THE DIFFERENTIATION

RULES FOR ALGEBRAIC

FUNCTIONS
CONSTANT RULE
If c is any constant and for all 𝑥,
therefore or .

𝒚 =𝟕 𝒚=𝟐𝟓𝟎,𝟑𝟕𝟎,𝟎𝟔𝟓 𝒚 =𝒆
′
𝒚 =𝟎 ′
𝒚 =𝟎 𝒚 ′ =𝟎
 POWER RULE
If is a power function for some positive integer
n, then .

𝒚 = 𝒙𝟓 𝒚= 𝒙 𝟏𝟐
𝒚 = 𝒙− 𝟗
′
𝒚 =𝟓 𝒙 𝟓− 𝟏
𝒚 ′ =𝟏𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟐− 𝟏 𝒚 ′ =− 𝟗 𝒙 −𝟗 −𝟏
′ −𝟏𝟎
′
𝒚 =𝟓 𝒙 𝟒
𝒚 ′ =𝟏𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟏 𝒚 =− 𝟗 𝒙
IDENTITY FUNCTION RULE

If , then .
 CONSTANT MULTIPLE RULE

If is a constant and is a differentiable function,

then =

𝒚 =𝟖 𝒙 𝟔 𝒚 =𝟐𝟐 𝒙 𝟒
𝒚 =𝟒 𝒙 − 𝟑
)
′
𝒚 =𝟒 (𝟐𝟐 𝒙 𝟒− 𝟏
) 𝒚 ′ =− 𝟑(𝟒 𝒙 −𝟑 −𝟏)
′ −𝟒
′
𝒚 =𝟒𝟖 𝒙 𝟓 ′
𝒚 =𝟖𝟖 𝒙 𝟑 𝒚 =− 𝟏𝟐 𝒙
SUM AND DIFFERENCE RULE

If and are differentiable functions, then

𝟒 𝟑
𝒚 =𝟓 𝒙 +𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟔 𝒙+𝟖
𝒚 ′ =¿ 𝟒 ( 𝟓 𝒙 𝟒− 𝟏) +𝟑 ( 𝟑 𝒙𝟑 −𝟏 ) −𝟔(𝟏) 0
𝒚 ′ =¿ 𝟐𝟎 𝒙𝟑 +𝟗 𝒙𝟐 −𝟔
SUM AND DIFFERENCE RULE

If and are differentiable functions, then

𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
𝒚 =𝟔 𝒙 − 𝟕 𝒙 +𝟓 𝒙
𝒚 ′ =¿ 𝟒 ( 𝟔 𝒙 𝟒− 𝟏) −𝟑 ( 𝟕 𝒙𝟑 −𝟏 )+𝟐(𝟓𝒙 )
𝟐−𝟏

𝒚 ′ =¿ 𝟐𝟒 𝒙 𝟑−𝟐𝟏 𝒙 𝟐 +𝟏𝟎 𝒙
 𝟐 −𝟓 𝟏𝟑
𝒚 = 𝟕 −𝟖 𝒙 −
𝒙 𝒙
−𝟕 −𝟓 −𝟏
𝒚 = 𝟐 𝒙 −𝟖 𝒙 −𝟏𝟑 𝒙
𝒚 ′=( −𝟕 ) ( 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟕− 𝟏
) − ( −𝟓 ) ( 𝟖 𝒙 ) −(−𝟏)(𝟏𝟑 𝒙 )
−𝟓 −𝟏 − 𝟏− 𝟏

−𝟖 −𝟔 −𝟐
𝒚 ′=−𝟏𝟒 𝒙 +𝟒𝟎 𝒙 +𝟏𝟑 𝒙
′ 𝟏𝟒 𝟒𝟎 𝟏𝟑
𝒚 =− 𝟖
+ 𝟔
+ 𝟐
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
 If and are both differentiable functions,
PRODUCT RULE then

𝒚 ′=𝒖𝒅𝒗 +𝒗𝒅𝒖
where 𝑢 = the first function 𝑓(𝑥),
𝑑𝑢 = the derivative of the function 𝑓(𝑥) with respect to 𝑥,
𝑣 = the second function 𝑔(𝑥), and
𝑑𝑣 = the derivative of the function 𝑔(𝑥) with respect to 𝑥.

𝒚 =(𝟒 𝒙 − 𝟑)(𝟐 𝒙 +𝟓)

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝒖=𝟒 𝒙 −𝟑 𝒗 =𝟐 𝒙 +𝟓 ′
=𝟐( 𝟏 )+𝟎𝒚 =¿ (𝟒 𝒙 −𝟑)(𝟐) +¿(𝟐 𝒙+𝟓)
𝒅𝒗=𝟐
𝒅𝒖=𝟒( 𝟏 ) −𝟎 𝒅𝒗
𝒅𝒖=𝟒 (𝟒)
+ 𝟖 𝒙+𝟐𝟎
𝒚 ′ =¿ 𝟖 𝒙 −𝟔
𝒚 ′ =¿ 𝟏𝟔 𝒙+𝟏𝟒
 𝒚 =(𝟒 𝒙 − 𝟑)(𝟐 𝒙 +𝟓)
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝒖=𝟒 𝒙 −𝟑 𝒚 ′ =¿ (𝟒 𝒙 −𝟑)(𝟐) +¿(𝟐 𝒙+𝟓)
(𝟒)
𝒅𝒖=𝟒 𝒚 ′ =¿ 𝟖 𝒙 −𝟔 + 𝟖 𝒙+𝟐𝟎
𝒗 =𝟐 𝒙 +𝟓 𝒚 ′ =¿ 𝟏𝟔 𝒙+𝟏𝟒
𝒅𝒗 =𝟐
Alternative   solution
𝒚 =(𝟒 𝒙 − 𝟑)(𝟐 𝒙 +𝟓) ¿ 𝟖 𝒙 𝟐 +𝟐𝟎 𝒙 −𝟔 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓
𝒚 =𝟖 𝒙 𝟐+ 𝟏𝟒 𝒙 −𝟏𝟓
𝒚 ′=𝟐(𝟖 𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 )+𝟏𝟒 (𝟏)− 𝟎
𝒚 ′ =𝟏𝟔 𝒙 +𝟏𝟒
 𝟐 𝟐
𝒚 =(𝟑 𝒙 −𝟓 𝒙 +𝟏)(𝟑 𝒙 −𝟒)
𝟐
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝒖=𝟑 𝒙 −𝟓 𝒙+ 𝟏 𝒗 =𝟑 𝒙 𝟐 − 𝟒
𝒅𝒖=𝟐 𝟑 𝒙 )𝒙
𝒅𝒖 (
=𝟔 𝟐 −𝟏
−𝟓−
( 𝟏 )𝟓
+𝟎 𝒅𝒗=𝟔 𝒙
𝒅𝒗=𝟐 𝟑 𝒙 ) − 𝟎
( 𝟐− 𝟏

𝒚 ′=𝒖𝒅𝒗 +𝒗𝒅𝒖
′
𝒚 =¿ (𝟑 𝒙 𝟐
− 𝟓 𝒙 +¿
(𝟔𝒙)
+𝟏) (𝟑 𝒙 (𝟔−
𝟐
𝒙 −𝟓)
𝟒)
+¿ 𝟑 𝟐
𝒚 ′ =¿𝟏𝟖 𝒙𝟑 −𝟑𝟎 𝒙 𝟐+𝟔 𝒙 𝟏𝟖 𝒙 −𝟏𝟓 𝒙 −𝟐𝟒 𝒙+𝟐𝟎
𝒚 ′ =¿ 𝟑𝟔 𝒙 𝟑 −𝟒𝟓 𝒙 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟖 𝒙+𝟐𝟎
QUOTIENT RULE
If and are both differentiable functions at x with ,
then

where 𝑢 = the first function on the numerator 𝑓(𝑥),

𝑑𝑢 = the derivative of the function 𝑓(𝑥) with respect to 𝑥,
𝑣 = the second function on the denominator 𝑔(𝑥), and
𝑑𝑣 = the derivative of the function 𝑔(𝑥) with respect to 𝑥.
 𝒙 𝟐+𝟑 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝒖= 𝒙 𝟐 +𝟑 𝒗 =𝟓 𝒙 + 𝟒
𝒚= 𝒅𝒖 =𝟐 𝒅
𝒙 𝒗=𝟓
𝟓 𝒙+𝟒
𝒗𝒅𝒖 −𝒖𝒅𝒗
𝒚 ′=
𝒗𝟐 [ ( 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝟑 ) (𝟓 ) ]
(𝟐 𝒙) −
𝒚 ′ =¿ (𝟓 𝒙+𝟒) (𝟓)
(𝟓 𝒙 +𝟒 )𝟐  
𝟐 𝟐
′
𝒚 =¿ 𝟏𝟎 𝒙 +𝟖 𝒙
−(𝟓 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓)
(𝟓 𝒙 +𝟒 )𝟐  
𝟐 𝟐
′
𝒚 =¿ 𝟏𝟎 𝒙 +𝟖 𝒙
−𝟓 𝒙 −𝟏𝟓
(𝟓 𝒙 +𝟒 )𝟐  
′ 𝟓 𝒙 𝟐+𝟖 𝒙 −𝟏𝟓  
𝒚 =¿
( 𝟓 𝒙+𝟒 )𝟐  
 𝟒 𝒙𝟑− 𝟐
𝒚= 𝟐
𝒙 −𝟓 𝒙 +𝟏
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝒖=𝟒 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝟑 𝒗 =𝒙 𝟐 −𝟓 𝒙 +𝟏
𝒅𝒖 =𝟏𝟐 𝒙 𝟐 𝒅𝒗=𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟓
𝒗𝒅𝒖 − 𝒖𝒅𝒗
𝒚 ′= 𝟐
𝒗
(𝟏𝟐 𝒙𝟐 ) −
𝒚 ′ =¿(𝒙 𝟐 −𝟓 𝒙+𝟏) (𝟒 𝒙 𝟑 −𝟐)
(𝟐 𝒙 −𝟓)
𝟐
( 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓 𝒙 +𝟏 )  
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐𝟒
′𝟏𝟐
𝒚 =¿ 𝟐 𝒙 −𝟔𝟎 𝒙 +𝟏𝟐
−(𝟖𝒙𝒙 − 𝟐𝟎 𝒙 𝟑
−𝟒 𝒙 +𝟏𝟎)
𝟐
( 𝒙 − 𝟓 𝒙+𝟏
𝟒𝟑
)   𝟐𝟒
′𝟏𝟐
𝒚 =¿ 𝟐 𝒙 −𝟔𝟎 𝒙 +𝟏𝟐
−𝟖 𝒙𝒙 +𝟐𝟎 𝒙 𝟑
+ 𝟒 𝒙 −𝟏𝟎
𝟐
( 𝒙 − 𝟓 𝒙 +𝟏 )  
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
′𝟒
𝒚 =¿ 𝒙 − 𝟒𝟎 𝒙 +𝟏𝟐 𝒙 +𝟒 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎
𝟐
𝟐
( 𝒙 − 𝟓 𝒙 +𝟏 )  
HIGHER ORDER
DERIVATIVES
Higher order derivatives are derivatives higher than the first derivative. The
derivative of a given differentiable function is called the first derivative which is
the The first derivative of the given function is also a function and the
derivative of this first derivative is called the second derivative . The derivative
of the second derivative is called third derivative The derivative of the third
derivative is called fourth derivative and so on.
Find the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth derivative of .

