ITF+ CompTIA IT Fundamentals

All-in-One Exam Guide, Second Edition

(Exam FC0-U61) Mike Meyers
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This book is for all the teachers out there snatched from English, social
studies, and more, and thrust into teaching IT. You’ll do great things!
—Scott Jernigan
 ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Mike Meyers is the best-selling author of numerous books on computer

literacy and certifications, including CompTIA A+® Certification All-in-
One Exam Guide, CompTIA Network+® Certification All-in-One Exam
Guide, CompTIA Network+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting
Networks, and Mike Meyers’ CompTIA Security+ Certification Guide.
Most consider Mike the leading expert on computer industry
certifications. He is the president and founder of Total Seminars, LLC, a
major provider of PC and network repair seminars for thousands of
organizations throughout the world.
E-mail: michaelm@totalsem.com

Scott Jernigan wields a mighty red pen as the editor in chief of Total
Seminars, LLC. With a master of arts degree in medieval history, Scott
feels as much at home in the musty archives of London as he does in the
crisp monitor glow of Total Seminars’ Houston HQ. After fleeing a purely
academic life, he dove headfirst into IT, working as an instructor, editor,
and writer.
Scott has written, edited, and contributed to dozens of books on
computer literacy, hardware, operating systems, networking, and
certification, including Computer Literacy: Your Ticket to IC3
Certification. Scott has also taught computer classes all over the United
States, including stints at the United Nations in New York and the FBI
Academy in Quantico. Practicing what he preaches, Scott has numerous IT
certs: CompTIA IT Fundamentals, CompTIA A+, CompTIA Network+,
and CompTIA Security+; Microsoft Certified Professional; Microsoft
Office User Specialist; and Certiport IC3.
E-mail: scottj@totalsem.com
Daniel Lachance, CompTIA Cloud+, CompTIA Server+, CompTIA A+,
CompTIA Network+, CompTIA Security+, MCT, MCSA, MCITP, MCTS,
is the owner of Lachance IT Consulting, Inc., based in Halifax, Nova
Scotia. Dan has delivered technical IT training for a wide variety of
products for more than 20 years. He has recorded IT support videos related
to security and various cloud-computing platforms. Dan has developed
custom applications and planned, implemented, troubleshot, and
documented various network configurations and conducted network
security audits. Dan has worked as a technical editor on a number of
certification books and has authored books including CompTIA Server+
Certification All-in-One Exam Guide (Exam SK0-004) and CompTIA
Security+ Certification Practice Exams, Second Edition (Exam SY0-401).
When not performing with the Halifax-based cover band Clusterfunk,
Dan loves being around family and spending time outdoors.

About the Technical Editor

Kenneth “Ken” Hess is a practicing senior system administrator and a
technology author, blogger, columnist, editor, and podcaster. Ken has
written hundreds of technology articles on topics that cover Linux, open
source software, Windows, Mac, mobile devices, databases, and
cryptocurrencies. He also reviews technology products and is an avid
photographer and filmmaker.
Becoming a CompTIA Certified IT Professional Is
Easy
Not only is becoming certified easy, it’s the best way to reach greater
professional opportunities and rewards.

Why Get CompTIA Certified?

In fact, there are many benefits.

Growing Demand
Some technology fields will experience growth of more than 20 percent by
the year 2020, according to a CompTIA information security trends study
(“500 U.S. IT and Business Executives Responsible for Security”).
CompTIA certification qualifies the skills required to join this workforce.

Higher Salaries
IT professionals with certifications on their résumés command better jobs,
earn higher salaries, and have more doors open to new multi-industry
opportunities.

Verified Strengths
Ninety-one percent of hiring managers indicate CompTIA certifications
are valuable in validating IT expertise, making certification the best way
to demonstrate your competency and knowledge to employers (according
to CompTIA’s “Employer Perceptions of IT Training and Certification”
report).
Universal Skills
CompTIA certifications are vendor neutral, which means certified
professionals can proficiently work with an extensive variety of hardware
and software found in most organizations.

You can learn more about certification at

http://certification.CompTIA.org/certifications/it-fundamentals.

