐𝒕 = 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝟐
𝒔 −𝟐 𝒔 −𝟒
𝒔
𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒕 = 𝟐
𝒔 − 𝒂𝟐
𝑳[𝒆−𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟐𝒕] = 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟐𝒕 𝒔→𝒔+𝟏

𝒔 𝒔+𝟏 𝒔+𝟏
= 𝟐 = = 𝟐
𝒔 −𝟒 𝒔→𝒔+𝟏 (𝒔 + 𝟏)𝟐 − 𝟒 𝒔 + 𝟐𝒔 − 𝟑
EM III_SMITA N 18
 𝒔+𝟏
𝑳[𝒆−𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟐𝒕] =
𝒔𝟐 + 𝟐𝒔 − 𝟑
−𝒕
𝒅 𝒔+𝟏
𝑳 𝒕𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟐𝒕 = −
𝒅𝒔 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟐𝒔 − 𝟑

(𝒔𝟐 +𝟐𝒔 − 𝟑)(𝟏) − (𝒔 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐)

=−
(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟐𝒔 − 𝟑)𝟐

𝒔𝟐 + 𝟐𝒔 − 𝟑 − (𝟐𝒔𝟐 + 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐)
=−
(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟐𝒔 − 𝟑)𝟐
𝒔𝟐 + 𝟐𝒔 − 𝟑 − 𝟐𝒔𝟐 − 𝟐𝒔 − 𝟐𝒔 − 𝟐) −𝒔𝟐 − 𝟐𝒔 − 𝟓)
=− =− 𝟐
(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟐𝒔 − 𝟑)𝟐 (𝒔 + 𝟐𝒔 − 𝟑)𝟐
𝒔 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟓
𝑳 𝒕𝒆−𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟐𝒕 = 𝟐 𝟐
(𝒔
EM III_SMITA N
+ 𝟐𝒔 − 𝟑) 19
EXAMPLE 6
𝟏
= 𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕] + 𝑳[𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕]
𝟒
𝑳[𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝒕]

𝟏 𝒔 𝟑𝒔
Solution = 𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝟐
𝟒 𝒔 +𝟑 𝒔 + 𝟏𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝜽 = 𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝜽 − 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝜽 + 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝜽 𝒅 𝟏 𝒔 𝟑𝒔
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝜽 + 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝑳 𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝒕 =− 𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝟐
𝟑
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 = 𝒅𝒔 𝟒 𝒔 + 𝟑 𝒔 + 𝟏𝟐
𝟒
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 + 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝒕= 𝟏 𝒅 𝒔 𝟑𝒔
𝟒 =− + 𝟐
𝟐
𝟒 𝒅𝒔 𝒔 + 𝟗 𝒔 + 𝟏
𝟑
𝟏
𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕] = 𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 + 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕]
𝟒
EM III_SMITA N 20
 𝟏 𝒅 𝒔 𝟑𝒔
=− 𝟐
+ 𝟐
𝟒 𝒅𝒔 𝒔 + 𝟗 𝒔 + 𝟏

𝟏 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟗 (𝟏) − 𝒔(𝟐𝒔) 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏 (𝟑) − 𝟑𝒔(𝟐𝒔)

=− 𝟐 𝟐
+
𝟒 (𝒔 + 𝟗) (𝒔𝟐 +𝟏) 𝟐

𝟏 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟗 − 𝟐𝒔𝟐 𝟑𝒔𝟐 + 𝟑 − 𝟔𝒔𝟐

=− 𝟐 𝟐
+
𝟒 (𝒔 + 𝟗) (𝒔𝟐 +𝟏) 𝟐

𝟏 𝟗 − 𝒔𝟐 𝟑 − 𝟑𝒔𝟐 𝟏 𝒔𝟐 − 𝟗 𝟑(𝒔𝟐 − 𝟏)
=− + 𝟐 = 𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝟐
𝟐
𝟒 (𝒔 + 𝟗) 𝟐 (𝒔 +𝟏) 𝟐 𝟒 (𝒔 + 𝟗) (𝒔 +𝟏) 𝟐

𝟏 𝒔𝟐 −𝟗 𝟑(𝒔𝟐 −𝟏)
𝑳 𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝒕 = +
𝟒 (𝒔𝟐 +𝟗)𝟐 (𝒔𝟐 +𝟏) 𝟐
EM III_SMITA N 21
EXAMPLE 7 𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 = [𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟓𝒕 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕]
𝟐
𝑳[𝒕𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕]
𝟏
𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕] = 𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟓𝒕 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕]
𝟐
Solution

𝟏 𝒔 𝒔
𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕] = 𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝟐
𝟐 𝒔 +𝟓 𝒔 + 𝟏𝟐

2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)

𝑳[𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕] = 𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕] 𝒔→𝒔+𝟑

𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟓𝒕 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(−𝒕)

𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟓𝒕 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕

EM III_SMITA N 22
𝑳[𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕] = 𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕] 𝒔→𝒔+𝟑

𝟏 𝒔 𝒔
= 𝟐 𝟐
+[ 𝟐 𝟐
]
𝟐 𝒔 +𝟓 𝒔 +𝟏
𝒔→𝒔+𝟑

𝟏 𝒔+𝟑 𝒔+𝟑
= 𝟐 𝟐
+
𝟐 𝒔+𝟑 +𝟓 (𝒔 + 𝟑)𝟐 +𝟏𝟐

𝟏 𝒔+𝟑 𝒔+𝟑
= 𝟐
+ 𝟐
𝟐 𝒔 + 𝟔𝒔 + 𝟑𝟒 𝒔 + 𝟔𝒔 + 𝟏𝟎

−𝟑𝒕
𝒅 𝟏 𝒔+𝟑 𝒔+𝟑
𝑳 𝒕𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 = − 𝟐
+ 𝟐
𝒅𝒔 𝟐 𝒔 + 𝟔𝒔 + 𝟑𝟒 𝒔 + 𝟔𝒔 + 𝟏𝟎

EM III_SMITA N 23
 𝟏 𝒅 𝒔+𝟑 𝒅 𝒔+𝟑
=− 𝟐
+
𝟐 𝒅𝒔 𝒔 + 𝟔𝒔 + 𝟑𝟒 𝒅𝒔 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟔𝒔 + 𝟏𝟎

𝟏 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟔𝒔 + 𝟑𝟒 𝟏 − (𝒔 + 𝟑)(𝟐𝒔 + 𝟔) 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟔𝒔 + 𝟏𝟎 𝟏 − (𝒔 + 𝟑)(𝟐𝒔 + 𝟔)
=− 𝟐 𝟐
+
𝟐 (𝒔 +𝟔𝒔 + 𝟑𝟒) (𝒔𝟐 +𝟔𝒔 + 𝟏𝟎)𝟐

𝟏 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟔𝒔 + 𝟑𝟒 − (𝟐𝒔𝟐 + 𝟔𝒔 + 𝟔𝒔 + 𝟏𝟖) 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟔𝒔 + 𝟏𝟎 − (𝟐𝒔𝟐 +𝟔𝒔 + 𝟔𝒔 + 𝟏𝟖)

=− 𝟐 𝟐
+
𝟐 (𝒔 +𝟔𝒔 + 𝟑𝟒) (𝒔𝟐 +𝟔𝒔 + 𝟏𝟎)𝟐

𝟏 −𝒔𝟐 − 𝟔𝒔 + 𝟏𝟔) (−𝒔𝟐 − 𝟔𝒔 − 𝟖)

=− 𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝟐
𝟐 (𝒔 +𝟔𝒔 + 𝟑𝟒) (𝒔 +𝟔𝒔 + 𝟏𝟎)𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
−𝟑𝒕
𝟏 𝒔 + 𝟔𝒔 − 𝟏𝟔) 𝒔 + 𝟔𝒔 + 𝟖
𝑳 𝒕𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 = 𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝟐
𝟐 (𝒔 +𝟔𝒔 + 𝟑𝟒) (𝒔 +𝟔𝒔 + 𝟏𝟎)𝟐
EM III_SMITA N 24
Practice Problems

𝟐
➢ 𝑳 𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟐𝒕

➢ 𝑳 𝒕𝒆𝟐𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕

➢ 𝑳 𝟏 + 𝒕𝒆−𝒕 𝟑

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝟐
➢𝑳
𝒆𝒕

➢ Find 𝑳 𝒈 𝒕 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞

𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒕 − 𝜶) 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕 > 𝜶

𝒈 𝒕 ]=
𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕 < 𝜶

EM III_SMITA N 25
EM III_SMITA N 26
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
15/09/2021

EM III_SMITA N 1
RECALL

If 𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 =𝑭 𝒔

𝟏 𝒔
➢𝑳 𝒇 𝒂𝒕 = 𝑭 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆
𝒂 𝒂

➢𝑳 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝒇 𝒕 = 𝑭(𝒔 + 𝒂)(𝑭𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒕 𝑺𝒉𝒊𝒇𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎)

𝒏
𝒏 𝒏 𝒅
➢𝑳 𝒕 𝒇 𝒕 = −𝟏 𝑭 𝑺 (𝑴𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒚 𝒕 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚)
𝒅𝒔𝒏

EM III_SMITA N 2
 Division by t Property

If L [𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭 𝒔

𝒇(𝒕) ∞
𝑳 =‫𝐬𝐝)𝒔(𝑭 𝒔׬‬
𝒕

EM III_SMITA N 3
Prerequisite
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 −𝟏
𝒙 𝒇′ (𝒙)
න 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏 න 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒇 𝒙 )
𝒙 +𝒂 𝒂 𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)

