𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 − 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝒚𝒂𝒓𝒏

𝑻𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒄𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍 𝒇𝒊𝒃𝒓𝒆 𝒃𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒍𝒆

Ideal fibre bundle :

- Lot of fibres

- Straight fibers
- Parallel to the axis of bundle

- Gripped by both jaws of a tensile tester

- Mechanically independent
 𝑭𝒊𝒃𝒓𝒆 𝑩𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒍𝒆

𝑶𝒏𝒆 𝒇𝒊𝒃𝒓𝒆 𝑆
𝑆𝛴

ℎ ℎ(1 + 𝜀)
ℎ ℎ(1 + 𝜀)

𝑆
𝑆𝛴
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒 1 𝑛
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑆 𝑆𝛴
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 − 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑆=𝑆 𝜀 𝑆𝛴 = 𝑆𝛴 (𝜀)
𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑/𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑃 (max. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆 ) 𝑃𝛴 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑜𝑓𝑆𝛴
𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑃=𝑆 𝑎 𝑎𝛴 𝑃𝛴 = 𝑆 (𝑎𝛴 )
𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 1 ∶

𝑨𝒍𝒍 𝑭𝒊𝒃𝒓𝒆𝒔 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆

− 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 − 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑆𝛴
− 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

ℎ
− 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

𝑠𝛴 = 𝑛s (𝜀)

𝑆𝛴
𝑃𝛴 = 𝑛 𝑝

𝑎𝛴 = 𝑎
 𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝟐 ∶ 𝑾 . 𝑱 . 𝑯𝒂𝒎𝒃𝒖𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒓

→ 𝐴 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑛 , 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 , 𝑒𝑡𝑐.

→ 𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒

Same force – strain relation

Same strength
Same breaking elongation

→ 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒
 𝑡 𝑡
𝑠 ( ) 𝑠 (𝜀)
𝑎 𝑎 (𝑎 𝑎 )
Fibre breaking force 𝑃 𝑠 (𝑎 ) 𝑃 𝑠 (𝑎 )
𝑛 𝑛
𝑛 =𝑛 +𝑛
𝑚 𝑚
𝑚 =𝑚 +𝑚
𝑚 𝑚
=𝑔 =𝑔
𝑚 𝑚
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 − 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒊𝒃𝒓𝒆𝒔

𝑝
𝑆 (𝜀) 𝑚 − mass of all fibres
𝑆 (𝜀) ℎ 𝑛 − 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 1
𝑛 − 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 2
𝑆 (𝑎 )
𝑎 𝑎
𝜀
𝑚 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝜀 𝑎
𝐵𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝑇 =
ℎ
𝑆𝛴 (𝑎 ) = 𝑛 𝑝 + 𝑛 𝑆 (𝑎 )
𝑚 = 𝑔 𝑚
𝑚 𝑔 𝑚 𝑔 𝑔 𝑝 𝑔 𝑆 𝑎
𝑡 = = = 𝑇 =𝑇 +
𝑛 ℎ 𝑛 ℎ 𝑛 𝑡 𝑡

𝑇
𝑛 = 𝑔 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝜀 𝜖 𝑎 , 𝑎
𝑡
𝑇 𝑠𝛴 (𝑎 ) = 𝑛 . 0 + 𝑛 𝑝
𝑛 = 𝑔
𝑡 =𝑇𝑔 𝑝 /𝑡
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 − 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝑔 𝑝 𝑔 𝑆 𝑎
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝜀 𝑎 𝑆𝛴 (𝑎 ) = 𝑇 +
𝑡 𝑡

𝜎∗ 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝜀 𝜖 𝑎 , 𝑎 𝑠𝛴 (𝑎 ) = 𝑇 𝑔 𝑝 / 𝑡
𝜎∗
𝜎 (𝜀)
𝜎 (𝜀)
𝑝 𝑝 𝑆𝛴 (𝑎1 )
𝜎 (𝑎 ) 𝜎∗ = 𝜎∗ = 𝜎(𝑎 ) =
𝑡 𝑡 𝑇
𝑎 𝑎
𝜀

𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝜀 𝑎 𝜎(𝑎 ) = 𝑔 𝜎 ∗ + 𝑔 𝜎 (𝑎 )

𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝜀 𝜖 𝑎 , 𝑎 𝜎(𝑎 ) =𝑔 𝜎 ∗
𝑴𝒂𝒙 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒍𝒆
𝑝
𝑃𝛴 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝛴 (𝑎 ), 𝑠𝛴 (𝑎 )
𝑝
𝑔 𝑝 𝑔 𝑝 𝑎2 𝑔 𝑃 𝑆 (𝜀)
= max 𝑇 + , 𝑇
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑆 (𝜀)
𝑔 𝑝 𝑔 𝑝 𝑎2 𝑔 𝑃
= 𝑇 max + , 𝑆 (𝑎 )
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
𝑎 𝑎
∗
= 𝑇 max 𝑔 𝜎 + 𝑔 𝜎 (𝑎 ), 𝑔 𝜎 ∗ 𝜀

𝑩𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑃𝛴
𝜎∗ = = max 𝑔 𝜎 ∗ + 𝑔 𝜎 (𝑎 ), 𝑔 𝜎 ∗
𝑇

𝑩𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒍𝒆

𝑎) 𝑎𝛴 = 𝑎 𝑖𝑓 𝜎 ∗ = 𝑔 𝜎 ∗ + 𝑔 𝜎 (𝑎 )

b) 𝑎𝛴 = 𝑎 𝑖𝑓 𝜎 ∗ = 𝑔 𝜎 ∗
 𝑎𝑌 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑌 = 𝑎
𝜎𝑌∗
𝜎∗
𝑃𝛴
𝜎∗ = = max 𝑔 𝜎 ∗ + 𝑔 𝜎 (𝑎 ), 𝑔 𝜎 ∗
𝑇

𝜎∗
𝐶 𝐴𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐶 𝑔 𝜎∗ + 𝑔 𝜎 𝑎 = 𝑔 𝜎∗

𝑔 +𝑔 =1
𝜎 𝑎 (1 − 𝑔 )𝜎 ∗ + 𝑔 𝜎 𝑎 = 𝑔 𝜎∗

𝑔 ,𝑐 𝑔 ,𝑐
𝜎∗
0 𝑔 1 𝑔 ,𝑐 = ∗
𝜎 + 𝜎∗ − 𝜎 𝑎
1 𝑔 0 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑃𝛴
𝜎∗ = = 𝑔 ,𝑐 𝜎 ∗ + 𝑔 ,𝑐 𝜎 (𝑎 )] 𝑂𝑅 [𝑔 ,𝑐 𝜎 ∗
𝑇
𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 ! ! !
 ∗ ∗ ∗ 𝑎𝑌 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑌 = 𝑎
𝜎 > 𝜎 and 𝜎 > 𝜎 (𝑎 ) 𝜎𝑌∗

𝜎∗

𝜎∗
𝜎 (𝜀) 𝐶 𝜎∗

𝜎∗
𝜎 (𝜀) 𝜎 𝑎
𝜎 (𝑎 )
𝑔 ,𝑐 𝑔 ,𝑐

𝑎 𝑎
0 𝑔 1
𝜀 0
1 𝑔
𝜎 ∗ < 𝜎 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎 ∗ > 𝜎 ∗ 𝑎𝑌 = 𝑎
𝑎𝑌 = 𝑎
𝜎𝑌∗
𝜎∗

𝜎∗
𝜎 (𝑎 ) 𝜎 (𝜀) 𝜎 𝑎
𝐶
𝜎∗
𝜎 (𝜀) 𝜎∗

𝑎 𝑎 𝑔 ,𝑐 𝑔 ,𝑐

𝜀 0 𝑔 1

1 𝑔 0
 𝑎𝑌 = 𝑎
𝜎 ∗ = 𝜎 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎 ∗ > 𝜎 ∗ 𝜎𝑌∗
𝑎𝑌 = 𝑎
𝜎∗

