Solution Manual for Calculus An Applied Approach Brief

International Metric Edition 10th Edition by Larson ISBN

1337290572 9781337290579

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CHAPTER 2
Differentiation

Section 2.1 The Derivative and the Slope of a Graph ......................................... 72

Section 2.2 Some Rules for Differentiation .......................................................... 89

Section 2.3 Rates of Change: Velocity and Marginals ........................................ 96

Section 2.4 The Product and Quotient Rules ...................................................... 102

Quiz Yourself ............................................................................................................. . 113

Section 2.5 The Chain Rule ................................................................................... 115

Section 2.6 Higher-Order Derivatives ................................................................. 123

Section 2.7 Implicit Differentiation ..................................................................... 129

Section 2.8 Related Rates ...................................................................................... 137

Review Exercises ....................................................................................................... . 141

Test Yourself .............................................................................................................. . 154

CHAPTER 2
Differentiation
Section 2.1 The Derivative and the Slope of a Graph

Skills Warm Up
( ) ( )
3x x + 3x( x) + ( x)
1. P3,1,Q3,6 2 2 3
6. lim
6− 1 x→0 x

m = 3 − 3 ; m is undefined. x 3x2 + 3x x + x 2
x =3 = lim   ( ) 

( ) ( ) x→0
2
x( )
2. P 2,2,Q = −5, 2 = lim 3x + 3x x + x 2
x→ 0

2−2 = 3x2
m = −5−2 =0 1
y−2=0x−2 7. lim 1 =
( )
y =2 x →0 x(x +x) x2

3. P1,5,Q 4, −1 8. lim (x+ x)2 − x2

( ) ( )
x→0 x
= − x 2 + 2 x x + ( x)
2
m= − =−2 − x2
1−5 6

4−1 3 = lim
x→0 x
y − 5 = −2 x − 1
( ) 2 x x + ( x)2
y − 5 = − 2x + 2 = lim
x→0 x
y = − 2x + 7
= lim x( 2 x + x)
( ) ( )

x→0 x
4. P3,5,Q−1,−7
= 2x
m = − = − 12 =3
7−5

−1−3 −4 9. f ( x) = 3x

y−5=3x−3
( ) Domain: (−∞, ∞)
y = 3x − 4
1
10. f ( x) =
2
x−1
5. lim 2 x x + ( x) = lim x(2 x + x) ( ) ( )
x→0 x x→0 x

Domain: −∞, 1 ∪ 1, ∞
= lim 2 x + x

11. f ( x) = 5 x − 2x + 3 x − 1
1 3 2 1
x→0

=2x
Domain: (−∞, ∞)

6x
12. f ( x) =
x3 + x
Domain: (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)
 1. y 2. y

x
x

72 © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 C h a p te r 2 Differentiat i on Section2.1 The
De rivati v e and the Slo p e of a Gra p h 73

y
3.
2010: m ≈ 500
2012: m ≈ 500
The slope is the rate of change in millions of dollars per
year of sales for the years 2010 and 2012 for Fossil.
x 15. t = 3: m ≈ 8
= 7: m ≈ 1
t = 10: m ≈ −10
y
4. The slope is the rate of change of the average
temperature in degrees Fahrenheit per month in Bland,
Virginia, for March, July, and October.

16. (a) At t1, f ′(t1 ) > g′(t1 ), so the runner given by f is

running faster.
(b) At t2 , g′(t2 ) > f ′(t2 ), so the runner given by g is
running faster. The runner given by f has traveled
y
5. farther.
(c) At t3 , the runners are at the same location, but the
runner given by g is running faster.
(d) The runner given by g will finish first because that
runner finishes the distance at a lesser value of t.
17. ( ) ( )
f x = −1 at 0, −1
x

m
y sec = f (0 + x) − f (0)
6. ( x
)

−1− −1
=
x
= 0
x
=0
m = lim m = lim 0 = 0
x→0 sec x→0

7. The slope is m = 1.
18. f ( x) = 6 at (− 2, 6)
4
. f (−2 + x) − f (−2)
8. The slope is m = 3 m =
sec
x
9. The slope is m = 0.
= 6− 6
10. The slope is m = 1 . x
4
= 0
11. The slope is m = − 1. x
3 =0
m = m m = lim 0 = 0
12. The slope is m = −3. li
0 sec 0

x→ x→

13. 2009: m ≈ 118

2011: m ≈ 375
The slope is the rate of change in millions of dollars
per year of revenue for the years 2009 and 2011 for
Under Armour.
 C h a p te r 2 Differentiat i on Section2.1 The
De rivati v e and the Slo p e of a Gra p h 74

f ( x) = 13 − 4x at (3, 1) f ( x) = 11 − x2 at (3, 2)
( ) ()
= f (3 + x) − f m =
sec (3) sec
f 3 + x −f 3
x x

11 − 3 + x 2 −  11 − 3 2
13− 4 3 + x−1 
= ( )
   ( )
 ( )


=
x ( x
)
13−12 − 4 x − 11 − 9 +6 x + x2 − 2
1 =
= x
x

−4 x 11 − 9 − 6 x + ( x) 2
− 2
= =
x x
−4
= − 6 x − ( x)2
m = lim msec = lim (−4) = −4 x
x→0 x→0 x(− 6 − x)
f ( x) = 6 x + 3 at (1, 9)
x
m = ( ) () −6− x
f 1+ x − f 1 m
sec m = lim sec = lim (−6 − x) =−6
x
x →0 x →0
6 1+ x) ( ) ( )
3
+3−9 
 ( 

= 23. f x = x − 4 x at −1, 3
x )
m = ( ( )
−1+ x − f −1
f
= 6+6 x+3− 9 sec
x
x
( 3 ( ) ( ) 3 ( )
−  −1 −1 
)

6 x −1 + x − 4 −1 + x −4
= =
       

 

x ( ) x )


=6 (
3
−1 + 3 x − 3 x 2 + x +4 − 4 x − 3
m =
m = lim sec = lim 6 = 6 ( ) (
x
)
x →0 x →0
) − x− 3 x2 + x 3
( ) ( =
21. f x = 2 x − 3 at
2
2, 5
x

m
−f
= f (2 + x ) (2 ) Ā଀ĀȀĀ⸀ ĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀఀĀȀ⸀ ĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀ
(−1 − 3 x + ( x) )
sec
x
2

−3

2 2 + x 2 −5
x
)   
= (

x Ā଀ĀȀĀ⸀ ĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀఀĀȀ⸀ ĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀ


  1 − 3 x + ( x)2

2 ( 4 + 4 x + ( x)2 ) − 3 −
m = lim m = lim −1 − 3 x + ( x)2 = −1
5 x→0 sec x→0 ( )
=

x

 
8+8 x+2 x 2 −3 −5 3

=    ( )    f ( x) = 7 x − x at (− 3, 6)
C h a p te r 2 Differentiat i on Section2.1 The
De rivati v e and the Slo p e of a Gra p h 75

x m −3+ x ) − f (− 3 )
=f(
2 x(4 + x)
sec

= x

x 7(− 3 + x) −
−( 3 + x ) − 7(−3) − (−3) 
3 3
=2(4+ x) =
x

m= lim m = lim 2 4 + x =8 − 21 + 7 x − (− 27 + 27 x − 9( x) 2
+ ( x) 3 ) − 6
(( =
x→0 sec x →0 )) ( ) ( x
)
2
− 20 x + 9 x − x 3
=
x
= ( )
x − 20 + 9 x − ( x) 2
x
− 20 + 9 x − ( x)2
m = lim m = lim −20 + 9 x − ( x)2 = −20

x→0
(
x→0 sec )
 C h a p te r 2 Differentiat i on Section2.1 The
De rivati v e and the Slo p e of a Gra p h 76

25. f ( x) = 2 x at (4, 4)
f ( x) = 3
−f
msec f 4+ x)
(
(4
= ) f ( x + x) − f ( x)
x f ′ x = lim
( ) x→0
2 4+x−2 4 x
=
lim − xx→0
3
x
3

=2 4 + x − 4 ⋅2 4 + x + 4 0
lim
x 2 4+ x+4 →0 x
(4+ x) − 16
4
lim 0
→0

= x( 2 4 + x + 4 ) 0
16+4 x − 16

= x( 2 4+ x+4 ) f ( x) = − 2
f x+ x − f x
( )
4 x f′x = lim ( ) ()
= x( 2 4+ x+4 ) x→0 x

4 lim − 2 − (−2)
x→0
x
=2 4+ x+4 lim
0
= x→0
x
4 lim 0
m = lim msec = lim
→0
x→0 x →0 24 + x+4

4 1 0
= =
2 4+4 2 ⠀ ⤀Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ
( x) = − 5x
f ( x) =x + 1 at (8, 3)
f ( x + x) − f ( x)
f ′( x) = lim
msec = f (8 + x)x − f (8) x→
0 x
−5 x + x ) − ( −5 x )
8+x+1− 8+1 (

= = lim x
x
x→0 − 5 x − 5 x + 5 x

= lim x
x→0 − 5 x
9+x−3x lim
= 9 +Δx − 3 ⋅ 9+ x+3
x→0 x
x 9+ x+3 lim − 5
9+ x − 9 →0

−5
= x ( 9 + x+3 )
x f ( x) = 4x + 1

= x ( 9 + x+3 ) f ′x
( )
= li m f( x + x )
−f )
(x

0 x
=
1 4
x→ (x +x ) + 1 − (4 x + 1
9+ x+ 3
)

= lim
4
m x
m = lim sec x→0

x→0
= lim 4 x + 4 x + 1 − 4 x − 1
1
= lim x→0 x

x→0 9 + x+3 lim

4 x xx→0

1
=
9 +3 lim 4
→0
C h a p te r 2 Differentiat i on Section2.1 The
De rivati v e and the Slo p e of a Gra p h 77

1
6
 C h a p te r 2 Differentiat i on Section2.1 The
De rivati v e and the Slo p e of a Gra p h 78

31. g (s) = 32. h(t) = 6 − 12t

lim g( s+ s) − g (s) h( t + t ) − h ( t )
h′ t = lim
g′(s) = s→0 s

() t→0 t
s s 2 s 2
lim
1
3 ( +
)+ −(13 + ) − 6− 1
= lim 6− 2(t + t
1
s→0
) ( t)
= s t→0
t

1s + 1
s+2− 1
s−
lim 6 − t − t −6+
lim 3 3 3 1 1 1 t
2
s→0 2 2 2
= s = t→0
t
1
lim s 1
3
lim − 2 t
=
s→0
s = t→0
t
lim 1 1
= lim −
= s→0 3
t→0 2
1
1
= 3 =− 2
2
4x −5x
f ( x) =
f ( x + x) − f ( x)
lim
f ′( x) = lim
x→0

( x
( ) (
) )

4 x +

x − 4x2 − 5x
x 2 −5x+
x→0
= x

4 x − 5x − 5 x  − 4 x + 5x
2
+2x x+(
2 2
)
= lim
x →0 x) x
(

( )
2
2
4 x + 8x x + 4 x − 5x − 5 x − 4 x2 + 5x
= lim
x →0 x

4  5 
x2x + x − 

= lim      4 

x →0 x
= lim
2x +
4
x − 5  = 8x − 5


x →0  4 
f ( x) = 2 x2 + 7 x
f ( x + x) − f ( x)
f ′x = lim
( )
x
x→0

( ) ( ) ( )

= lim 2 x + x 2 +7 x+ x − 2 x2 + 7 x
x→0
x
 x + 7 x + 7 x− 2 x
2
+ 2 x x + ( x)
2 2
) − 7x
= lim 2 (
x→0 x

2 x2 + 4 x x + 2( x)2 + 7 x + 7 x − 2 x2 − 7 x
= lim
x→0 x
 7 
2 x2 x + x+ 

= lim        2 

C h a p te r 2 Differentiat i on Section2.1 The
De rivati v e and the Slo p e of a Gra p h 79

x

x→0

 7 
= lim 2 2 x + x+  =4x+7

x→0  2 
 Section2.1 The De rivati v e and the Slo p e of a Gra p h 77

35. h(t ) = t − 3
h (t + t ) − h ( t )
h′ t = lim
() t→0 t
lim t + t −3− t −3
t→0
lim t
t→0
t+t−3− t−3 ⋅ t+ t−3+ t−3
lim
0
t ( ) t+ t−3+ t−3
t t+ t− 3− t − 3
t
( t+ t−3+ t−3 )
t
= lim
t→ 0 t ( t+ t−3+ t−3 )
1
= lim
t→0 t+ t−3+ t−3

1
= 2 t − 13
t − 3

=2 t −3
( )

36. f ( x) = x+2
f ( x + x) − f ( x)
f ′ x = lim
( ) x→0 x
= lim x+x+2− x+2
x→0
x
x+x+2− x+2 x+ x+2+ x+2
= lim ⋅
x→0 x x+ x+2+ x+2
x+x+2− ( x + 2)
= lim

x →0 x ( x + x + 2 +x + 2 )
x
= lim
x →0 x ( x + x + 2 +x + 2 )
1
= lim
x→0 x+ x+2+ x+2

1
= 2 x+2
 C h a p te r 2 Differentiat i on

f (t ) = t 3 − 12t
() f t+ t − f t
f′t = lim ( ) ()
t→0 t
= lim
(t + t )3 − 12(t + t ) − (t 3 − 12t )
t→0
t
= lim t + 3t t + 3t ( t ) + ( t ) − 12t − 12 t − t + 12t
3 2 2 3 3
t→0
t
lim 3t t + 3t ( t ) + ( t ) − 12 t
2 2 3
= t→0
t

= t→0
2
(
lim t 3t + 3t t + ( t ) − 12
2
)
t
lim
(3t )
2

= 2 + 3t t + ( t) − 12
t→0

3t 2 − 12
()

3 2
38. f t = t + t
() f t+ t −f t
f′ t = lim ( ())
t→0 t
= lim
(t + t )3 + (t + t )2 − (t 3 + t 2 )
t→0
t
lim t + 3t t + 3t ( t ) + ( t ) + t + 2t t + ( t ) − t 3 − t 2
3 2 2 3 2 2
= t→0
t
lim 3t t + 3t ( t ) + ( t ) + 2t t + ( t )
2 2 3 2
= t→0
t
2
(
lim t 3t + 3t t + ( t )2 + 2t + )
t

= t→0
t
lim

=t → 0 (3t 2 + 3t t + ( t )2 + 2t + t )
= 3t 2 + 2t
1
39. f ( x) =
x+2
f ′ x = lim f ( x + x) − f ( x)
( ) x →0 x
1 1
= lim x +Δx + 2 −x+2
x →0
x
1 ⋅ x+2 − 1 ⋅x + x + 2
lim x + x+2 x+2 x+2 x+ x+2
= x →0
x
x + 2 − ( x + x + 2)
lim ( x + x + 2)( x + 2)
= x →0
x
− x
= lim
x →0 x( x + x + 2)( x + 2)

−1
= lim
x →0 (x+ x + 2)( x + 2)
1
=− ( x + 2)2
 Section2.1 The
De rivati v e and the Slo p e of a Gra p h 79
1
40. g (s) = 41. ( ) 1 2
(
s−4 )
x
f x =2 at 2, 2
s+ s −g
g′ s = lim g
( ) (s
−f
)
f′ x = lim f ( x + x ) (x )

( ) ( ) 0 x
s →
s→0
1 1
−s− 4
1 ( x + x ) 2 − 12 x 2
= lim s+s−4 = lim 2

s→0 s x→0 x

= lim 2
2 ) − 12 x
2

= lim ( s + s − 4 )( s − 4
) x→0 x
2
s→0 s
x x + ( x)
s − 4 − ( s + s − 4) = lim
x→0
x
= lim (s )( s − 4 )
+s −4 ⋅1
= lim x( x+ x)
s→0 (s +s − 4)(s − 4) s x→0
x
x→0 ( )
− s
= lim = lim x + x

s→0 s(s + s − 4)(s − 4)

x
−1
= lim
(s + s − 4)(s − 4) = f ′(2) = 2
s→0

1 − 2 = 2( x − 2)

= − (s − 4 )
2 y = 2x − 2
4

(2, 2)
−6 6

−4

42. f ( x) = − at (− 4, − 2)
1 2
8 x

f ′ x = lim f ( x + x) − f ( x)

( ) x →0 x

= lim − 81 ( x + x)2 − (− x ) 8
1 2

x →0
x

lim − 81 ( x + 2 x x + ( x)
2 2
) + 18 x 2

= x →0
x
x)2 +
1 1 1
lim − x2 − xx − (
1
x2
=
8 4 8 8
x →0
x
lim −
1
x x − 1 ( x)2
=
4 8
x →0
x
lim (
x −1 x− 1
x )
4 8
= x →0
x
lim
= x→0 (−
1
x−
1
x )
4 8
=−
14 x
3

m = f ′(− 4) = − (−4) = 1
9
1
−9
4
(−4, −2)
− (− 2) = 1x − (− 4)

  
y+2=x+4
y =x+2 −9
 C h a p te r 2 Differentiat i on

f ( x) = ( x − 1)2 at (− 2, 9)
f ( x + x) − f ( x)
f ′ x = lim
( ) x
x→0

= lim
( x + x − 12 − )
(x − 1 2 )

x→0
x
= lim x + 2 x x − 2 x + ( x) − 2 x + 1 − x + 2 x − 1
2 2 2
x→0
x
lim 2 x x + ( x) − 2 x
2
= x→0
= x→0
( x )
lim x 2x+ x− 2

lim x
= x→0
( 2x + x− 2
)
11

=2x−2 ( (− 2, 9)
( ) )
m = f ′ −2 = 2 −2 − 2 = −6
( )
y − 9 = −6x − −2 − 12

12


y = −6 x − 3 −5

( ) ( )
2
44. f x = 2 x − 5 at −1, − 3

f ( x + x) − f ( x)
f ′ x = lim
( ) x →0 x
= lim
2( x + x)2 − 5 − (2 x 2 − 5)
x →0
x
lim 2 x + 4 x x + 2( x) − 5 − 2 x + 5
2 2 2
= x→0
x
lim 4 x x + 2( x)
2
= x→0
= x→0 ( x )
lim x 4 x + 2 x

lim x
= x→0 (4x + 2 x)

= 4x 2

m = f ′(−1) = 4(−1) = − 4
−6 6

− (−3) = − 4( x −
(−1, −3)
(−1)) y + 3 = − 4x − 4
y = − 4x − 7 −6
 S e c t i on 2 . 1 The De rivativ e and the Slo p e of a Grap h 81

f ( x) =x + 1 at (4, 3)
f ( x + x) − f ( x)
f ′x = lim
( ) x→0 x

x+x+1− ( x+1 )
= lim x
x→0

= lim x+x− x ⋅ x+ x+ x
x→0 x x+ x+ x
x+x−x
= lim
x→0 x ( x + x +x )

x
= lim
x→0
x
( x + x +x )
= lim 1
x→0 x+ x+ x
1
ᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀ㴀ĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀ 2 x
1 1 5

m= f ′(4 ) = 2 4 =4
(4, 3)
1
− 3 = 4 ( x − 4)
−2 7
1
y = 4x+2 −1

f ( x) =x + 3 at (6, 3)
f ( x + x) − f ( x)
f ′x = lim
( )
x→0 x
= lim x+x+3− x+3
x→0
x
= lim x+x+3− x+3 ⋅ x+ x+3+ x+3
x→0 x ( ) x+ x+3+ x+3
x+x+3− x+3
= lim
x→0 (
x x+ x+3+ x+3 )
x
= lim
x→0
x
( x+ x+3+ x+3 )
= lim 1
x→0 x+ x+3+ x+3
1

= 2 x+3
x+3
= 2x + 3
( )
1 1
m = f ′(6) = 2 6+3 = 6
1 7

y − 3 = 6 ( x − 6)
1
y−3= x− 1 (6, 3)

6
y =1x+2 −4 8

6 −1
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