CompTIA Disclaimer
© 2019 CompTIA Properties, LLC, used under license by CompTIA
Certifications, LLC. All rights reserved. All certification programs and
education related to such programs are operated exclusively by CompTIA
Certifications, LLC. CompTIA is a registered trademark of CompTIA
Properties, LLC in the U.S. and internationally. Other brands and company
names mentioned herein may be trademarks or service marks of CompTIA
Properties, LLC or of their respective owners. Reproduction or
dissemination of this courseware sheet is prohibited without written
consent of CompTIA Properties, LLC. Printed in the U.S. 02544-Mar2016.
The logo of the CompTIA Approved Quality Curriculum Program and
the status of this or other training material as “Approved” under the
CompTIA Approved Curriculum Program signifies that, in CompTIA’s
opinion, such training material covers the content of CompTIA’s related
certification exam. CompTIA has not reviewed or approved the accuracy
of the contents of this training material and specifically disclaims any
warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. CompTIA
makes no guarantee concerning the success of persons using any such
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 CONTENTS AT A GLANCE

Part I Computer Basics

Chapter 1 How People Use Computers
Chapter 2 System Hardware
Chapter 3 Device Ports and Peripherals
Chapter 4 Data Storage and Sharing

Part II Setting Up and Using Computers

Chapter 5 Understanding Operating Systems
Chapter 6 Setting Up and Configuring a PC
Chapter 7 Setting Up and Configuring a Mobile Device
Chapter 8 Managing Files
Chapter 9 Using and Managing Application Software

Part III Networking, Security, and Maintenance

Chapter 10 Configuring Network and Internet Connectivity
Chapter 11 IT Security Threat Mitigation
Chapter 12 Computer Maintenance and Management
Chapter 13 IT Troubleshooting

Part IV Databases and Software Development

Chapter 14 Understanding Databases
Chapter 15 Developing and Implementing Software

Part V Appendixes
Appendix A Exam Objective Reference
Appendix B About the Online Content
Glossary
Index
 CONTENTS

Acknowledgments
Introduction

Part I Computer Basics

Chapter 1 How People Use Computers
Features Common to Computing Devices
Internet of Things Devices
Processors
Programming
Data Storage
Data Assets
Examples and Two More Definitions
Common General-Purpose Computing Devices
Multi-user Computers
Dedicated Computers
Networks: Hooking It All Together
Servers
Resource Sharing
Remotely Accessed Computer Systems
Mobile Apps
Streaming Media
Web Apps
Cloud Computing
Virtualization
Specialized Computer Systems
Point-of-Sale Terminals
 ATMs
GPS
VoIP/Telepresence
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 2 System Hardware
CPUs
Speed
Features
Power and Heat Management
RAM
Different Types of RAM in a Computer
RAM Capacity
RAM Technologies and Speeds
Motherboards
Motherboard Form Factors
Motherboard Features
Power Supplies
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 3 Device Ports and Peripherals
Expansion Cards and Slots
Expansion Cards
Expansion Slot Types
Common Ports and Connectors
USB
Other Peripheral Ports and Connectors
Monitors
Monitor Types
Monitor Ports and Connectors
 Touchscreens
Standard Input Devices
Keyboards
Pointing Devices
Other Common I/O Devices
Audio Devices
Imaging Peripherals
Printers and Fax Machines
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 4 Data Storage and Sharing
Storage Technologies
Magnetic Storage
Optical Storage
Solid-State Storage
Local Storage
Network Storage
Online Storage
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers

Part II Setting Up and Using Computers

Chapter 5 Understanding Operating Systems
The Functions of an Operating System
Operating System Characteristics
Licensing
Software Compatibility
Complexity
Comparing OS Interfaces
The Windows Interface
 The macOS Interface
The Linux Interface
The Chrome OS Interface
Cross-Referencing Features
Common Features of Operating Systems
Executing Programs
Services
Managing Files
Connecting to Hardware
Connecting to the Internet
Navigating with Hotkeys
Creating Screen Captures
Configuring Accessibility Options
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 6 Setting Up and Configuring a PC
Preparing the Work Area
Evaluating Room Conditions
Choosing Where to Set Up the PC
Making a Work Area More Comfortable
Avoiding ESD and EMI Problems
Ensuring Reliable AC Power
Setting Up a Desktop PC
Physical Connections
Cable Management
Operating System Setup
Completing Post-Setup Tasks
Verify and Configure the Internet Connection
Install Security Software
Run Software and Security Updates
Configure Peripherals
Uninstall Unneeded Software
 Install Additional Software
Create More User Accounts
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 7 Setting Up and Configuring a Mobile Device
Mobile Devices: A Quick Overview
Setting Up the Device
Understanding the Interface
Using Gestures
Understanding Kinetics
Controlling Screen Orientation
Security Features
Setting and Changing a Lock Passcode
Configuring Account IDs and Passwords
Managing Lost Device Security
Wireless Connectivity
Verifying Wireless Capabilities
Pairing via Bluetooth Devices
Transferring Data with Bluetooth
Connecting to a WiFi Network
Sharing a Phone’s Cellular Connection with Other
Devices
Disabling All Wireless Connections with Airplane
Mode
Configuring Mobile E-mail
Configuring Synchronization
Synchronizing with a Cloud Service
Synchronizing Photos
Synchronizing with a Computer
Installing and Removing Apps
Finding and Installing an App
Removing an App
 Resetting a Mobile Device
Performing a Soft Reset
Performing a Hard Reset
Getting Your Data Back After a Hard Reset
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 8 Managing Files
Managing File Storage
Understanding Folders and Paths
File Management Tools
Navigating a File Structure
File and Folder Properties
Manipulating Files and Folders
Opening, Editing, and Saving Files
Moving and Copying Files and Folders
Renaming Files and Folders
Deleting and Undeleting Files and Folders
Searching, Sorting, and Displaying Files
Protecting Files
File and Folder Permissions
Backing Up and Restoring Data
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 9 Using and Managing Application Software
Running an Application
Running an Application in Windows
Running an Application in macOS
Running an Application in Linux
Running an Application in Chrome OS
Running an Application on a Smartphone
 Switching Between Applications
Saving Your Work
Exiting an Application
Installing, Updating, and Removing Applications
Installing Applications
Updating Applications
Removing Applications
Common Applications and Their Uses
Platforms
Types
Common File Types
Software Licensing
Single and Multi-use Licenses
Product Keys and Activation
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers

Part III Networking, Security, and Maintenance

Chapter 10 Configuring Network and Internet Connectivity
Understanding Network Basics
LANs and WANs
Clients and Servers
Switches and Routers
Local Ad Hoc Networks and Direct Links
Setting Up and Configuring a SOHO Router
Choosing an Appropriate Router
Setting Up a SOHO Router
Making a Wired Connection
Checking for Basic Internet Connectivity
Accessing the SOHO Router Configuration Utility
Logging In and Changing the Password
Updating the SOHO Router Firmware
 Changing the SSID
Setting Up Wireless Security
Connecting Wireless Clients
Wired, Radio Frequency, Satellite, and Cellular: Making the
Right Choice
Mobility
Availability
Throughput/Bandwidth
Connection Delay (Latency)
Reliability
Number of Concurrent Connections
Level of Security
Using a LAN to Share Files and Printers
Enabling File and Printer Sharing
Network Organization
Sharing
Installing and Sharing a Printer
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 11 IT Security Threat Mitigation
Understanding Local Security Threats
Unauthorized Access
Data Destruction
Theft
Malware
Physical Security
Access Control
Device Hardening
Users and Passwords
Using Appropriate Account Types
Authenticating Users
User Account Control
 Malicious Software
Adware
Spyware
Spam
Social Engineering
Viruses
Trojan Horses
Worms
Ransomware
Protecting Against Malware
Windows Update
Anti-malware Programs
Malware Prevention Tips
Malware Recovery Tips
Network Threats
Eavesdropping
Man-in-the-Middle Attacks
Denial-of-Service Attacks
Being a Smart Web User
Understanding the Risks of Public Workstations
Playing Smart with Secure Web Sites
Configuring Browser Security and Privacy Settings
Firewalls
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 12 Computer Maintenance and Management
Power Management Basics
Choose Energy-Efficient Devices
Leave the PC Running
Shut Down the PC
Low-Power Modes
Power Plans
 Choosing Actions for Power Buttons or Closing the
Lid
Cleaning and Maintaining Computer Hardware
Proper Cleaning Materials
Cleaning Monitors and Removable Media
Cleaning Inside a Desktop PC
Ventilation, Dust, and Moisture Control
Environmentally Aware Computer Disposal
Disaster Recovery
Incident Response
Disaster Recovery Plans
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 13 IT Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting Methodology
Solvable Common Computer Problems
No Power
Physical Damage
Won’t Start Up Normally
A Certain App Won’t Install or Run
Apps Run but Sometimes Freeze
Peripherals Won’t Work
Getting Help
Manufacturer Documentation and Web Sites
Technical Support
Internet Searches and Community Groups
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers

Part IV Databases and Software Development

Chapter 14 Understanding Databases
 Database Concepts
Database Table Structure
Database Scalability
Database Structures
Relational Databases
NoSQL Databases
Database Creation and Management
Database Connectivity
Database Security
Manipulating Data
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 15 Developing and Implementing Software
Software Development Life Cycle
Requirement Analysis and Planning
Design
Coding
Testing
Deployment
Maintenance
Data Types
Constants
Variables
Object-Oriented Programming
Properties
Methods
Program Flow
Conditional Execution
Getting Loopy
Functions
Chapter Review
Questions
 Answers

Part V Appendixes
Appendix A Exam Objective Reference
CompTIA IT Fundamentals+
Appendix B About the Online Content
System Requirements
Your Total Seminars Training Hub Account
Single User License Terms and Conditions
TotalTester Online
Mike’s Video Training
Technical Support
Glossary
Index
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Our acquisitions editor, Tim Green, knocked another project out of the
park. Thank you for the kind reminders, thoughtful pokes, and occasional
thumps on the back of the head. It was truly a pleasure working with you!
Ken Hess caught every little technical error and kept us honest. His
knowledge and attention to detail were invaluable.
Claire Yee, our acquisitions coordinator, peppered the days between our
Friday meetings with gentle reminders . . . and yes, I promise I’ll get that
file to you today . . . how about end of day? Nice working with you!
Janet Walden was the editorial supervisor. It was great working with
you again.
Rachel Fogelberg did a great job running the team that turned
copyedited chapters into the final book. We enjoyed working with you on
this and look forward to the next project as well.
To the copy editor, Kim Wimpsett; proofreader, Richard Camp;
indexer, Jack Lewis; and layout folks at Cenveo Publisher Services—
superb work in every facet. Thank you for being the best.
 INTRODUCTION

People use computers or computing devices every day to accomplish

certain goals. You probably use a smartphone, such as an iPhone or
Android device, to make telephone calls, text friends and family, and surf
the Internet. You might use a desktop computer, such as a Windows PC, to
write papers for school, create documents for work, and e-mail people
around the country.
Computers are so common in everything we do that you could argue the
modern world would not function without them. Software provides
applications that make computers do useful things such as manipulate
numbers, store customer records in databases, or predict future weather
trends. A general knowledge of software design principles and how
databases work goes hand in hand with knowing how to configure
computers to meet your needs.
Should people living in a world that can’t function without computers
know basics such as what computers can do? Should they know how
computing devices work and how to set one up once they get home from
the store? Should they have a handle on how computers connect to
networks such as the Internet? We think the answer is an unqualified yes.
This basic body of knowledge about computers and the role they play in
our modern lives has various names.

• Information technology (IT) fundamentals

• Computer literacy
• Digital literacy

In many fields, people demonstrate knowledge of subjects by passing

tests, passing classes, and getting degrees. In computing, people get
certificates (or, more commonly, certifications) to prove their skills. The
most important general certifying body for computing is CompTIA.
What Is CompTIA?
The Computer Technology Industry Association (CompTIA) is a nonprofit
industry trade association based in Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois. It consists
of more than 20,000 members in 102 countries. You’ll find CompTIA
offices in such diverse locales as Amsterdam, Dubai, Johannesburg,
Tokyo, and São Paulo.
Virtually every company of consequence in the IT industry is a member
of CompTIA. Here are a few of the biggies:

CompTIA provides a forum for people in these industries to network

(as in meeting people), represents the interests of its members to the
government, and provides certifications for many aspects of the computer
industry. CompTIA watches the IT industry closely and provides new and
updated certifications to meet the ongoing demand from its membership.

CompTIA Certifications
CompTIA certifications enable techs to offer proof of competency in a
variety of technology fields. Attaining the CompTIA A+ certification, for
example, proves that you’re a PC technician of some skill. You know how
to build and fix PCs, and you know the basics of networking because
modern PCs almost always connect to some network. The CompTIA
Network+ certification, in contrast, goes pretty deep into networking. It’s
designed for network technicians.
Earning a CompTIA A+ or CompTIA Network+ certification takes time
and commitment. Most commonly, the successful candidate is a working
tech already and wants to prove his or her merit to an employer. But what
about people who might want to become a tech but aren’t there already?
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
eighteen from the South, and but eleven from the North; although
nearly four-fifths of the judicial business has arisen in the Free
States, yet a majority of the Court has always been from the South.
This we have required so as to guard against any interpretation of the
Constitution unfavorable to us. In like manner we have been equally
watchful to guard our interests in the Legislative branch of
Government. In choosing the presiding Presidents (pro tem.) of the
Senate, we have had twenty-four to their eleven. Speakers of the
House we have had twenty-three, and they twelve. While the
majority of the Representatives, from their greater population, have
always been from the North, yet we have so generally secured the
Speaker, because he, to a great extent, shapes and controls the
legislation of the country. Nor have we had less control in every other
department of the General Government. Attorney-Generals we have
had fourteen, while the North have had but five. Foreign ministers
we have had eighty-six, and they but fifty-four. While three-fourths
of the business which demands diplomatic agents abroad is clearly
from the Free States, from their greater commercial interest, yet we
have had the principal embassies so as to secure the world-markets
for our cotton, tobacco, and sugar on the best possible terms. We
have had a vast majority of the higher offices of both army and navy,
while a larger proportion of the soldiers and sailors were drawn from
the North. Equally so of Clerks, Auditors, and Comptrollers filling
the executive department, the records show for the last fifty years
that of the three thousand thus employed, we have had more than
two-thirds of the same, while we have but one-third of the white
population of the Republic.
Again, look at another item, and one, be assured, in which we have
a great and vital interest; it is that of revenue, or means of supporting
Government. From official documents, we learn that a fraction over
three-fourths of the revenue collected for the support of the
Government has uniformly been raised from the North.
Pause now while you can, gentlemen, and contemplate carefully
and candidly these important items. Look at another necessary
branch of Government, and learn from stern statistical facts how
matters stand in that department. I mean the mail and Post-Office
privileges that we now enjoy under the General Government as it has
been for years past. The expense for the transportation of the mail in
the Free States was, by the report of the Postmaster-General for the
year 1860 a little over $13,000,000, while the income was
$19,000,000. But in the Slave States the transportation of the mail
was $14,716,000, while the revenue from the same was $8,001,026,
leaving a deficit of $6,704,974, to be supplied by the North for our
accommodation, and without it we must have been entirely cut off
from this most essential branch of Government.
Leaving out of view, for the present, the countless millions of
dollars you must expend in a war with the North; with tens of
thousands of your sons and brothers slain in battle, and offered up as
sacrifices upon the altar of your ambition—and for what, we ask
again? Is it for the overthrow of the American Government,
established by our common ancestry, cemented and built up by their
sweat and blood, and founded on the broad principles of Right,
Justice and Humanity? And as such, I must declare here, as I have
often done before, and which has been repeated by the greatest and
wisest of statesmen and patriots in this and other lands, that it is the
best and freest Government—the most equal in its rights, the most
just in its decisions, the most lenient in its measures, and the most
aspiring in its principles to elevate the race of men, that the sun of
heaven ever shone upon. Now, for you to attempt to overthrow such
a government as this, under which we have lived for more than
three-quarters of a century—in which we have gained our wealth, our
standing as a nation, our domestic safety while the elements of peril
are around us, with peace and tranquillity accompanied with
unbounded prosperity and rights unassailed—is the height of
madness, folly, and wickedness, to which I can neither lend my
sanction nor my vote.
The seven seceding States (South Carolina, Mississippi, Georgia,
Florida, Alabama, Louisiana and Texas,) as shown by data previously
given, organized their Provisional Government, with Jefferson Davis,
the most radical secession leader, as President; and Alex. H.
Stephens, the most conservative leader, as Vice-President. The
reasons for these selections were obvious; the first met the views of
the cotton States, the other example was needed in securing the
secession of other States. The Convention adopted a constitution, the
substance of which is given elsewhere in this work. Stephens
delivered a speech at Savannah, March 21st, 1861, in explanation and
vindication of this instrument, which says all that need be said about
it:
“The new Constitution has put at rest forever all the agitating
questions relating to our peculiar institutions—African slavery as it
exists among us—the proper status of the negro in our form of
civilization. This was the immediate cause of the late rupture and
present revolution. Jefferson, in his forecast, had anticipated this as
the ‘rock upon which the old Union would split.’ He was right. What
was conjecture with him, is now a realized fact. But whether he fully
comprehended the great truth upon which that rock stood and
stands, may be doubted. The prevailing ideas entertained by him and
most of the leading statesmen at the time of the formation of the old
Constitution, were that the enslavement of the African was in
violation of the laws of nature: that it was wrong in principle,
socially, morally, and politically. It was an evil they knew not well
how to deal with, but the general opinion of the men of that day was,
that somehow or other, in the order of Providence, the institution
would be evanescent and pass away. This idea, though not
incorporated in the Constitution, was the prevailing idea at the time.
The Constitution, it is true, secured every essential guarantee to the
institution while it should last, and hence no argument can be justly
used against the constitutional guarantees thus secured, because of
the common sentiment of the day. Those ideas, however, were
fundamentally wrong. They rested upon the assumption of the
equality of races. This was an error. It was a sandy foundation, and
the idea of a government built upon it; when the ‘storm came and the
wind blew, it fell.’
“Our new Government is founded upon exactly the opposite idea;
its foundations are laid, its corner-stone rests upon the great truth
that the negro is not equal to the white man. That slavery—
subordination to the superior race, is his natural and normal
condition. This, our new Government, is the first, in the history of
the world, based upon this great physical and moral truth. This truth
has been slow in the process of its development, like all other truths
in the various departments of science. It has been so even amongst
us. Many who hear me, perhaps, can recollect well, that this truth
was not generally admitted, even within their day. The errors of the
past generation still clung to many as late as twenty years ago. Those
at the North who still cling to these errors, with a zeal above
knowledged, we justly denominate fanatics.***
“In the conflict thus far, success has been, on our side, complete
throughout the length and breadth of the Confederate States. It is
upon this, as I have stated, our actual fabric is firmly planted; and I
cannot permit myself to doubt the ultimate success of a full
recognition of this principle throughout the civilized and enlightened
world.
“As I have stated, the truth of this principle may be slow in
development, as all truths are, and ever have been, in the various
branches of science. It was so with the principles announced by
Galileo—it was so with Adam Smith and his principles of political
economy—it was so with Harvey and his theory of the circulation of
the blood. It is stated that not a single one of the medical profession,
living at the time of the announcement of the truths made by him,
admitted them. Now they are universally acknowledged. May we not,
therefore, look with confidence to the ultimate universal
acknowledgment of the truths upon which our system rests. It is the
first government ever instituted upon principles of strict conformity
to nature, and the ordination of Providence, in furnishing the
materials of human society. Many governments have been founded
upon the principle of certain classes; but the classes thus enslaved,
were of the same race, and in violation of the laws of nature. Our
system commits no such violation of nature’s laws. The negro, by
nature, or by the curse against Canaan, is fitted for that condition
which he occupies in our system. The architect, in the construction of
buildings, lays the foundation with the proper materials, the granite;
then comes the brick or the marble. The substratum of our society is
made of the material fitted by nature for it, and by experience we
know that it is best, not only for the superior, but for the inferior race
that it should be so. It is, indeed, in conformity with the ordinance of
the Creator. It is not for us to inquire into the wisdom of His
ordinances, or to question them. For His own purposes He has made
one race to differ from another, as He has made ‘one star to differ
from another star in glory.’
“The great objects of humanity are best attained when conformed
to His laws and decrees, in the formation of governments, as well as
in all things else. Our Confederacy is founded upon principles in
strict conformity with these laws. This stone which was first rejected
by the first builders ‘is become the chief stone of the corner’ in our
new edifice.
“The progress of disintegration in the old Union may be expected
to go on with almost absolute certainty. We are now the nucleus of a
growing power, which, if we are true to ourselves, our destiny, and
high mission, will become the controlling power on this continent.
To what extent accessions will go on in the process of time, or where
it will end, the future will determine.”
It was determined by the secession of eleven States in all, the
Border States except Missouri, remaining in the Union, and West
Virginia dividing from old Virginia for the purpose of keeping her
place in the Union.
The leaders of the Confederacy relied to a great extent upon the
fact that President Buchanan, in his several messages and replies to
commissioners, and in the explanation of the law by his Attorney-
General, had tied his own hands against any attempt to reinforce the
garrisons in the Southern forts, and they acted upon this faith and
made preparations for their capture. The refusal of the
administration to reinforce Fort Moultrie caused the resignation of
General Cass, and by this time the Cabinet was far from harmonious.
As early as the 10th of December, Howell Cobb resigned as Secretary
of the Treasury, because of his “duty to Georgia;” January 26th, John
B. Floyd resigned because Buchanan would not withdraw the troops
from Southern forts; and before that, Attorney-General Black,
without publicly expressing his views, also resigned. Mr. Buchanan
saw the wreck around him, and his administration closed in
profound regret on the part of many of his northern friends, and,
doubtless, on his own part. His early policy, and indeed up to the
close of 1860, must have been unsatisfactory even to himself, for he
supplied the vacancies in his cabinet by devoted Unionists—by Philip
F. Thomas of Maryland, Gen’l Dix of New York, Joseph Holt of
Kentucky, and Edwin M. Stanton of Pennsylvania—men who held in
their hands the key to nearly every situation, and who did much to
protect and restore the Union of the States. In the eyes of the North,
the very last acts of Buchanan were the best.
With the close of Buchanan’s administration all eyes turned to
Lincoln, and fears were entertained that the date fixed by law for the
counting of the electoral vote—February 15th, 1861—would
inaugurate violence and bloodshed at the seat of government. It
passed, however, peaceably. Both Houses met at 12 high noon in the
hall of the House, Vice-President Breckinridge and Speaker
Pennington, both democrats, sitting side by side, and the count was
made without serious challenge or question.
On the 11th of February Mr. Lincoln left his home for Washington,
intending to perform the journey in easy stages. On parting with his
friends at Springfield, he said:
“My Friends: No one, in my position, can realize the sadness I feel
at this parting. To this people I owe all that I am. Here I have lived
more than a quarter of a century. Here my children were born, and
here one of them lies buried. I know not how soon I shall see you
again. I go to assume a task more difficult than that which has
devolved upon any other man since the days of Washington. He
never would have succeeded except for the aid of Divine Providence,
upon which he at all times relied. I feel that I cannot succeed without
the same Divine blessing which sustained him; and on the same
Almighty Being I place my reliance for support. And I hope you, my
friends, will all pray that I might receive that Divine assistance,
without which I cannot succeed, but with which success is certain.
Again, I bid you all an affectionate farewell.”
Lincoln passed through Indiana, Ohio, New York, New Jersey and
Pennsylvania on his way to the Capitol. Because of threats made that
he should not reach the Capitol alive, some friends in Illinois
employed a detective to visit Washington and Baltimore in advance
of his arrival, and he it was who discovered a conspiracy in Baltimore
to mob and assassinate him. He therefore passed through Baltimore
in the night, two days earlier than was anticipated, and reached
Washington in safety. On the 22d of February he spoke at
Independence Hall and said:
“All the political sentiments I entertain have been drawn, so far as
I have been able to draw them, from the sentiments which originated
in, and were given to the world from, this hall. I never had a feeling,
politically, that did not spring from the sentiments embodied in the
Declaration of Independence.
 “It was not the mere matter of the separation of the Colonies from
the motherland, but that sentiment in the Declaration of
Independence, which gave liberty, not alone to the people of this
country, but, I hope, to the world for all future time. It was that
which gave promise that, in due time, the weight would be lifted
from the shoulders of men. This is the sentiment embodied in the
Declaration of Independence. Now, my friends, can this country be
saved upon that basis? If it can, I will consider myself one of the
happiest men in the world, if I can help to save it. If it cannot be
saved upon that principle, it will be truly awful! But if this country
cannot be saved without giving up the principle, I was about to say, ‘I
would rather be assassinated on the spot than surrender it.’ *** I
have said nothing but what I am willing to live by, and if it be the
pleasure of Almighty God, to die by!”
 Lincoln’s First Administration.

Such was the feeling of insecurity that the President elect was
followed to Washington by many watchful friends, while Gen’l Scott,
Col. Sumner, Major Hunter and the members of Buchanan’s Cabinet
quickly made such arrangements as secured his safety. Prior to his
inauguration he took every opportunity to quell the still rising
political excitement by assuring the Southern people of his kindly
feelings, and on the 27th of February,[17] “when waited upon by the
Mayor and Common Council of Washington, he assured them, and
through them the South, that he had no disposition to treat them in
any other way than as neighbors, and that he had no disposition to
withhold from them any constitutional right. He assured the people
that they would have all of their rights under the Constitution—‘not
grudgingly, but freely and fairly.’”
He was peacefully inaugurated on the 4th of March, and yet
Washington was crowded as never before by excited multitudes. The
writer himself witnessed the military arrangements of Gen’l Scott for
preserving the peace, and with armed cavalry lining every curb stone
on the line of march, it would have been difficult indeed to start or
continue a riot, though it was apparent that many in the throng were
ready to do it if occasion offered.
The inaugural ceremonies were more than usually impressive. On
the eastern front of the capitol, surrounded by such of the members
of the Senate and House who had not resigned their seats and
entered the Confederacy, the Diplomatic Corps, the Judges of the
Supreme Court, headed by Chief Justice Taney, the author of the
Dred Scott decision; the higher officers of Army and Navy, while
close by the side of the new President stood the retiring one—James
Buchanan—tall, dignified, reserved, and to the eye of the close
observer apparently deeply grieved at the part his party and position
had compelled him to play in a National drama which was now
reaching still another crisis. Near by, too, stood Douglas (holding
Lincoln’s hat) more gloomy than was his wont, but determined as he
had ever been. Next to the two Presidents he was most observed.