Integration by parts

𝒅𝒖
‫ )𝒙𝒅𝒗 ׬(𝒖 = 𝒙𝒅 𝒗𝒖 ׬‬− ‫)𝒙𝒅𝒗 ׬( 𝒙𝒅 ׬‬.

u is chosen using

L I AT E
(Logarithm, Inverse, Algebraic. Trigonometric, Exponential)

𝝅
− 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 𝒙
𝟐
EM III_SMITA N 4
EXAMPLE 1 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 −𝟏
𝒙
න 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝒙 +𝒂 𝒂 𝒂
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 ∞
𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕
𝒕 𝑳 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒔
𝒕 𝒔
Solution
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ∞ − 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒔
𝟏
𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕] = 𝟐 𝝅
= − 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒔
𝒔 +𝟏 𝟐

𝒇(𝒕) ∞ = 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 𝒔
𝑳 =‫𝐬𝐝)𝒔(𝑭 𝒔׬‬
𝒕

∞ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝟏 𝑳 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 𝒔
𝑳 =න 𝟐
𝒅𝒔 𝒕
𝒕 𝒔 𝒔 +𝟏
EM III_SMITA N 5
 EXAMPLE 2
𝒇′ (𝒙)
න 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒇 𝒙 )
𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕 𝒇(𝒙)
𝑳
𝒕
Solution 𝟏 ∞
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒔 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒔𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 )
𝟐 𝒔
L[𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕] = L[𝟏] − 𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕]
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙𝒎 = 𝒎𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙
𝟏 𝒔
= − 𝟐
𝒔 𝒔 + 𝒂𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 ∞
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒔𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒔𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 )
𝟐 𝟐 𝒔
∞
𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕 𝟏 𝒔 ∞
𝑳 =න − 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒔 𝟏 𝒔𝟐
𝒕 𝒔 𝒔 +𝒂 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐
𝒔 𝟐 𝒔 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒔

EM III_SMITA N 6
When 𝒔 → ∞
𝟏 𝒔𝟐 𝟏 𝒔𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒔→∞ 𝟐 𝒔 +𝒂 𝒔→∞ 𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒔→∞ 𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝟐
𝒔𝟐 𝟏+ 𝟐 𝟏+ 𝟐
𝒔 𝒔

𝟐 ∞
𝟏 𝒔
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐
𝟐 𝒔 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒔 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙−𝟏 = −𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙

𝟏 𝒔𝟐 𝟏 𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝟐 𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 𝟐 𝒔𝟐

𝟏 𝒔𝟐 𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕 𝟏 𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐
= 𝟎 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐
𝑳 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝟐 𝒕 𝟐 𝒔𝟐
EM III_SMITA N 7
EXAMPLE 3 = 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕] − 𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕
𝒔 𝒔
𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 = 𝟐 𝟐
− 𝟐
𝑳 𝒔 +𝟏 𝒔 + 𝟑𝟐
𝒕
∞
𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 𝒔 𝒔
𝑳 =න 𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒅𝒔
Solution 𝒕 𝒔 +𝟏 𝟐 𝒔 +𝟑 𝟐
𝒔

𝑳[𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕] 𝒇′ (𝒙)
න 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒇 𝒙 )
𝒇(𝒙)
𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑨 − 𝑩 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 + 𝑩)
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒔 + 𝟏 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈( 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟗
𝟐

𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 − 𝟐𝒕 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒕 + 𝟐𝒕) 𝟐 𝟐

∞
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟑𝐭 𝟏 +𝟏 𝒔𝟐
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐
𝟐 𝒔 +𝟗
𝑳 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 = 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 EM III_SMITA N
𝒔
8
 𝟐 ∞
𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 𝟏 𝒔 +𝟏
𝑳 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐
𝒕 𝟐 𝒔 +𝟗 𝒔

When 𝒔 → ∞
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝒔𝟐+𝟏 𝟏 𝒔𝟐 𝟏 + 𝟏 𝟏+ 𝟏
𝒔𝟐 𝒔𝟐
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒍𝒐𝒈 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒍𝒐𝒈 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒔→∞ 𝟐 𝒔 + 𝟗 𝒔→∞ 𝟐 𝟗 𝒔→∞ 𝟐 𝟗 𝟐
𝒔𝟐 𝟏+ 𝟐 𝟏+ 𝟐
𝒔 𝒔

𝟏 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟏 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟗
= 𝟎 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐
𝟐 𝒔 +𝟗 𝟐 𝒔 +𝟏

𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 𝟏 𝒔𝟐 +𝟗
𝑳 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐
𝒕 𝟐 𝒔 +𝟏
EM III_SMITA N 9
EXAMPLE 4

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟐𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕
𝑳
𝒕

Solution

𝒆𝟐𝒕 + 𝒆−𝟐𝒕
𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟐𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 = 𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕
𝟐

𝟏
= 𝑳 𝒆𝟐𝒕 + 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕
𝟐

𝟏
= 𝑳 𝒆𝟐𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 + 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕
𝟐

EM III_SMITA N 10
 𝟏
𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟐𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 = 𝑳 𝒆𝟐𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕] + 𝑳[𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕
𝟐

𝟐
𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 = 𝟐
𝒔 + 𝟐𝟐

𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟐𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 = +
𝟐 (𝒔 − 𝟐) +𝟒 (𝒔 + 𝟐)𝟐 +𝟒
𝟐

∞
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟐𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝑳 =න 𝟐
+ 𝟐
𝒅𝒔
𝒕 𝟐 (𝒔 − 𝟐) +𝟒 (𝒔 + 𝟐) +𝟒
𝒔

EM III_SMITA N 11
 ∞ Put 𝒔 − 𝟐 = x
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟐𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑳 = න 𝟐
+ 𝟐
𝑑𝑠 𝟐 𝟐
𝒕 𝟐 (𝒔 − 𝟐) +𝟒 (𝒔 + 𝟐) +𝟒 ‫׬‬ 𝟐 𝒅𝒔 = ‫׬‬ 𝒅𝒙
(𝒔−𝟐) +𝟒 𝒙𝟐 +𝟒
𝑠

∞ 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝒙
𝟏 −𝟏
𝒔−𝟐 𝟏 −𝟏
𝒔+𝟐 න = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 −𝟏
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒂 𝒂
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝒔

𝟏 −𝟏
𝟏 −𝟏
𝟏 −𝟏
𝒔−𝟐 𝟏 −𝟏
𝒔+𝟐
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏 ∞ + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 ∞ − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝟏𝝅 𝟏𝝅 𝟏 −𝟏
𝒔−𝟐 𝟏 −𝟏
𝒔+𝟐
= + − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟐𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 𝝅 𝟏 −𝟏
𝒔−𝟐 𝟏 −𝟏
𝒔+𝟐
𝑳 = − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝒕 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

EM III_SMITA N 12
EXAMPLE 5
𝟏 𝟏 𝒔
𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒕] = − 𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒕 𝟐 𝒔 𝒔 +𝟒
𝑳
𝒕𝟐
∞
Solution 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒕 𝟏 𝟏 𝒔
𝑳 =න − 𝟐 𝑑𝑠
𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕 𝒕 𝟐 𝒔 𝒔 +𝟒
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒕= 𝑠
𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕
𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕] = 𝑳
𝟐 ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝒔
𝟏 = න − 𝟐 𝑑𝑠
= 𝑳 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕 𝟐 𝒔 𝒔 +𝟒
𝟐 𝑠

𝟏
= 𝑳 𝟏] − 𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕
𝟐 EM III_SMITA N 13
 𝒇′ (𝒙)
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒕 𝟏 𝟏 න 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒇 𝒙 )
𝑳 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒔 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟒) 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒕 𝟐 𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒔 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟒)
𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

∞
𝟏 𝒔𝟐
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐
𝟒 𝒔 +𝟒 𝒔

When 𝒔 → ∞
𝟏 𝒔𝟐 𝟏 𝒔𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒍𝒐𝒈 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒍𝒐𝒈 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒔→∞ 𝟒 𝒔 + 𝟒 𝒔→∞ 𝟒 𝟒 𝒔→∞ 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
𝒔𝟐 𝟏 + 𝟐 𝟏+ 𝟐
𝒔 𝒔

EM III_SMITA N 14
 𝟏 𝒔𝟐
= 𝟎 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐
𝟒 𝒔 +𝟒

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒕 𝟏 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟒
𝑳 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝒕 𝟒 𝒔𝟐

∞
𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 𝟏 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟒
𝑳 𝟐
= න 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐
𝑑𝑠
𝒕 𝟒 𝒔
𝑠

∞
𝟏 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟒
= න 𝟏. 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐
𝑑𝑠
𝟒 𝒔
𝑠

EM III_SMITA N 15
 𝒔𝟐 +𝟒
Using integration by parts by taking 𝑢 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒗 = 𝟏
𝒔

𝒅𝒖
න 𝒖𝒗 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒖(න 𝒗𝒅𝒙) − න (න 𝒗𝒅𝒙) .
𝒅𝒙

𝟏 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟒 𝟏 𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒔 − (𝒔𝟐 +𝟒)𝟐𝒔
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐
𝒔 −න 𝟐 𝟒
𝒔 𝒅𝒔
𝟒 𝒔 (𝒔 +𝟒)ൗ 𝒔
𝒔𝟐

𝟏 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟒 𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒔(𝒔𝟐 − (𝒔𝟐 +𝟒))

= 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐
𝒔 −න 𝟐 × 𝟒
𝒔 𝒅𝒔
𝟒 𝒔 (𝒔 +𝟒) 𝒔