𝜎∗
∗ ∗ 𝑔 𝜎∗ + 𝑔 𝜎 𝑎 𝐶
𝜎 = 𝜎 (𝑎 ) 𝜎 (𝜀) 𝜎 𝜎 𝑎

𝜎 (𝜀)
𝑔 ,𝑐 𝑔 ,𝑐
𝑎 𝑎
𝜀 0 𝑔 1

1 𝑔 0
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 − 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝑻𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒀𝒂𝒓𝒏
 𝑟 𝑟𝑑𝜑 𝑌𝑎𝑟𝑛 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑟′
𝑑𝜁 𝛽 𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝜁 𝑑𝜁 ′ − 𝑑𝜁
𝛽′ 𝜀𝑎 =
𝑑𝜁′ 𝑑𝜁
𝛽
𝑑𝜑 𝑟′𝑑𝜑
𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝜁 ′
= −1
𝑑𝜁
Yarn 𝛽′ 𝑑𝑙’ 𝑑𝜁′
axis 𝑑𝑙’ 𝑑𝜁 ′ = 1 + 𝜀𝑎 𝑑𝜁

𝑃 𝑃cos𝛽′ 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

𝑟, − 𝑟 𝑟,
𝜀𝑟 = = −1
𝑟 𝑟
𝑑𝜁, 𝑟, 𝛽
𝑟 , = 𝑟 (1 + 𝜀𝑟 )
𝑑𝜁 ′ , 𝑟 ′ , 𝛽′
 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 ( 𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑛′ 𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 )
𝜀𝑟
𝜂=− ; 𝜀𝑟 = −𝜂 𝜀𝑎
𝜀𝑎

𝐹𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑙 ′ − 𝑑𝑙
𝜀𝑙 =
𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝑙′
= −1
𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝑙 ′ = 1 + 𝜀𝑙 𝑑𝑙

𝑆𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

𝑑𝜁 ′ = 1 + 𝜀𝑎 𝑑𝜁
𝑟 ′ = 𝑟(1 + 𝜀𝑟 )
𝜂 = − 𝜀𝑟 Τ𝜀𝑎
𝑑𝑙 ′ = 1 + 𝜀𝑙 𝑑𝑙
 𝑑𝑙 = 𝑟𝑑𝜑 + 𝑑𝜁

𝑑𝑙′ = 𝑟′𝑑𝜑 + 𝑑𝜁′

= 𝑟 1 + 𝜀𝑟 𝑑𝜑 + 1 + 𝜀𝑎 𝑑𝜁
= 𝑑𝜁′
= 𝑟′

= 1 + 𝜀𝑎 𝑑𝜁 + 1 + 𝜀𝑟 𝑟𝑑𝜑

= −𝜂𝜀𝑎

= 1 + 𝜀𝑎 𝑑𝜁 + 1 − 𝜂𝜀𝑎 𝑟𝑑𝜑
 𝑑𝑙′
= 1 + 𝜀𝑙
𝑑𝑙
Divide both
𝑑𝑙′ 1 + 𝜀𝑎 𝑑𝜁 + 1 − 𝜂𝜀𝑎 𝑟𝑑𝜑 denominator
1 + 𝜀𝑙 = = and numerator
𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝜁 + 𝑟𝑑𝜑 by 𝑑𝜁
𝑟𝑑𝜑
1 + 𝜀𝑎 + 1 − 𝜂 𝜀𝑎
𝑑𝜁
=
𝑟𝑑𝜑
1+
𝑑𝜁

= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽

1 + 𝜀𝑎 + 1 − 𝜂𝜀𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽
1 + 𝜀𝑙 =
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽
 1 + 𝜀𝑎 + 1 − 𝜂𝜀𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽
1 + 𝜀𝑙 =
1 +𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽

1 + 𝜀𝑎 + 1 − 𝜂𝜀𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽
=
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝛽

= 1 + 𝜀𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 + 1 − 𝜂𝜀𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽

= 1 + 2𝜀𝑎 + 𝜀𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽+(1 − 2𝜂𝜀𝑎 + 𝜂 𝜀𝑎 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽

1 + 2𝜀𝑙 + 𝜀𝑙 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 + 2𝜀𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 − 𝜂 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 + 𝜀𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 + 𝜂 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽

=1
𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝜀𝑙 → 0 ; 𝜀𝑎 → 0

1 + 2𝜀𝑙 + 𝜀𝑙 = 1 + 2𝜀𝑎 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 − 𝜂 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽) +𝜀𝑎 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 + 𝜂 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽)

≈0 ≈0

𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝜀𝑙 𝜀𝑎 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 − 𝜂 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽)

𝐼𝑛 1907 , 𝐺𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑓𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝜀𝑙 𝜀𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 𝑖𝑓𝜂 = 0 … . 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒

 𝑌𝑎𝑟𝑛 𝛽
𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝐹 … 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
Direction 𝐹𝑎 𝐹1
𝐹𝑎 … 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑎𝑟𝑛 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
∗
𝑆 𝑠 … 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒
𝐴
𝐴−𝐴 𝑠 ∗ … 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒
𝐴 𝑆

𝐷Τ
𝑃=න 𝜎𝑎 𝑑𝑠
0

𝑑𝑠 = 2 𝜋 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝜇
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟. 𝑆𝑜, 𝜎 = 𝐸 𝜀𝑙 𝐸 … 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔′ 𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

𝐹 = 𝜎𝑠

𝐹 = 𝐸 𝜀𝑙 𝑠
𝐹𝑎 = 𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽
= 𝐸 𝜀𝑙 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽

𝐸 𝜀𝑙 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽
𝜎𝑎 = 𝐹𝑎 ൗ𝑠 ∗ =
𝑠Τ𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽
𝑠
𝑠∗ =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽

𝜎𝑎 = 𝐸 𝜀𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽
𝜎𝑎 = 𝐸 𝜀𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 𝜀𝑙 = 𝜀𝑎 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 − 𝜂 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽)

= 𝐸 𝜀𝑎 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 − 𝜂 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽

= 𝐸 𝜀𝑎 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝛽 − 𝜂 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽)

𝐷Τ
𝑃=න 𝜎𝑎 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 = 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟𝜇
0

𝐷Τ
=න 𝜎𝑎 . 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝜇
0

𝐷Τ
𝑃=න 𝐸 𝜀𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝛽 − 𝜂 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 . 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝜇
0
 𝐷Τ
𝑃=න 𝐸 𝜀𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝛽 − 𝜂 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 . 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝜇
0

2𝜋𝑟𝑧 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽 𝐷 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽

𝑟= = =
2𝜋𝑧 2𝜋𝑧 2𝜋𝐷𝑧

= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽𝐷

𝐷 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽 𝐷
𝑟= = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽𝐷 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽𝐷

𝐷 𝑑𝛽
𝑑𝑟 =
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽𝐷 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽

𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
𝑟𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝛽
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽𝐷 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽

𝐷Τ
𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
𝑃=න 𝐸 𝜀𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝛽 − 𝜂 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 2𝜋 𝜇 𝑑𝛽
0 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽𝐷 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽
 𝐷Τ
𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
𝑃=න 𝐸 𝜀𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝛽 − 𝜂 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 2𝜋 𝜇 𝑑𝛽 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑟 = 0, 𝛽 = 0
0 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽𝐷 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽
𝑟 = 𝐷/2, 𝛽 = 𝐵𝐷

𝐵𝐷
𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
= 𝐸 𝜀𝑎 2𝜋𝜇 න 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝛽 − 𝜂 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 𝑑𝛽
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽𝐷 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽

𝐵𝐷
𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
= 𝐸 𝜀𝑎 2𝜋𝜇 න 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝜂 𝑑𝛽
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽𝐷 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽
 𝐿𝑒𝑡
න 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 𝑑𝛽 = න 𝑡 𝑑 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 = 𝑡
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑑𝛽 = 𝑑𝑡

𝑡
=
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
=
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
න 𝑑𝛽 = න 𝑑𝛽
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽

𝐿𝑒𝑡
(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 = 𝑢
=න 𝑑𝛽 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 𝑑𝛽 = 𝑑𝑢
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽

(1 − 𝑢 )
= −න 𝑑𝑢
𝑢
 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 (1 − 𝑢 )
න 𝑑𝛽 = − න 𝑑𝑢
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 𝑢

𝑑𝑢
=− න + න 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑢

𝑢
= −ln(𝑢) +
2

𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽
= − 𝑙𝑛(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽) +
2

𝐵𝐷
𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽
𝑃 = 𝐸 𝜀𝑎 2𝜋𝜇 + 𝜂 𝑙𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝜂
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽𝐷 2 2 0
 𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽𝐷 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽𝐷 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0
𝑃 = 𝐸 𝜀𝑎 2𝜋𝜇 + 𝜂𝑙𝑛(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝐷 ) − 𝜂 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0 + 𝜂𝑙𝑛(𝑐𝑜𝑠0) − 𝜂
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽𝐷 2 2 2
=0 =0
= 1Τ2

𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽𝐷 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽𝐷 𝜂
𝑃 = 𝐸 𝜀𝑎 2𝜋𝜇 + 𝜂𝑙𝑛(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝐷 ) − 𝜂 −0 −0+
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽𝐷 2 2 2

𝐷
𝑃 = 𝐸 𝜀𝑎 𝜋𝜇 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽𝐷 + 2𝜂 𝑙𝑛(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝐷 ) − 𝜂𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽𝐷 + 𝜂
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽𝐷

𝐷
𝑃 = 𝐸 𝜀𝑎 𝜋𝜇 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽𝐷 + 𝜂 𝑙𝑛(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽𝐷 ) + 𝜂 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽𝐷
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽𝐷

𝐷
𝑃 = 𝐸 𝜀𝑎 𝜋𝜇 1 + 𝜂 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽𝐷 + 𝜂 𝑙𝑛(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽𝐷 )
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽𝐷
 𝐷
𝑃 = 𝐸 𝜀𝑎 𝜋𝜇 1 + 𝜂 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽𝐷 + 𝜂 𝑙𝑛(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽𝐷 )
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽𝐷

𝐸 𝜀𝑎 𝜋𝜇𝐷 𝑙𝑛(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽𝐷 )
𝑃= 1 + 𝜂 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽𝐷 + 𝜂
4 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽𝐷

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑘 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓

𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 .
𝐴𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝜀𝑎 , 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑠

4𝑇
𝑆 = 𝑇ൗ𝜌 𝐷 =
𝜋𝜇𝜌
𝑃∗ = 𝜎𝑎 𝑆

𝜋𝐷
= 𝐸 𝜀𝑎 (𝜇
𝜋𝐷2
) 𝑆 = 𝑇ൗ𝜌 = 𝜇
4 4
 𝑃 𝑙𝑛(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽𝐷 )
= 1 + 𝜂 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽𝐷 + 𝜂
𝑃∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽𝐷

𝑃
= 𝜙 ; 𝜙 … 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑦𝑎𝑟𝑛
𝑃∗

𝑃 𝑙𝑛(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽𝐷 )
𝜙 = ∗ = 1 + 𝜂 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽𝐷 + 𝜂
𝑃 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽𝐷

𝐺𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑓𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝜂 = 0 ; 𝜙 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽𝐷

… 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒐𝒏 ∶ 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒚 𝑽𝒔. 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒕.

𝜂=0
𝜂=0.5
𝜙 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠
0.8 J W Hearle
𝑙𝑛(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽𝐷 )
𝜙 = 1 + 𝜂 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽𝐷 + 𝜂
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽𝐷
0.6

0.4
Good Correspondence
10 20 30 40
𝛽𝐷 [deg]
 𝑻𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒕 − 𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝒚𝒂𝒓𝒏

𝐹𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑙𝑛(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽𝐷 )

𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐹𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜙 = 1 + 𝜂 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽𝐷 + 𝜂
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽𝐷

𝑇𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑡