INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL

CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS CIENTÍFICOS Y TECNOLÓGICOS 5

“BENITO JUAREZ”

Profesor: Francisco Bañuelos Tepallo

PROBLEMARIO DE CÁLCULO INFINITESIMAL

DIFERENCIALES
𝒅(𝒄) = 𝟎 𝒅(𝒙) = 𝒅𝒙 𝒅(𝒖 ± 𝒗 ± 𝒘 ⋯ ) = 𝒅𝒖 ± 𝒅𝒗 ± 𝒅𝒘 ⋯ 𝒅(𝒄𝒗) = 𝒄𝒅𝒗 𝒅(𝒖𝒗) = 𝒖𝒅𝒗 + 𝒗𝒅𝒖
𝒏) 𝒏 𝟏
𝒅(𝒗 = 𝒏𝒗 𝒅𝒗 𝒅(𝒙 = 𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒏) 𝒏 𝟏 𝒖 𝒗𝒅𝒖 − 𝒖𝒅𝒗 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗
𝒅 = 𝟐
𝒅 = 𝒅(𝒍𝒏 𝒗) =
𝒗 𝒗 𝒄 𝒄 𝒗
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒆 𝒅(𝒆𝒗 ) = 𝒆𝒗 𝒅𝒗 𝒅(𝒂𝒗 ) = 𝒂𝒗 𝒍𝒏 𝒂 𝒅𝒗 𝒅(𝒖𝒗 ) = 𝒗𝒖𝒏 𝟏 𝒅𝒖 + 𝒍𝒏 𝒖 ∙ 𝒖𝒗 𝒅𝒗
𝒅(𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒗) = 𝒅𝒗
𝒗
𝒅(𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒗) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒗 𝒅𝒗 𝒅(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒗) = −𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒗 𝒅𝒗 𝒅(𝒕𝒈 𝒗) = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒗 𝒅𝒗 𝒅(𝒄𝒕𝒈𝒗) = −𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝒗𝒅𝒗
𝒅(𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒗) = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒗 𝒕𝒈𝒗 𝒅𝒗 𝒅(𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒗) = −𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒗 𝒄𝒕𝒈 𝒗 𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒗
𝒅(𝒂𝒓𝒄 𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒗) =
√𝟏 − 𝒗𝟐
𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒗
𝒅(𝒂𝒓𝒄 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒗) = − 𝒅(𝒂𝒓𝒄 𝒕𝒈 𝒗) = 𝒅(𝒂𝒓𝒄 𝒄𝒕𝒈 𝒗) = −
√𝟏 − 𝒗𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒗𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒗𝟐
𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒗
𝒅(𝒂𝒓𝒄 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒗) = 𝒅(𝒂𝒓𝒄 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒗) = − 𝒅(𝒂𝒓𝒄 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒗) =
𝒗√𝒗𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒗√𝒗𝟐 − 𝟏 √𝟐𝒗 − 𝒗𝟐

INTEGRALES

𝒅𝒗
(𝒅𝒖 ± 𝒅𝒗 ± 𝒅𝒘 ⋯ ) = 𝒅𝒖 ± 𝒅𝒗 ± 𝒅𝒘 ± 𝒌𝒅𝒗 = 𝒌 𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝑪 = 𝒍𝒏𝒗 + 𝑪
𝒗
𝒗𝒏 𝟏 𝒂𝒗
𝒏
𝒗 𝒅𝒗 = + 𝑪 ; (𝒏 ≠ −𝟏)
𝒗
𝒂 𝒅𝒗 = +𝑪 𝒆𝒗 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒆𝒗 + 𝑪 𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒗 𝒅𝒗 = −𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒗 + 𝑪
𝒏+𝟏 𝒍𝒏 𝒂

𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒗 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒗 + 𝑪 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒗 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒕𝒈 𝒗 + 𝑪 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝟐 𝒗 𝒅𝒗 = −𝒄𝒕𝒈 𝒗 + 𝑪

𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒗 𝒕𝒈 𝒗 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒗 + 𝑪 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒗 𝒄𝒕𝒈 𝒗 𝒅𝒗 = −𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒗 + 𝑪 𝒕𝒈 𝒗 𝒅𝒗 = −𝒍𝒏|𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒗| + 𝑪

∫ 𝒄𝒕𝒈 𝒗 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒗 + 𝑪 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒗 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒍𝒏|(𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒗 + 𝒕𝒈 𝒗)| + 𝑪 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒗𝒅𝒗 = 𝒍𝒏|(𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒗 − 𝒄𝒕𝒈𝒗)| + 𝑪

𝒅𝒗 𝟏 𝒗 𝒅𝒗 𝒗 𝒅𝒗
= 𝒂𝒓𝒄 𝒕𝒈 +𝑪 = 𝒂𝒓𝒄 𝒔𝒆𝒏 +𝑪 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒗 + 𝒗𝟐 ± 𝒂𝟐 + 𝑪
𝒗 𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒂 𝒂 √𝒂𝟐 − 𝒗𝟐 𝒂 𝒗𝟐 ± 𝒂𝟐
𝒅𝒗 𝟏 𝒂+𝒗 𝒅𝒗 𝟏 𝒗−𝒂
= 𝒍𝒏 +𝑪; 𝒗𝟐 < 𝒂 = 𝒍𝒏 + 𝑪 ; (𝒗𝟐 > 𝒂𝟐 )
𝒂𝟐 −𝒗 𝟐 𝟐𝒂 𝒂 − 𝒗 𝒗𝟐 −𝒂 𝟐 𝟐𝒂 𝒗 + 𝒂
𝒗 𝒂𝟐 𝒗 𝒗 𝒂𝟐
𝒂𝟐 − 𝒗𝟐 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒂𝒓𝒄 𝒔𝒆𝒏 + 𝑪 𝒗𝟐 ± 𝒂𝟐 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒗𝟐 ± 𝒂𝟐 ± 𝒍𝒏 𝒗 + 𝒗𝟐 ± 𝒂𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟐 𝒂 𝟐 𝟐