EM III_SMITA N 16
 𝟏 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟒 𝟐(𝒔𝟐 − (𝒔𝟐 +𝟒))
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐
𝒔 −න 𝟐
𝒅𝒔
𝟒 𝒔 (𝒔 +𝟒)

𝟏 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟒 −𝟖
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐
𝒔 −න 𝟐 𝒅𝒔
𝟒 𝒔 (𝒔 +𝟒)

𝒅𝒙 𝟏 −𝟏
𝒙
𝟏 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟒 𝟏 න 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝒙 +𝒂 𝒂 𝒂
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐
𝒔 + 𝟖න 𝟐 𝒅𝒔
𝟒 𝒔 (𝒔 +𝟒)

∞
𝟏 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟒 𝟏 −𝟏
𝒔
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐
𝒔 + 𝟖 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝟒 𝒔 𝟐 𝟐 𝒔

EM III_SMITA N 17
When 𝑠 → ∞
𝟐 𝟒
𝒔𝟐 + 𝟒 𝒔 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ) 𝟒
lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝒔 = lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝟏 + 𝟐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 = 0
𝑠→∞ 𝒔𝟐 𝑠→∞ 𝒔𝟐 𝑠→∞ 𝒔

𝟏 𝝅 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟒 −𝟏
𝒔
= 𝟎 + 𝟒 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐
𝒔 − 𝟒𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝟒 𝟐 𝒔 𝟐

𝝅 𝟏 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟒 −𝟏
𝒔
= − 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐
− 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝟐 𝟒 𝒔 𝟐

EM III_SMITA N 18
EXAMPLE 6 𝟏
𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒕] = 𝑳[𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕]
𝟒
𝒆𝟐𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒕
𝑳
𝒕 𝟏
𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒕] = 𝑳[𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕] − 𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕]
𝟒
Solution
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
= 𝟑 𝟐 − 𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝜽 = 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 − 𝟒𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝜽 𝟒 𝒔 +𝟏 𝟐 𝒔 + 𝟑𝟐
𝟒𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝜽 = 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝜽
𝟏 𝟑 𝟑
𝟑
𝟏 𝑳[𝒆𝟐𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒕] = 𝟐 𝟐
−
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 = [𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝜽] 𝟒 (𝒔 − 𝟐) +𝟏 (𝒔 − 𝟐)𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐
𝟒
∞
𝟏
𝟑 𝒆𝟐𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒕 𝟏 𝟑 𝟑
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 = [𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕] 𝑳 =න − 𝑑𝑠
𝟒 𝒕 𝟐
𝟒 (𝒔 − 𝟐) +𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
(𝒔 − 𝟐) + 𝟑 𝟐
𝑠

EM III_SMITA N 19
 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 −𝟏
𝒙
∞ න 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝟑 −𝟏
𝟏 −𝟏
(𝒔 − 𝟐) 𝒙 +𝒂 𝒂 𝒂
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏 (𝒔 − 𝟐) − 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝟒 𝟑 𝟑 𝒔

𝟑 𝝅 𝟏𝝅 −𝟏
𝟏 −𝟏
(𝒔 − 𝟐)
= − − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒔 − 𝟐 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝟒 𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟑 𝟑

𝟑 𝝅 −𝟏
𝟏 𝝅 −𝟏
𝒔−𝟐
= − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒔 − 𝟐 − − 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝟒 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑

𝟑 −𝟏
𝟏 −𝟏
(𝒔 − 𝟐)
= 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒔 − 𝟐 − 𝒄𝒐𝒕
𝟒 𝟑 𝟑

𝟑 −𝟏
𝟏 −𝟏
(𝒔 − 𝟐)
= 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒔 − 𝟐 − 𝒄𝒐𝒕
𝟒 𝟒 𝟑
EM III_SMITA N 20
 Practice Problems

𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒕
➢𝑳
𝒕

➢ 𝑳[𝒆−𝒕 𝒕−𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕]

EM III_SMITA N 21
THANK YOU

EM III_SMITA N 22
LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF DERIVATIVE

16/09/2021

EM III_SMITA N 1
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆 Property

If 𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 =𝑭 𝒔
𝟏 𝒔
𝑳 𝒇 𝒂𝒕 = 𝑭
𝒂 𝒂

𝑭𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒕 𝑺𝒉𝒊𝒇𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎

If 𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 =𝑭 𝒔
𝑳 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝒇 𝒕 = 𝑭(𝒔 + 𝒂)

EM III_SMITA N 2
Second Shifting Theorem

If L [𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔)
𝒇 𝒕−𝒂 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕 > 𝒂
And if 𝒈 𝒕 = ,
𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕 < 𝒂

then L[𝒈 𝒕 ] = 𝒆−𝒂𝒔 [𝑭(𝒔)]

EM III_SMITA N 3
 𝑴𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒚 𝒕 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚

If 𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 =𝑭 𝒔
𝒅𝒏
𝑳 𝒕𝒏 𝒇 𝒕 = −𝟏 𝒏 𝒏 𝑭 𝑺
𝒅𝒔

𝑫𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒚 𝒕 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚

If 𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 =𝑭 𝒔
𝒇(𝒕) ∞
𝑳 =‫𝑭 𝒔׬‬ 𝒔 𝐝𝐬
𝒕

EM III_SMITA N 4
LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF DERIVATIVE

If 𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 = 𝑭 𝒔 ,then

𝑳 𝒇′ (𝒕) = 𝒔𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 − 𝒇 𝟎
= 𝒔𝑭 𝒔 − 𝒇 𝟎

𝑳 𝒇′′ (𝒕) = 𝒔𝟐 𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 − 𝒔𝒇 𝟎 − 𝒇′ 𝟎
= 𝒔𝟐 𝑭 𝒔 − 𝒔𝒇 𝟎 − 𝒇′ 𝟎

𝑳 𝒇′′′ (𝒕) = 𝒔𝟑 𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 − 𝒔𝟐 𝒇 𝟎 − 𝒔𝒇′ 𝟎 − 𝒇′′ 𝟎

= 𝒔𝟑 𝑭(𝒔) − 𝒔𝟐 𝒇EM III_SMITA
𝟎 −N 𝒔𝒇′ 𝟎 − 𝒇′′ 𝟎 5
 EXAMPLE 1 𝟑
∞
𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒆−𝒔𝒕
= 𝒕 −න 𝒅𝒕 +𝟔
𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒇 𝒕 = 𝒕 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 < 𝟑 −𝒔 −𝒔 −𝒔 𝟑
𝟎
=𝟔 𝒕>𝟑
𝟑 ∞
Find 𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑳 𝒇 (𝒕) ′ 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒆−𝒔𝒕
= 𝒕 − 𝟐 +𝟔
−𝒔 𝒔 𝟎
−𝒔 𝟑
Solution
∞ 𝒆∞ = ∞
𝟏 𝟏
𝑳𝒇 𝒕 = න 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒇 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒆−∞ = ∞= =𝟎
𝒆 ∞
𝟎

𝟑 ∞

= න 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 (𝒕)𝒅𝒕 +න 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 (𝟔)𝒅𝒕 𝒆−𝟑𝒔 𝒆−𝟑𝒔 𝟏 𝒆−𝟑𝒔

= 𝟑 − 𝟐 − 𝟎− 𝟐 +𝟔 𝟎−
𝟎 𝟑 −𝒔 𝒔 𝒔 −𝒔

EM III_SMITA N 6
 𝒆−𝟑𝒔 𝒆−𝟑𝒔 𝟏 𝒆−𝟑𝒔
= 𝟑 − 𝟐 − 𝟎− 𝟐 +𝟔 𝟎−
−𝒔 𝒔 𝒔 −𝒔

𝒆−𝟑𝒔 𝒆−𝟑𝒔 𝟏 𝟔𝒆−𝟑𝒔 𝒆−𝟑𝒔 𝟏 𝟑𝒆−𝟑𝒔

𝑳𝒇 𝒕 = 𝟑 − 𝟐 + + = − 𝟐 + +
−𝒔 𝒔 𝒔𝟐 𝒔 𝒔 𝒔𝟐 𝒔

𝟏 −𝟑𝒔
𝟑 𝟏
𝑳𝒇 𝒕 = 𝟐+𝒆 − 𝟐 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟎
𝒔 𝒔 𝒔 𝒇 𝒕 =𝒕
𝒇 𝟎 =0
𝑳 𝒇′ (𝒕) = 𝒔𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 − 𝒇 𝟎
𝟏 −𝟑𝒔
𝟑 𝟏
=𝒔 𝟐+𝒆 − 𝟐 −𝟎
𝒔 𝒔 𝒔
𝟏 −𝟑𝒔
𝟏
= +𝒆 𝟑−
𝒔 𝒔 EM III_SMITA N 7
7
EXAMPLE 2
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕
𝑳𝒇 𝒕 =𝑳
𝒕
𝒅 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕
𝑳 𝟏
𝒅𝒕 𝒕
𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕] = 𝟐
𝒔 +𝟏
Solution 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 ∞ 𝟏
𝑳 = ‫ 𝟐𝒔 𝒔׬‬+𝟏 𝒅𝒔
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒕
𝒇 𝒕 =
𝒕
=[𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒔]∞
𝒔
𝒅 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒅
𝑳 =𝑳 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝑳[𝒇′ 𝒕 ] = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ∞ - 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒔
𝒅𝒕 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝝅
= – 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒔 =𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 𝒔
𝟐
𝑳 𝒇′ (𝒕) = 𝒔𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 − 𝒇 𝟎
EM III_SMITA N 8
 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕
𝑳𝒇 𝒕 =𝑳 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 𝒔
𝒕