𝒚 ′ =𝟏𝟐 𝒙 𝟑 − 𝟏𝟓 𝒙 𝟐 +𝟖 𝒙 +𝟏
𝒚 ′ ′ =𝟑𝟔 𝒙 𝟐 −𝟑𝟎 𝒙 +𝟖
𝒚 ′ ′ ′ =𝟕𝟐 𝒙 −𝟑𝟎
𝒚 𝑰𝑽 = 𝟕𝟐
𝒚 𝑽 =𝟎
 𝟏 𝟗 𝟐 𝟕 𝟓 𝟓 𝟒 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏𝟏
𝒚= 𝒙 − 𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝒙 −
𝟓 𝟑 𝟒 𝟗 𝟐 𝟏𝟐
𝑰 𝟗 𝟖 𝟏𝟒 𝟔 𝟐𝟓 𝟒 𝟏𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝒙 +
𝟓 𝟑 𝟒 𝟗 𝟐
𝑰 𝟗 𝟖 𝟏𝟒 𝟔 𝟐𝟓 𝟒 𝟒 𝟐 𝟏
𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝒙 +
𝟓 𝟑 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
𝑰𝑰 𝟕𝟐 𝟕 𝟖 𝟒 𝟓 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟑 𝟖
= 𝒙 − 𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝒙
𝟓 𝟑 𝟒 𝟑
𝑰𝑰 𝟕𝟐 𝟕 𝟓 𝟑 𝟖
= 𝒙 − 𝟐𝟖 𝒙 − 𝟐𝟓 𝒙 + 𝒙
𝟓 𝟑
𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝟓𝟎𝟒 𝟔 𝟒 𝟐 𝟖
= 𝒙 −𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝒙 −𝟕𝟓 𝒙 +
𝟓 𝟑
 𝟏 𝟗 𝟐 𝟕 𝟓 𝟓 𝟒 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏𝟏
𝒚= 𝒙 − 𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝒙 −
𝟓 𝟑 𝟒 𝟗 𝟐 𝟏𝟐
𝑰𝑽 𝟑𝟎𝟐𝟒 𝟓 𝟑
= 𝒙 − 𝟓𝟔𝟎 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒙
𝟓
𝑽 𝟏𝟓𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝟒 𝟐
= 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟔𝟖 𝟎 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓𝟎
𝟓
=𝟑𝟎𝟐𝟒 𝒙 𝟒 −𝟏𝟔𝟖 𝟎 𝒙 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟓𝟎
=𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟗𝟔 𝒙 𝟑 − 𝟑𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝒙
𝑰
=𝟑𝟔𝟐𝟖𝟖 𝒙 𝟐 − 𝟑𝟑𝟔𝟎
𝑰𝑰
=𝟕𝟐𝟓𝟕𝟔 𝒙
𝑿
=𝟕𝟐𝟓𝟕𝟔
𝑿
=𝟎
OPTIMIZATION
PROBLEMS
Steps in Solving Optimization Problems
1. Determine the given using representation and illustrate the
problem (if necessary)
2. Determine the optimization equation.
3. Determine the constraint equation.
4. Solve one of the variables in the constraint equation.
5. Substitute the value of the variable to the optimization equation.
6. Simplify the optimization equation and find the first derivative.
7. Find the critical values by setting the first derivative equal to zero.
8. Test the critical values using the Second Derivative Test then
interpret the result.
9. Solve the other variables/unknowns.
10.Conclusion
DECISION RULE:
• For maximization problems, if the critical value
obtained on the Second Derivative Test is less
than zero, then the value is already the optimum
solution, otherwise, it’s not the solution.

• For minimization problems, if the critical value

obtained on the Second Derivative Test is greater
than zero, then the value is already the optimum
solution, otherwise, it’s not the solution.
1. The sum of two positive numbers is 12. What are these numbers if their
product is a maximum?

STEP 1
Let 𝑥 be one of the positive numbers 𝑃 = 𝑥𝑦
𝑃=𝑥 (12− 𝑥)
Let 𝑦 be the other positive number STEP 5
Let be the product of the two
STEP 2 numbers
𝑃=𝑥𝑦 𝑃=12 𝑥 − 𝑥 2
STEP 6
STEP 3 𝑥+ 𝑦 =12 𝑃 ′ =12 −2 𝑥
𝑥+ 𝑦 =12 0=12 −2 𝑥
0=12 −2 𝑥
STEP 4
𝑦 =12 − 𝑥 STEP 7 2 𝑥 = 12
2= 2
𝑥 =6
1. The sum of two positive numbers is 12. What are these numbers if their
product is a maximum?
′
𝑃 =12 −2 𝑥 STEP
The two positive
′′ numbers that will
𝑃 =− 2 10 yield a maximum
product are 6 and 6.
STEP 8 𝑷 ′ ′ <𝟎

𝑦 =12 − 𝑥
STEP 9 𝑦 =12 −6
𝑦 =6
2. Find two positive numbers whose product is 100 and whose sum is
minimum?
Let 𝑥 be one of the positive numbers 100
STEP 1 𝑆= 𝑥+  
Let 𝑦 be the other positive number 𝑥
𝑆= 𝑥+100 𝑥 −1
STEP 2 𝑆= 𝑥+ 𝑦 STEP 6 𝑆 ′ =1+(−1)100 𝑥− 1− 1
STEP 3 𝑥𝑦=100 𝑆′ =1− 100 𝑥 − 2
𝑥𝑦=100
STEP 4 100
𝑦= 100
𝑥 =1
2
𝑆= 𝑥+ 𝑦 STEP 7
𝑥
100 =𝑥 2
STEP 5
√ 100 =√ 𝑥 2

𝑥=10
2. Find two positive numbers whose product is 100 and whose sum is
minimum?
100
𝑦=
STEP 9 10
′′ −3
𝑦 =10
𝑆 = 200 𝑥
′ ′ 200 The two positive
𝑆 = 3
STEP 8 𝑥 STEP numbers whose product
′ ′ 200
200 10 is 100 and sum is
𝑆 = ¿
1000
10
¿ 0.23 minimum are 10 and 10.
𝑺 ′ ′ >𝟎
3. You are asked to fence a rectangular region and maximize the area. You are
given 260 meters of fencing materials. What should be the dimensions of the
rectangular region? 𝑦
STEP 1 Let be the width of the rectangle.
Let be the length of the rectangle.
𝑥
STEP 2 𝐴= 𝑥𝑦
STEP 3 260=2 𝑥 +2 𝑦 STEP 5 𝐴= 𝑥𝑦
STEP 4 𝐴=𝑥 (130 − 𝑥)
260 2 𝑥 2 𝑦 STEP 6 𝐴=130 𝑥 − 𝑥 2
= +
2 2 2 𝐴 ′ =130 ( 1 ) − 2 𝑥 2 −1
130=𝑥 + 𝑦 𝐴 ′ =130 − 2 𝑥
𝑦 =130 − 𝑥
3. You are asked to fence a rectangular region and maximize the area. You are
given 260 meters of fencing materials. What should be the dimensions of the
rectangular region?

STEP 7 𝐴 ′ =130 − 2 𝑥 STEP 9 𝑦 =130 − 𝑥

0=130 − 2 𝑥 𝑦 =130 −65
2 𝑥 = 130 𝑦 =65 𝑚
2𝑥 130
=
2 2 STEP 10
𝑥 =65 𝑚 The length and width of
STEP 8 𝐴 ′ =130 − 2 𝑥 the rectangular region
𝐴 ′ ′ =0 − 2 (1) with a maximum area are
′′
𝐴 = − 2<𝟎 𝑨
′′ 65𝑚 and 65𝑚 respectively.

The maximum value occurs when.

4. A rectangular garden is to be fenced off along the side of the building. No
fence is required along the side. There are 120 meters of fencing materials to be
𝐵𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
used. Find the dimensions of the garden with the largest area.
STEP 1 Let be the width of the rectangle.
Let be the length of the rectangle.

STEP 2 𝐴= 𝑥𝑦 𝑥 𝑥
STEP 3 120=2 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑦
STEP 4 𝑦 =120 −2 𝑥 STEP 6 𝐴=120 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 2
𝐴′ =120 ( 1 ) − 2(2 𝑥2 −1 )
STEP 5 𝐴= 𝑥𝑦
𝐴=𝑥 (120 −2 𝑥 ) 𝐴 ′ =120 − 4 𝑥
 4. A rectangular garden is to be fenced off along the side of the building. No
fence is required along the side. There are 120 meters of fencing materials to be
used. Find the dimensions of the garden with the largest area.

STEP 7 𝐴 ′ =120 − 4 𝑥 STEP 9 𝑦 =120 −2 𝑥

0=120 − 4 𝑥 𝑦 =120 −2(30)
4 𝑥 =120 𝑦 =60 𝑚
4 𝑥 120
=
4 4 STEP 10
𝑥 =30 𝑚 The length and the width
STEP 8 𝐴 ′ =120 − 4 𝑥 of the garden that will
𝐴 ′ ′ =0 − 4 (1) have a largest area are
′′
𝐴 = − 4<𝟎 𝑨
′′ 60𝑚 and 30 𝑚 respectively

The maximum value occurs when.