(integral por partes) (Integral definida)

𝒂 𝒂
𝒖 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − 𝒗 𝒅𝒖 ∫𝒃 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = [𝑭(𝒙)]𝒃 = 𝑭(𝒃) − 𝑭(𝒂)
 FORMULAS DE ALGEBRA ELEMENTAL
𝑎 = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑎 ⋯ 𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑎 ±𝑎 =𝑎 ±𝑎 𝑎 =𝑎 𝑎 = 1 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑎 = 3𝑎 (𝑎 ) = 𝑎
𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 𝑐 = (𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 =𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 =𝑎 (𝑎 𝑏 ) = 𝑎 𝑏 (𝑎𝑏) = 𝑎 𝑏
+ 𝑐)𝑏
𝑎 +𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 1 1 1 𝑎 1
= + = 𝑎 = 𝑎 = =𝑎 𝑎 =
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 √ √ =𝑎
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 √𝑎 = √𝑎
= =𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 = √𝑎
𝑏 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
=𝑎 𝑏
𝑎 𝑏 √𝑎 + 𝑐 √𝑎 = (𝑏 + 𝑐) √𝑎
=𝑎 𝑎 = √𝑎
√𝑎 = √𝑎 √𝑎

√𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 √𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = √𝑎 ∙ √𝑏 √𝑎 = √𝑎 =𝑎 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
= = = = =
√𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑎 𝑎 √𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑎 √𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑎 √𝑥 − 𝑦
= = = 𝑥 ∙𝑥 =𝑥 =𝑥
√𝑥 + 𝑦 √𝑥 + 𝑦 √𝑥 − 𝑦 √𝑥 − (𝑦) 𝑥−𝑦
PRODUCTOS NOTABLES Y FACTORIZACION
(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = 𝑥 ± 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 (𝑥 ± 𝑦) = 𝑥 ± 3𝑥 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 ± 𝑦 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑) = 𝑎𝑐𝑥 + (𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)𝑥 + 𝑏𝑑
𝑥 − 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑥 − 𝑦 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 ) (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑥 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏

(𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) = 𝑥 + (𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑥 − 𝑎𝑏 (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) = 𝑥 − (𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑎𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑦 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦

+𝑦 )
(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑎𝑐 + 2𝑏𝑐 (𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 2𝑎𝑏 − 2𝑎𝑐 − 2𝑏𝑐
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑎 + 𝑐𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 𝑑) 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 − 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑏(𝑏 − 𝑥) 𝑥 ± 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = (𝑥 ± 𝑦)
𝑥 − 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 = 0 ; 𝑥 𝑥 + (𝑏 + 𝑐)𝑥 + 𝑏𝑐 = (𝑥 + 𝑏)(𝑥 + 𝑐)
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐
=
2𝑎
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒: 1) 𝑠𝑖 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0, 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
2)𝑠𝑖 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0 , 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑒 𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 3)𝑠𝑖 𝑏 − 4 < 0 , 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑠 𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
PROPIEDADES DE LOS LOGARITMOS
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑀𝑁 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑀 + 𝑀 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑀 = 𝑛𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑀 1
𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑀 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑁 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑀 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 √𝑀 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑀
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑁 𝑁 𝑛
𝑀 = 𝑏 ; 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑀 ln 𝑒 = 1 ; 𝑒 =𝑎 𝑙𝑛𝐴 𝑒 = 2.17828182818
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐴 =
ln 𝑒
IDENTIDADES TRIGONOMETRICAS
𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 = 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝛼 − 𝑡𝑔 𝛼 = 1 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝛼 − 𝑐𝑡𝑔 𝛼 = 1 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝛼 ∙ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝛼 = 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝛼 = 1
𝑡𝑔𝛼 ∙ 𝑐𝑡𝑔𝛼 = 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝛼 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝛼 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 = + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛼
2 2 2 2 2
𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝛼 = 2𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝛼 2𝑡𝑔𝛼 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼
𝑡𝑔2𝛼 = 𝑡𝑔𝛼 =
1 − 𝑡𝑔 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 2𝑡𝑔𝛼
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼 = 𝑐𝑡𝑔𝛼 = 𝑡𝑔(2𝛼) = 𝛼 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛼 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼 1 − 𝑡𝑔 𝛼 𝑠𝑒𝑛 =
2 2
LA FUNCION CUADRATICA
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑎≠0
𝑆𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑐𝑢𝑦𝑜 𝑒𝑗𝑒 𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑜(𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛) 𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑗𝑒 𝑌,
𝑏 𝑏
𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑦𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜 − , 𝑐 −
2𝑎 4𝑎
𝑆𝑖 𝑎 > 0, 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 +
𝑐𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑎 𝑦 𝑠𝑢 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑜, 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑏 𝑏
𝑙𝑎 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑢𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑜 𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑎 𝑐 − 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑥 = − .
4𝑎 2𝑎
𝑆𝑖 𝑎 < 0, 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑗𝑜 𝑦 𝑠𝑢 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑜, 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛
2
𝑏 𝑏
𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑢𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑜 𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑎 𝑐 − 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑥 = − 2𝑎
4𝑎