𝑳 𝒇′ (𝒕) = 𝒔𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 − 𝒇 𝟎

= 𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 𝒔 − 𝒇 𝟎

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕
𝒇 𝒕 =
𝒕
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕
As 𝒕 → 𝟎 𝒇 𝟎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 =𝟏
𝒕→𝟎 𝒕

𝑳 𝒇′ (𝒕) = 𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 𝒔 − 𝟏
EM III_SMITA N 9
EXAMPLE 3
𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕
𝑳[𝒇 𝒕 ] = 𝑳
𝒕
𝒅 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕
𝑳 𝟏 𝒔
𝒅𝒕 𝒕
𝑳 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 = − 𝟐
𝒔 𝒔 +𝟏
Solution ∞
𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝟏 𝒔
𝑳 =න − 𝟐 𝒅𝒔
𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒕 𝒔 𝒔 𝒔 +𝟏
𝒇 𝒕 =
𝒕
∞
𝒅 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒅 𝟏
𝑳 =𝑳 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝑳[𝒇′ 𝒕 ] = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒔 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝒔𝟐 +𝟏)
𝒅𝒕 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝟐 𝑠

∞
𝟏 𝟏
𝑳 𝒇′ (𝒕) = 𝒔𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 − 𝒇 𝟎 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒔 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝒔𝟐 +𝟏)
𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝑠

EM III_SMITA N 10
 𝒕
∞ 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐
𝟏 𝒔𝟐 𝒇 𝟎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟐
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐 𝒕→𝟎 𝒕→𝟎 𝒕
𝟐 𝒔 +𝟏 𝒔 𝒕
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎
𝟏 𝒔𝟐 𝒕→𝟎 𝒕 𝟐
= 𝟎 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝒔 +𝟏

𝟏 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒔𝟐 +𝟏
𝟏 𝒔𝟐+𝟏 𝑳 𝒇′ (𝒕) = 𝒔𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 − 𝒇 𝟎 = 𝒔 −𝟎
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐 𝒔𝟐
𝟐 𝒔𝟐
𝒔 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏
𝑳 𝒇′ (𝒕) = 𝒔𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 − 𝒇 𝟎 =
𝟐 𝒔𝟐
𝒕
𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐
𝒇 𝒕 = = 𝟐
𝒕 𝒕

EM III_SMITA N 11
EXAMPLE 4
𝟐𝝎𝒔
𝑰𝒇 𝑳 𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕 = 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑳[𝝎𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒕 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕]
(𝒔 +𝝎 )

Solution

Let 𝒇 𝒕 = 𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕

𝒇′ 𝒕 = 𝝎𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒕 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕

𝑳 𝒇′ (𝒕) = 𝒔𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 − 𝒇 𝟎

𝟐𝝎𝒔 𝟐𝝎𝒔𝟐
=𝒔 𝟐 −𝟎= 𝟐
𝟐
(𝒔 +𝝎 ) 𝟐 (𝒔 +𝝎𝟐 )𝟐

EM III_SMITA N 12
EXAMPLE 5
−𝟏
𝝅 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 𝝅 −𝟏
Given 𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟑 𝒆 𝟒𝒔 .prove that 𝑳 = 𝒆 𝟒𝒔
𝒕 𝒔
𝟐𝒔𝟐

Solution
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 𝝅 −𝟏
𝒇 𝒕 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 𝑳 =𝒔 𝟑
𝒆 𝟒𝒔 −𝟎
𝟐 𝒕 𝟐𝒔𝟐
𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕
𝒇′ 𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 𝝅 −𝟏
𝟐 𝒕 𝟐 𝒕
𝑳 = 𝟏
𝒆 𝟒𝒔
𝒕 𝒔𝟐
𝑳 𝒇′ (𝒕) = 𝒔𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 − 𝒇 𝟎
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 𝝅 −𝟏
𝑳 = 𝒆 𝟒𝒔
𝒕 𝒔
EM III_SMITA N 13
EXAMPLE 6

𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒇 𝒕 = 𝒕 + 𝟏 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 < 𝟐
=𝟑 𝒕>𝟐

Find 𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 , 𝑳 𝒇′ (𝒕) ,𝑳 𝒇′′ (𝒕)

Solution

𝑳𝒇 𝒕 = න 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒇 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝟎
𝟐 ∞

= න 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 (𝒕 + 𝟏)𝒅𝒕 + න 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 (𝟑)𝒅𝒕

𝟎 𝟐
EM III_SMITA N 14
 𝟐
∞ 𝟏 𝟏 𝒆−𝟐𝒔
𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝑳𝒇 𝒕 = + 𝟐− 𝟐
= (𝒕 + 𝟏) −න 𝒅𝒕 +𝟑 𝒔 𝒔 𝒔
−𝒔 −𝒔 −𝒔 𝟐
𝟎
𝑳 𝒇′ (𝒕) = 𝒔𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 − 𝒇 𝟎
𝟐 ∞
𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒆 −𝒔𝒕 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝟏 𝟏 𝒆−𝟐𝒔
= (𝒕 + 𝟏) − +𝟑 =𝒔 + 𝟐− 𝟐 −𝟏
−𝒔 𝒔𝟐 𝟎
−𝒔 𝟐 𝒔 𝒔 𝒔

𝒆−𝟐𝒔 𝒆−𝟐𝒔 𝟏 𝟏 𝒆−𝟐𝒔 𝟏 𝒆−𝟐𝒔

= 𝟑 − 𝟐 − − 𝟐 +𝟑 𝟎− =𝟏+ − −𝟏
−𝒔 𝒔 −𝒔 𝒔 −𝒔 𝒔 𝒔

𝒆 −𝟐𝒔
𝒆 −𝟐𝒔
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑𝒆 −𝟐𝒔 𝟏 𝒆−𝟐𝒔
=𝟑 − 𝟐 + + 𝟐+ = −
−𝒔 𝒔 𝒔 𝒔 𝒔 𝒔 𝒔

EM III_SMITA N 15
 𝑳 𝒇′′ (𝒕) = 𝒔𝟐 𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 − 𝒔𝒇 𝟎 − 𝒇′ 𝟎

At 𝒕 = 𝟎 𝒇 𝒕 = 𝒕 + 𝟏 𝒇 𝟎 = 𝟏

𝒇 ′ 𝒕 = 𝟏 𝒇′ 𝟎 = 𝟏

𝟏 𝟏 𝒆−𝟐𝒔
𝑳 𝒇′′ (𝒕) = 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟐− 𝟐 −𝒔 𝟏 −𝟏
𝒔 𝒔 𝒔

𝑳 𝒇′′ (𝒕) = 𝒔 + 𝟏 − 𝒆−𝟐𝒔 − 𝒔 − 𝟏

𝑳 𝒇′′ (𝒕) = −𝒆−𝟐𝒔

EM III_SMITA N 16
THANK YOU

EM III_SMITA N 17
LAPLACE
TRANSFORM OF
AN INTEGRAL

20/09/2021

EM III_SMITA N

1
 RECALL
If 𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 =𝑭 𝒔
𝟏 𝒔
➢𝑳 𝒇 𝒂𝒕 = 𝑭 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆
𝒂 𝒂

➢𝑳 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝒇 𝒕 =𝑭 𝒔+𝒂 (𝑭𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒕 𝑺𝒉𝒊𝒇𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎)

𝒏
𝒏 𝒏 𝒅
➢𝑳 𝒕 𝒇 𝒕 = −𝟏 𝑭 𝑺 (𝑴𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒚 𝒕 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚)
𝒅𝒔𝒏

𝒇(𝒕) ∞
➢ 𝑳 =‫𝑭 𝒔׬‬ 𝒔 𝐝𝐬 (𝑫𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒚 𝒕 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚)
𝒕

EM III_SMITA N 2
 Laplace transform of Integral

If 𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 = 𝑭 𝒔 ,then

𝒕
𝑳[𝒇 𝒕 ]
𝑳 න 𝒇 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 =
𝒔
𝟎

EM III_SMITA N 3
 EXAMPLE 1
𝒕

𝑳 න 𝒆−𝟑𝒖 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒𝒖𝒅𝒖
𝟎

Solution 𝒕
𝟏 𝟒
𝟒 𝑳[න 𝒆−𝟑𝒖 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒𝒖𝒅𝒖] =
𝒔 (𝒔𝟐 + 𝟔𝒔 + 𝟗 + 𝟏𝟔)
𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒𝒖 = 𝟐 𝟎
𝒔 + 𝟒𝟐
𝒕
−𝟑𝒖
𝟒 𝟏 𝟒
𝑳 𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒𝒖 = 𝑳[න 𝒆 −𝟑𝒖
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒𝒖𝒅𝒖] =
(𝒔 + 𝟑)𝟐 + 𝟒𝟐 𝒔 (𝒔𝟐 + 𝟔𝒔 + 𝟐𝟓)
𝒕 𝟎
−𝟑𝒖
𝟏 𝟒
𝑳[න 𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒𝒖𝒅𝒖] =
EM III_SMITA N 𝒔 (𝒔 + 𝟑)𝟐 + 𝟒𝟐 4
𝟎
 EXAMPLE 2
𝒕
𝑳[‫𝒆𝒖( 𝟎׬‬−𝟑𝒖 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒖)𝒅𝒖]

Solution
𝟏 𝟏 𝒔+𝟑
𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒖 =
𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒖 𝑳 𝒆−𝟑𝒖 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒖 = −
𝟐 𝒔+𝟑 (𝒔+𝟑)𝟐 +𝟐𝟐
𝟐
𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒖
𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒖 =𝑳 L 𝒖𝒆−𝟑𝒖 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒖 = −
𝟏 𝒅 𝟏
−
𝒔+𝟑
𝟐
𝟐 𝒅𝒔 𝒔+𝟑 (𝒔+𝟑)𝟐 +𝟐𝟐

𝟏
= 𝑳 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒖 𝟏 𝒅 𝟏 𝒔+𝟑
𝟐
=− − 𝟐
𝟐 𝒅𝒔 𝒔 + 𝟑 𝒔 + 𝟔𝒔 + 𝟗 + 𝟒
EM III_SMITA N 𝟏 𝟏 𝒔 5
𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒖 = − 𝟐
𝟐 𝒔 𝒔 + 𝟐𝟐
 𝟏 𝒅 𝟏 𝒔+𝟑
L 𝒖𝒆−𝟑𝒖 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒖 = − −
𝟐 𝒅𝒔 𝒔+𝟑 𝒔𝟐 +𝟔𝒔+𝟏𝟑

𝟏 −𝟏 𝒔𝟐 +𝟔𝒔+𝟏𝟑 𝟏 −(𝒔+𝟑)(𝟐𝒔+𝟔)
= − −
𝟐 (𝒔+𝟑)𝟐 (𝒔𝟐 +𝟔𝒔+𝟏𝟑)𝟐

𝟏 −𝟏 𝒔𝟐 +𝟔𝒔+𝟏𝟑 −(𝟐𝒔𝟐 +𝟔𝒔+𝟔𝒔+𝟏𝟖)

= − −
𝟐 (𝒔+𝟑)𝟐 (𝒔𝟐 +𝟔𝒔+𝟏𝟑)𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝒔𝟐 +𝟔𝒔+𝟏𝟑−𝟐𝒔𝟐 −𝟏𝟐𝒔−𝟏𝟖
= +
𝟐 (𝒔+𝟑)𝟐 (𝒔𝟐 +𝟔𝒔+𝟏𝟑)𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 −𝒔𝟐 −𝟔𝒔−𝟓
EM III_SMITA N
= + 6

𝟐 (𝒔+𝟑)𝟐 (𝒔𝟐 +𝟔𝒔+𝟏𝟑)𝟐

 −𝟑𝒖 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝒔𝟐 +𝟔𝒔+𝟓
L 𝒖𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒖 = −
𝟐 (𝒔+𝟑)𝟐 (𝒔𝟐 +𝟔𝒔+𝟏𝟑)𝟐

𝒕 −𝟑𝒖 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝒔𝟐 +𝟔𝒔+𝟓
𝑳[‫𝒆𝒖( 𝟎׬‬ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒖)𝒅𝒖]= −
𝟐𝒔 (𝒔+𝟑)𝟐 (𝒔𝟐 +𝟔𝒔+𝟏𝟑)𝟐

EM III_SMITA N 7
EXAMPLE 3
𝒕

𝑳[𝒕−𝟏 න 𝒆−𝒖 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒅𝒖]

𝟎
Solution
𝒕
𝟏
𝟏 𝑳 න 𝒆−𝒖 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒅𝒖 =
𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒖 = 𝟐 𝒔(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟏 + 𝟏)
𝒔 + 𝟏𝟐 𝟎

𝒕
−𝒖
𝟏 𝟏
𝑳 𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒖 = 𝑳 න 𝒆−𝒖 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒅𝒖 =
(𝒔 + 𝟏)𝟐 +𝟏𝟐 𝒔(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐)
𝟎
𝒕
𝟏
𝑳 න 𝒆−𝒖 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒅𝒖 =
EM III_SMITA N
𝒔((𝒔 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐 ) 8

𝟎
 𝒕 ∞
−𝟏 −𝒖
𝟏
𝑳[𝒕 න𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒅𝒖 = න 𝟐
𝒅𝒔
𝒔(𝒔 + 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐)
𝟎 𝒔

By Partial Fractions

𝟏 𝑨 𝑩𝒔 + 𝑪
𝟐
= + 𝟐
𝒔(𝒔 + 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐) 𝒔 (𝒔 +𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐)

𝟏 = 𝑨(𝒔𝟐 +𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐) + 𝒔(𝑩𝒔 + 𝑪)

𝟏
𝑷𝒖𝒕 𝒔 = 𝟎 𝟏=𝑨 𝟐 𝑨=
𝟐
EM III_SMITA N 9
 𝟏 = 𝑨(𝒔𝟐 +𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐) + 𝒔(𝑩𝒔 + 𝑪)
𝑷𝒖𝒕 𝒔 = 𝟏
𝟏 = 𝑨(𝟏 + 𝟐 + 𝟐) + (𝑩 + 𝑪)
𝟏 = 𝟓𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑪 𝑷𝒖𝒕 𝒔 = −𝟏
𝟏 = 𝑨 𝟏 − 𝟐 + 𝟐 − (−𝑩 + 𝑪)
𝟏
𝟏=𝟓 + 𝑩+𝑪 𝟏=𝑨+ 𝑩−𝑪
𝟐
𝟓 𝟏
𝟏= + 𝑩+𝑪 𝟏= + 𝑩−𝑪
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
𝟓 𝑩−𝑪=𝟏−
𝑩+𝑪=𝟏− 𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝟑 𝑩 − 𝑪 = … … … (𝟐)
𝑩 + 𝑪 = − … … … (𝟏) 𝟐
EM III_SMITA N 𝟐 10
Solving (1) & (2)
−𝟏
𝑩= 𝑪 = −𝟏
𝟐

Substituting the values of in A,B &C

𝟏 𝑨 𝑩𝒔 + 𝑪 𝟏 𝒔+𝟐
𝟐
= + 𝟐 = −
𝒔(𝒔 + 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐) 𝒔 (𝒔 +𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐) 𝟐𝒔 𝟐(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐)

−𝟏
𝟏 𝟏/𝟐 𝟐 𝒔−𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒔+𝟐
𝟐
= + 𝟐 = − 𝟐
𝒔(𝒔 + 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐) 𝒔 (𝒔 +𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐) 𝟐 𝒔 (𝒔 +𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐)
𝟏 −𝒔 − 𝟐
= +
EM III_SMITA N
𝟐𝒔 𝟐(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐) 11
 𝒕 ∞
𝟏
𝑳[𝒕−𝟏 න 𝒆−𝒖 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒅𝒖] =න 𝟐
𝒅𝒔
𝒔(𝒔 + 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐)
𝟎 𝒔

∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝒔+𝟐
=න − 𝟐 𝒅𝒔
𝟐 𝒔 (𝒔 +𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐)
𝒔

∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐(𝒔 + 𝟐)
= න − 𝟐
𝒅𝒔
𝟐 𝒔 𝟐 (𝒔 +𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐)
𝒔

∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟒 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 (𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐) + 𝟐
= න − 𝟐
𝒅𝒔 = න − 𝟐
𝒅𝒔
EM III_SMITA N
𝟐 𝒔 𝟐 (𝒔 +𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐) 𝟐 𝒔 𝟐 (𝒔 +𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐)
12
𝒔 𝒔
 ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 (𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐) 𝟐
= න − 𝟐
+ 𝟐
𝒅𝒔
𝟐 𝒔 𝟐 (𝒔 +𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐) (𝒔 + 𝟏) +𝟏)
𝒔
∞
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒔 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒔 + 𝟏)
𝟐 𝟐 𝒔
∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒔 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝒔𝟐 +𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒔 + 𝟏)
𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝒔
𝟐 ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝒔
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒔 + 𝟏)
𝟐 𝟐 𝒔 + 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐 𝒔

𝟏 𝝅 𝟏 𝒔𝟐
= 𝟎 − − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒔 + 𝟏)
EM III_SMITA N 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝒔 + 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐 13
 𝟏 𝟏 𝒔𝟐 𝝅
= − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐 − + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒔 + 𝟏)
𝟐 𝟐 𝒔 + 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐 𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝒔𝟐 𝝅
= − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐 − − 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒔 + 𝟏)
𝟐 𝟐 𝒔 + 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐 𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝒔𝟐
= − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐 − 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 (𝒔 + 𝟏)
𝟐 𝟐 𝒔 + 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐
𝒕
𝟏 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐 𝟏
−𝟏 −𝒖 −𝟏
𝑳[𝒕 න 𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒅𝒖] = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐
− 𝒄𝒐𝒕 (𝒔 + 𝟏)
𝟒 𝒔 𝟐
𝟎
EM III_SMITA N 14
 EXAMPLE 4
𝒕
𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒕 ‫]𝒖𝒅 𝒖𝒉𝒔𝒐𝒄 𝒖𝒆 𝟎׬‬

Solution
𝒔
𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒖 = 𝟐
𝒔 − 𝟏𝟐

𝒖
𝒔−𝟏
𝑳 𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒖 =
(𝒔 − 𝟏)𝟐 −𝟏𝟐
𝒔−𝟏
𝑳 𝒆𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒖 = 𝟐
𝒔 − 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟏 − 𝟏

𝒔−𝟏
𝒆𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒖
EM III_SMITA N 15
𝑳 = 𝟐
𝒔 − 𝟐𝒔
 𝒕
𝒖
𝒔−𝟏
𝑳 න 𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟐 − 𝟐𝒔)
𝟎 𝒔(𝒔

𝒕 𝒕
𝒆𝒕 + 𝒆−𝒕
𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒕 න 𝒆𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒖 𝒅𝒖] = 𝑳 න 𝒆𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒖 𝒅𝒖
𝟎 𝟐 𝟎

𝒕
𝟏
= 𝑳 𝒆𝒕 + 𝒆−𝒕 න 𝒆𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒖 𝒅𝒖
𝟐 𝟎

𝒕 𝒕
𝟏
= 𝑳 𝒆𝒕 න 𝒆𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒖 𝒅𝒖 + 𝒆−𝒕 න 𝒆𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒖 𝒅𝒖
𝟐 𝟎 𝟎
EM III_SMITA N 16
 𝒕
𝒔−𝟏
𝑳 න 𝒆𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒖 𝒅𝒖 =
𝟎 𝒔(𝒔𝟐 − 𝟐𝒔)
𝒕 𝒕
𝟏
𝑳 𝒆𝒕 න 𝒆𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒖 𝒅𝒖 + 𝒆−𝒕 න 𝒆𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒖 𝒅𝒖
𝟐 𝟎 𝟎

𝟏 𝒔−𝟏−𝟏 𝒔+𝟏−𝟏
= 𝟐
+
𝟐 (𝒔 − 𝟏) (𝒔 − 𝟏) − 𝟐(𝒔 − 𝟏) (𝒔 + 𝟏) (𝒔 + 𝟏)𝟐 − 𝟐(𝒔 + 𝟏)

𝟏 𝒔−𝟐 𝒔
= 𝟐
+
𝟐 (𝒔 − 𝟏) 𝒔 − 𝟏 − 𝟐 (𝒔 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝒔 + 𝟏 − 𝟐
𝟏 𝒔−𝟐 𝒔
= 𝟐
+
𝟐 (𝒔 − 𝟏) 𝒔 − 𝟑 (𝒔 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝒔 − 𝟏
EM III_SMITA N 17
 EXAMPLE 5
∞ 𝒕
Evaluate ‫𝒆 𝟎׬‬−𝒕 𝒕 ‫𝒆 𝟎׬‬−𝟒𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒖𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒕 by using Laplace Transform.

Solution

By the definition of Laplace Transform

∞

𝑳𝒇 𝒕 = න 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒇 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 … … … … . (𝟏)
𝟎

Comparing the R.H.S of equation (1) with the given problem we get
𝒕

EM III_SMITA N
𝒇 𝒕 = 𝒕 න 𝒆−𝟒𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒖𝒅𝒖 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔 = 𝟏 18

𝟎
∞ 𝒕 𝒕

න 𝒆−𝒕 𝒕 න 𝒆−𝟒𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒖𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒕 = 𝑳 𝒕 න 𝒆−𝟒𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒖𝒅𝒖 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒔 = 𝟏

𝟎 𝟎 𝟎

𝒔
𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒖] = 𝟐
𝒔 +𝟏

𝒔+𝟒
𝑳[𝒆−𝟒𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒖] =
(𝒔 + 𝟒)𝟐 +𝟏
𝒕
𝟏 𝒔+𝟒
𝑳 න 𝒆−𝟒𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒖𝒅𝒖 =
𝒔 (𝒔 + 𝟒)𝟐 +𝟏
𝟎

EM III_SMITA N 19
 𝒔+𝟒
=
𝒔(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟖𝒔 + 𝟏𝟔 + 𝟏)
𝒔+𝟒
= 𝟑
𝒔 + 𝟖𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏𝟕𝒔
𝒕
𝒔+𝟒
𝑳 න 𝒆−𝟒𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒖𝒅𝒖 = 𝟑
𝒔 + 𝟖𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏𝟕𝒔
𝟎
𝒕
𝒅 𝒔+𝟒
𝑳 𝒕 න 𝒆−𝟒𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒖𝒅𝒖 =−
𝒅𝒔 𝒔𝟑 + 𝟖𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏𝟕𝒔
𝟎

(𝒔𝟑 +𝟖𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏𝟕𝒔) 𝟏 − (𝒔 + 𝟒)(𝟑𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒔 + 𝟏𝟕)

=−
(𝒔𝟑 +𝟖𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏𝟕𝒔)𝟐
EM III_SMITA N 20
 (𝒔𝟑 +𝟖𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏𝟕𝒔) 𝟏 − (𝒔 + 𝟒)(𝟑𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒔 + 𝟏𝟕)
=−
(𝒔𝟑 +𝟖𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏𝟕𝒔)𝟐

𝒔𝟑 + 𝟖𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏𝟕𝒔 − (𝟑𝒔𝟑 + 𝟏𝟔𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏𝟕𝒔 + 𝟏𝟐𝒔𝟐 + 𝟔𝟒𝒔 + 𝟔𝟖)

=−
(𝒔𝟑 +𝟖𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏𝟕𝒔)𝟐

𝒔𝟑 + 𝟖𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏𝟕𝒔 − 𝟑𝒔𝟑 − 𝟏𝟔𝒔𝟐 − 𝟏𝟕𝒔 − 𝟏𝟐𝒔𝟐 − 𝟔𝟒𝒔 − 𝟔𝟖

=−
(𝒔𝟑 +𝟖𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏𝟕𝒔)𝟐

−𝟐𝒔𝟑 − 𝟐𝟎𝒔𝟐 − 𝟔𝟒𝒔 − 𝟔𝟖

=−
(𝒔𝟑 +𝟖𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏𝟕𝒔)𝟐

EM III_SMITA N 21
 𝟐𝒔𝟑 + 𝟐𝟎𝒔𝟐 + 𝟔𝟒𝒔 + 𝟔𝟖
=
(𝒔𝟑 +𝟖𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏𝟕𝒔)𝟐

𝑷𝒖𝒕 𝒔 = 𝟏

𝟐 + 𝟐𝟎 + 𝟔𝟒 + 𝟔𝟖 𝟕𝟕
= 𝟐
=
(𝟏 + 𝟖 + 𝟏𝟕) 𝟑𝟑𝟖

∞ 𝒕
𝟕𝟕
න 𝒆−𝒕 𝒕 න 𝒆−𝟒𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒖𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟑𝟑𝟖
𝟎 𝟎
EM III_SMITA N 22
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS

𝒕 𝒕 𝟐
➢𝑳 ‫𝒕𝒏𝒊𝒔𝒕 𝟎׬ 𝟎׬‬ 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 Ans: 𝟐
𝒔(𝒔 +𝟏) 𝟐

∞ 𝒕 𝟏𝟏
➢ Evaluate ‫𝒆 𝟎׬‬−𝒕 ‫ 𝒕𝒅 𝒖𝒅𝒖 𝟐𝒔𝒐𝒄𝒖 𝟎׬‬by using Laplace Transform. Ans:
𝟐𝟓

∞ −𝟐𝒕 𝒕 𝟏−𝒆−𝒖 𝟏 𝟑
➢ Evaluate ‫𝒆 𝟎׬‬ ‫𝒖𝒅 𝒖 𝟎׬‬ 𝒅𝒕 by using Laplace Transform. Ans: 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝟒 𝟐

EM III_SMITA N 23
 THANK YOU

EM III_SMITA N 24
Evaluation of an integral
using Laplace Transform

EM III_SMITA N 1
EXAMPLE 1
∞ −𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒕
Evaluate ‫𝒆 𝟎׬‬ 𝒕
𝒅𝒕 by using Laplace Transform.

Solution
By the definition of Laplace Transform
∞

𝑳𝒇 𝒕 = න 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒇 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 … … … … . (𝟏)
𝟎

Comparing the R.H.S of equation (1) with the given problem we get
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒕
𝒇 𝒕 = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔 = 𝟏
𝒕
∞
−𝒕
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒕
න𝒆 𝒅𝒕 = 𝑳 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒔=𝟏
𝒕 𝒕 EM III_SMITA N 2
𝟎
∞
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒕
න 𝒆−𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝑳 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒔 = 𝟏 𝝅 −𝟏
𝒔
𝒕 𝒕 = − 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝟎 𝟐 𝟑
𝟑 𝟑 𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒔 = 𝟏
𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒕 = 𝟐
= 𝟐
𝒔𝟐 + 𝟑 𝒔 +𝟑
∞
𝝅 −𝟏
𝟏
= − 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒕 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑
𝑳 =න 𝟐 𝒅𝒔
𝒕 𝒔 +𝟑
𝒔 𝝅 𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝝅
= − = =
𝟐 𝟔 𝟔 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 −𝟏
𝒙
න 𝟐 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝒙 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒂 𝒂
∞
∞ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒕 𝝅
𝟏 𝒔 න 𝒆−𝒕 𝒅𝒕 =
= 𝟑× 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒕 𝟑
𝟑 𝟑 𝟎
𝒔
EM III_SMITA N 3
 EXAMPLE 2

∞ −𝒕 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕)
Evaluate ‫𝒆 𝟎׬‬ 𝒕
𝒅𝒕 by using Laplace Transform.

Solution

By the definition of Laplace Transform

∞

𝑳𝒇 𝒕 = න 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒇 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 … … … … . (𝟏)
𝟎

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕
𝒇 𝒕 = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔 = 𝟏
𝒕

∞
(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕
න 𝒆−𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝑳 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒔 = 𝟏
𝒕 𝒕
EM III_SMITA N 4
𝟎
∞
(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕
න 𝒆−𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝑳 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒔 = 𝟏
𝒕 𝒕
𝟎

𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕 = 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕] − 𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕

𝒔 𝒔
= 𝟐 𝟐
− 𝟐
𝒔 +𝟑 𝒔 + 𝟐𝟐

∞
(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕) 𝒔 𝒔
𝑳 =න 𝟐 𝟐
− 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒔
𝒕 𝒔 +𝟑 𝒔 +𝟐
𝒔
𝒇′ (𝒙)
න 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒇 𝒙 )
𝒇(𝒙)
EM III_SMITA N 5
 ∞
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕 𝟏 𝟏
𝑳 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒔 + 𝟗) − 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟒)
𝟐
𝒕 𝟐 𝟐 𝒔
∞
𝟏 𝒔𝟐
+𝟗
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
𝟐 𝒔 +𝟒 𝒔

𝟏 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟗 𝟏 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟒
= 𝟎 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
𝟐 𝒔 +𝟒 𝟐 𝒔 +𝟗

put 𝒔 = 𝟏
∞
(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕) 𝟏 𝟏+𝟒 𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟏
−𝒕 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠
න𝒆 𝒅𝒕 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠
𝒕 𝟐 𝟏+𝟗 𝟐 𝟏𝟎 𝟐 𝟐
𝟎
∞ −𝒕 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕) 𝟏 𝟏
‫𝒆 𝟎׬‬ 𝒕
𝒅𝒕 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠
𝟐 𝟐

EM III_SMITA N 6
EXAMPLE 3
∞ (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕+𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕)
Evaluate ‫𝟎׬‬ 𝒅𝒕 by using Laplace Transform.
𝒆𝒕 𝒕

Solution ∞
(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕)
න 𝒆−𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒕
𝟎

By the definition of Laplace Transform

∞

𝑳𝒇 𝒕 = න 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒇 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 … … … … . (𝟏)
𝟎

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕
𝒇 𝒕 = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔 = 𝟏
𝒕
∞
(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕
න 𝒆−𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝑳 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒔 = 𝟏
𝒕 𝒕
𝟎 EM III_SMITA N 7
 ∞
(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕
න 𝒆−𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝑳 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒔 = 𝟏
𝒕 𝒕
𝟎

𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 = 𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕] + 𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 𝟑 𝟐

= 𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝟐
𝒔 +𝟑 𝒔 + 𝟐𝟐
∞
(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕) 𝟑 𝟐
𝑳 =න 𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒔
𝒕 𝒔 +𝟑 𝒔 +𝟐
𝒔
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 −𝟏
𝒙
∞ න = 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝟏 𝒔 𝟏 𝒔 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒂 𝒂
= 𝟑 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 + 𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏 −𝟏
𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐 𝒔
𝒔 𝒔 ∞ 𝝅 𝝅 𝒔 𝒔
−𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟏
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 = + − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝟑 𝟐 𝒔 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
−𝟏
𝒔 −𝟏
𝒔
EM III_SMITA N = 𝝅 − (𝒕𝒂𝒏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 ) 8
𝟑 𝟐
 𝑨+𝑩
𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝑨 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝑩 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏
𝟏 − 𝑨𝑩

𝒔 𝒔
𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏
𝒔
+ 𝒕𝒂𝒏 −𝟏
𝒔
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝟑+𝟐
𝟑 𝟐 𝒔𝒔
𝟏−
𝟑𝟐
put 𝒔 = 𝟏
𝟓
𝟏 𝟏 𝟔 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝟏 = 𝝅
𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 −𝟏 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏
𝟑 𝟐 𝟓 𝟒
𝟔
∞
(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕) 𝝅 𝟑𝝅
න 𝒆−𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝝅 − =
𝒕 𝟒 𝟒
𝟎 EM III_SMITA N 9
EXAMPLE 4
∞ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕
Evaluate ‫𝒆 𝟎׬‬−𝟐𝒕 𝒅𝒕 by using Laplace Transform.
𝒕

Solution
By the definition of Laplace Transform
∞

𝑳𝒇 𝒕 = න 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒇 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 … … … … . (𝟏)
𝟎

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕
𝒇 𝒕 = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔 = 𝟐
𝒕
∞
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕
න 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝑳 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒔 = 𝟐
𝒕 𝒕
𝟎
EM III_SMITA N 10
∞
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕
න 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝑳 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒔 = 𝟐
𝒕 𝒕
𝟎

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 (𝒆𝒕 − 𝒆−𝒕 ) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕

𝑳 =𝑳
𝒕 𝟐 𝒕

𝟏 (𝒆𝒕 − 𝒆−𝒕 )𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕

= 𝑳
𝟐 𝒕

𝑳 (𝒆𝒕 − 𝒆−𝒕 )𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 = 𝑳[𝒆𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕] − 𝑳[𝒆−𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕]

𝟏
𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕] = 𝟐
𝒔 +𝟏

EM III_SMITA N 11
 𝟏 𝟏
𝑳 (𝒆𝒕 − 𝒆−𝒕 )𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 = −
(𝒔 − 𝟏) + 𝟏 (𝒔 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟏
𝟐

∞
𝟏 (𝒆𝒕 − 𝒆−𝒕 )𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑳 = න 𝟐
− 𝟐
𝒅𝒔
𝟐 𝒕 𝟐 (𝒔 − 𝟏) + 𝟏 (𝒔 + 𝟏) + 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝒙
𝒔 න = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒂 𝒂

𝟏 ∞
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒔 − 𝟏) − 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒔 + 𝟏)
𝟐 𝒔

𝟏 𝝅 𝝅
= − − 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒔 − 𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒔 + 𝟏)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝟏
= − 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒔 − 𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒔 + 𝟏)
𝟐
EM III_SMITA N 12
 𝑨−𝑩
𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝑨 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝑩 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏
𝟏 + 𝑨𝑩

(𝒔 + 𝟏) − (𝒔 − 𝟏)
𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒔 + 𝟏) − 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒔−𝟏 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏
𝟏 + (𝒔 + 𝟏)(𝒔 − 𝟏)

𝟏 (𝒆𝒕 − 𝒆−𝒕 )𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝟏 −𝟏

(𝒔 + 𝟏) − (𝒔 − 𝟏)
𝑳 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝟐 𝒕 𝟐 𝟏 + (𝒔 + 𝟏)(𝒔 − 𝟏)

Put 𝒔 = 𝟐

EM III_SMITA N 13
 𝟏 −𝟏
(𝟐 + 𝟏) − (𝟐 − 𝟏)
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝟐 𝟏 + (𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝟐 − 𝟏)

𝟏 −𝟏
𝟑−𝟏
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝟐 𝟏 + (𝟑)(𝟏)

𝟏 −𝟏
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏
𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐

∞
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝟏 𝟏
න 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 −𝟏
𝒕 𝟐 𝟐
𝟎

EM III_SMITA N 14
EXAMPLE 5
∞ −𝟐𝒕
Evaluate ‫𝒕𝒅𝒕 𝟐𝒏𝒊𝒔𝒕 𝒆 𝟎׬‬ by using Laplace Transform.

Solution
By the definition of Laplace Transform
∞

𝑳𝒇 𝒕 = න 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒇 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 … … … … . (𝟏)
𝟎

𝒇 𝒕 = 𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔 = 𝟐

න 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒕𝒅𝒕 = 𝑳 𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒕 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒔 = 𝟐

𝟎
EM III_SMITA N 15
∞ 𝒅 𝟏 𝟏 𝒔
𝑳 𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒕 =− − 𝟐
න 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒕𝒅𝒕 =𝑳 𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒕 𝒅𝒔 𝟐 𝒔 𝒔 + 𝟐𝟐
𝟎
𝟏 𝒅 𝟏 𝒔
𝟐
𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕 =− − 𝟐
𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 = 𝑳 𝟐 𝒅𝒔 𝒔 𝒔 + 𝟒
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 (𝒔𝟐 +𝟒) 𝟏 − 𝒔(𝟐𝒔)
= 𝑳 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕 =− −
𝟐 𝟐 𝒔𝟐 (𝒔𝟐 + 𝟒)𝟐
𝟏
= 𝑳 𝟏] − 𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕 Put 𝒔 = 𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 −𝟏 (𝟒 + 𝟒) 𝟏 − 𝟒(𝟐)
𝟏 𝟏 𝒔 =− −
= − 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 (𝟒 + 𝟒)𝟐
𝟐 𝒔 𝒔 + 𝟐𝟐 𝟏
=
𝟖
EM III_SMITA N 16
EXAMPLE 6
∞ −𝟑𝒕 𝟐
Evaluate ‫𝒕𝒅𝒕𝟐𝒉𝒏𝒊𝒔 𝒕 𝒆 𝟎׬‬ by using Laplace Transform.

Solution
By the definition of Laplace Transform
∞

𝑳𝒇 𝒕 = න 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒇 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 … … … … . (𝟏)
𝟎

𝒇 𝒕 = 𝒕𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟐𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔 = 𝟑

න 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒕𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟐𝒕𝒅𝒕 = 𝑳 𝒕𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟐𝒕 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒔 = 𝟑

𝟎

EM III_SMITA N 17
∞ 𝒅 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
𝑳 𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟐𝒕 = (−𝟏) 𝟐
−
න 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒕𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟐𝒕𝒅𝒕 = 𝑳[𝒕𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟐𝒕] 𝒅𝒔 𝟐 𝒔 − 𝟐 𝒔 + 𝟐
𝟎
𝟏 𝒅 −𝟏 −𝟏
= 𝟐
−
𝟐 𝒅𝒔 (𝒔 − 𝟐) (𝒔 + 𝟐)𝟐
𝒆𝟐𝒕 − 𝒆−𝟐𝒕
𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟐𝒕 = 𝑳
𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝟑
−
𝟐 (𝒔 − 𝟐) (𝒔 + 𝟐)𝟑
𝟏
= 𝑳 𝒆𝟐𝒕 − 𝒆−𝟐𝒕
𝟐
𝑷𝒖𝒕 𝒔 = 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝑳 𝒆𝟐𝒕 ] − 𝑳[𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝑳 𝒕𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟐𝒕 = 𝟑
−
𝟐 (𝟑 − 𝟐) (𝟑 + 𝟐)𝟑

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝟐𝟒
= − =
𝟐 𝒔−𝟐 𝒔+𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝟓
EM III_SMITA N 18
EXAMPLE 7
∞ 𝒕𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕
Evaluate ‫𝒕𝒅 𝒕𝟐𝒆 𝟎׬‬ by using Laplace Transform.
Solution
∞ −𝟐𝒕 𝟐
Given problem ‫𝒕𝒅𝒕𝟑𝒏𝒊𝒔 𝒕 𝒆 𝟎׬‬

By the definition of Laplace Transform

∞

𝑳𝒇 𝒕 = න 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒇 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 … … … … . (𝟏)
𝟎

𝒇 𝒕 = 𝒕𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔 = 𝟐
∞

න 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒕𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕𝒅𝒕 = 𝑳[𝒕𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕] 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒔 = 𝟐

𝟎
EM III_SMITA N 19
 ∞
−𝟐𝒕 𝟐 𝟐 (𝒔𝟐 + 𝟗)𝟐 −𝟔 − −𝟔𝒔 𝟐 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟗 𝟐𝒔
න𝒆 𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕𝒅𝒕 = 𝑳[𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕] =
(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟗)𝟒
𝟎

𝟑 𝟑
𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕 = 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝟐 (𝒔𝟐 +𝟗) −𝟔 − −𝟔𝒔 𝟐(𝟐𝒔)
𝒔 +𝟑 𝒔 +𝟗 =
(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟗)𝟑
𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝒅 𝟑
𝑳[𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕] = (−𝟏)
𝒅𝒔𝟐 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟗 𝑷𝒖𝒕 𝒔 = 𝟐
𝒅 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟗 𝟎 − 𝟑(𝟐𝒔) (𝟒 + 𝟗) −𝟔 − −𝟏𝟐 (𝟖)
= =
𝒅𝒔 (𝒔𝟐 + 𝟗)𝟐 (𝟒 + 𝟗)𝟑
𝒅 −6𝑠
= 𝟏𝟖
𝒅𝒔 (𝑠 2 + 9)2 =
𝟐𝟏𝟗𝟕
EM III_SMITA N 20
EXAMPLE 8
∞ −𝒔𝒕 (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕+𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒕) 𝒔(𝒂+𝒃)
Prove that ‫𝒆 𝟎׬‬ 𝒅𝒕 = 𝝅 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏
𝒕 𝒂𝒃−𝒔𝟐

Solution
By the definition of Laplace Transform
∞

𝑳𝒇 𝒕 = න 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒇 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 … … … … . (𝟏)
𝟎

Comparing the R.H.S of equation (1) with the given problem we get

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒕
𝒇 𝒕 = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔 = 𝒔
𝒕
EM III_SMITA N 21
 ∞
(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒕) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒕
න 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝑳
𝒕 𝒕
𝟎

𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒕 = 𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕] + 𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒕

𝒂 𝒃
= 𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝟐
𝒔 +𝒂 𝒔 + 𝒃𝟐

∞
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒕 𝒂 𝒃 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝒙
𝑳 =න 𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒔 න = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏
𝒕 𝒔 +𝒂 𝒔 +𝒃 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒂 𝒂
𝒔
∞
𝟏 −𝟏
𝒔 𝟏 −𝟏
𝒔
= 𝒂 𝒕𝒂𝒏 + 𝒃 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝒂 𝒂 𝒃 𝒃 𝒔

EM III_SMITA N 22
 𝒔 𝒔 ∞
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏
𝒂 𝒃 𝒔

𝝅 𝝅 −𝟏
𝒔 −𝟏
𝒔 −𝟏
𝒔 −𝟏
𝒔
= + − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 = 𝝅 − (𝒕𝒂𝒏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 )
𝟐 𝟐 𝒂 𝒃 𝒂 𝒃

−𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟏
𝑨+𝑩
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝑨 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝑩 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝟏 − 𝑨𝑩

𝒔 𝒔 𝒔𝒃 + 𝒔𝒂
𝒔 𝒔 + 𝒔𝒃 + 𝒔𝒂
𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 −𝟏 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 −𝟏 𝒂 𝒃 −𝟏 𝒂𝒃 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏
𝒂 𝒃 𝒔 𝒔 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐 𝒂𝒃 − 𝒔𝟐
𝟏− 𝒂𝒃 − 𝒔
𝒂𝒃
∞
𝒂𝒃
−𝒕
(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕) −𝟏
𝒔(𝒃 + 𝒂)
න𝒆 𝒅𝒕 = 𝝅 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝒕 𝒂𝒃 − 𝒔𝟐
𝟎
EM III_SMITA N 23
 EXAMPLE 9

∞ 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 −𝒆−𝟑𝒕
Evaluate ‫𝟎׬‬ 𝒅𝒕 by using Laplace Transform.
𝒕

Solution

By the definition of Laplace Transform

∞

𝑳𝒇 𝒕 = න 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒇 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 … … … … . (𝟏)
𝟎

Comparing the R.H.S of equation (1) with the given problem we get
𝒆−𝟐𝒕 − 𝒆−𝟑𝒕
𝒇 𝒕 = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔 = 𝟎
𝒕

EM III_SMITA N 24
∞
𝒆−𝟐𝒕 − 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 − 𝒆−𝟑𝒕
න 𝒅𝒕 = 𝑳 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒔 = 𝟎
𝒕 𝒕
𝟎
𝒔+𝟐
= 𝟎 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝑳[𝒆−𝟐𝒕 − 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 ] = 𝑳[𝒆−𝟐𝒕 ] − 𝑳[𝒆−𝟑𝒕 ] 𝒔+𝟑

𝟏 𝟏 𝒔+𝟑
= − = 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝒔+𝟐 𝒔+𝟑 𝒔+𝟐
∞ 𝑷𝒖𝒕 𝒔 = 𝟎
𝒆−𝟐𝒕 − 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝟏 𝟏
𝑳 =න − 𝒅𝒔
𝒕 𝒔+𝟐 𝒔+𝟑
𝒔 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 − 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝟑
𝑳 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝒕 𝟐
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒔 + 𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒔 + 𝟑) ∞
𝒔 ∞
∞
𝒆−𝟐𝒕 − 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝟑
𝒔+𝟐 න 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒕 𝟐
𝒔+𝟑 𝟎
𝒔 EM III_SMITA N 25
EXAMPLE 10

∞ −𝒕
Evaluate ‫𝒆 𝟎׬‬ 𝒕 𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒅𝒕 by using Laplace Transform.

Solution
By the definition of Laplace Transform
∞

𝑳𝒇 𝒕 = න 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒇 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 … … … … . (𝟏)
𝟎

Comparing the R.H.S of equation (1) with the given problem we get

𝒇 𝒕 = 𝒕 𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔 = 𝟏

EM III_SMITA N 26
∞

න 𝒆−𝒕 (𝒕 𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕)𝒅𝒕 = 𝑳[𝒕 𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕]

𝟎
𝒕 𝒕 𝒕 𝒕
𝑳[ 𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕] = 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 + 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝒕 𝒕 𝟐 𝒕 𝒕
=𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 = 𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝟏/𝟐 𝒔 𝒅 𝟏/𝟐 𝒔
= + =− +
𝟏 𝟏 𝒅𝒔 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟏
𝒔𝟐 + ( )𝟐 𝒔𝟐 + ( )𝟐 𝟐
𝒔 +
𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟒

𝒅 𝟐 𝟒𝒔
=− 𝟐
+ 𝟐
𝒅𝒔 𝟒𝒔 + 𝟏 𝟒𝒔 + 𝟏
EM III_SMITA N 27
 𝒅 𝟐 𝟒𝒔
𝑳[ 𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕] = − 𝟐
+ 𝟐
𝒅𝒔 𝟒𝒔 + 𝟏 𝟒𝒔 + 𝟏

(𝟒𝒔𝟐 +𝟏) 𝟎 − 𝟐(𝟖𝒔) (𝟒𝒔𝟐 +𝟏) 𝟒 − 𝟒𝒔(𝟖𝒔)

=− 𝟐 𝟐
+
(𝟒𝒔 + 𝟏) (𝟒𝒔𝟐 +𝟏)𝟐
−𝟏𝟔𝒔 (𝟒𝒔𝟐 +𝟏) 𝟒 − 𝟒𝒔(𝟖𝒔)
=− 𝟐 𝟐
+
(𝟒𝒔 + 𝟏) (𝟒𝒔𝟐 +𝟏)𝟐

𝑷𝒖𝒕 𝒔 = 𝟏
𝟐𝟖
=
𝟐𝟓
∞
−𝒕
𝟐𝟖
න𝒆 𝒕 𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟐𝟓
𝟎

EM III_SMITA N 28
EM III_SMITA N 29