If the country could then have been pacified, Lincoln’s inaugural

was well calculated to do it. That it exercised a wholesome influence
in behalf of the Union, and especially in the border States, soon
became apparent. Indeed, its sentiments seemed for weeks to check
the wild spirit of secession in the cotton States, and it took all the
efforts of their most fiery orators to rekindle the flame which seemed
to have been at its highest when Major Anderson was compelled to
evacuate Fort Moultrie.
It is but proper in this connection, to make a few quotations from
the inaugural address, for Lincoln then, as he did during the
remainder of his life, better reflected the more popular Republican
sentiment than any other leader. The very first thought was upon the
theme uppermost in the minds of all. We quote:
“Apprehension seems to exist among the people of the Southern
States that by the accession of a Republican Administration their
property and their peace and personal security are to be endangered.
There has never been any reasonable cause for such apprehension.
Indeed, the most ample evidence to the contrary has all the while
existed and been open to their inspection. It is found in nearly all the
published speeches of him who now addresses you. I do but quote
from one of those speeches when I declare that ‘I have no purpose
directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the
States where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I
have no inclination to do so.’ Those who nominated and elected me
did so with full knowledge that I had made this and many similar
declarations, and had never recanted them. And more than this, they
placed in the platform for my acceptance, and as a law to themselves
and to me, the clear and emphatic resolution which I now read:
‘Resolved, That the maintenance inviolate of the rights of the
States, and especially the right of each State to order and control its
own domestic institutions according to its own judgment exclusively,
is essential to the balance of power on which the perfection and
endurance of our political fabric depend, and we denounce the
lawless invasion by armed force of the soil of any State or Territory,
no matter under what pretext, as among the gravest of crimes.’
I now reiterate these sentiments; and in doing so, I only press
upon the public attention the most conclusive evidence of which the
case is susceptible, that the property, peace, and security of no
section are to be in anywise endangered by the now incoming
Administration. I add, too, that all the protection which, consistently
with the Constitution and the laws, can be given, will be cheerfully
given to all the States when lawfully demanded, for whatever cause—
as cheerfully to one section as to another.
After conveying this peaceful assurance, he argued the question in
his own way, and in a way matchless for its homely force:
“Physically speaking, we cannot separate. We cannot remove our
respective sections from each other, nor build an impassable wall
between them. A husband and wife may be divorced, and go out of
the presence and beyond the reach of each other; but the different
parts of our country cannot do this. They cannot but remain face to
face; and intercourse, either amicable or hostile, must continue
between them. Is it possible, then, to make that intercourse more
advantageous or more satisfactory after separation than before? Can
aliens make treaties easier than friends can make laws? Can treaties
be more faithfully enforced between aliens than laws can among
friends? Suppose you go to war, you cannot fight always; and when
after much loss on both sides, and no gain on either, you cease
fighting, the identical old questions, as to terms of intercourse, are
again upon you.
“This country, with its institutions, belongs to the people who
inhabit it. Whenever they shall grow weary of the existing
Government they can exercise their constitutional right of amending
it, or their revolutionary right to dismember or overthrow it. I
cannot be ignorant of the fact that many worthy and patriotic citizens
are desirous of having the National Constitution amended. While I
make no recommendation of amendments, I fully recognize the
rightful authority of the people over the whole subject, to be
exercised in either of the modes prescribed in the instrument itself;
and I should under existing circumstances, favor rather than oppose
a fair opportunity being afforded the people to act upon it. I will
venture to add that to me the convention mode seems preferable, in
that it allows amendments to originate with the people themselves,
instead of only permitting them to take or reject propositions
originated by others, not especially chosen for the purpose, and
which might not be precisely such as they would wish to either accept
or refuse. I understand a proposed amendment to the Constitution—
which amendment, however, I have not seen—has passed Congress,
to the effect that the Federal Government shall never interfere with
the domestic institutions of the States, including that of persons held
to service. To avoid misconstruction of what I have said, I depart
from my purpose not to speak of particular amendments so far as to
say that, holding such a provision now to be implied constitutional
law, I have no objection to its being made express and irrevocable.
“The Chief Magistrate derives all his authority from the people,
and they have conferred none upon him to fix terms for the
separation of the States. The people themselves can do this also if
they choose; but the Executive, as such, has nothing to do with it. His
duty is to administer the present Government, as it came to his
hands, and to transmit it, unimpaired by him, to his successor.***
“In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in
mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The Government will not
assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the
aggressors. You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the
Government, while I shall have the most solemn one to ‘preserve,
protect and defend it.’
“I am loth to close. We are not enemies but friends. We must not
be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break
our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching
from every battle-field and patriot grave to every living heart and
hearth-stone, all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the
union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better
angels of our nature.”
Lincoln appointed a Cabinet in thorough accord with his own
views, and well suited to whatever shades of difference there were in
the Republican party. Wm. H. Seward, Secretary of State, and
Salmon P. Chase represented the more advanced anti-slavery
element; General Simon Cameron, Secretary of War, from the first
saw only a prolonged war in which superior Northern resources and
appliances would surely win, while Seward expressed the view that
“all troubles would be over in three months;” Gideon Welles,
Secretary of the Navy; Caleb B. Smith of the Interior; Edward Bates,
Attorney-General, and Montgomery Blair, Postmaster-General,
represented the more conservative Republican view—the two last
named being well adapted to retaining the National hold on the
Border States.
Political events now rapidly succeeded each other. As early as
March 11, John Forsyth of Alabama and Martin J. Crawford of
Georgia, submitted to the Secretary of State a proposition for an
unofficial interview. Mr. Seward the next day, from “purely public
considerations,” declined. On the 13th the same gentlemen sent a
sealed communication, saying they had been duly accredited by the
Confederate government as Commissioners, to negotiate for a speedy
adjustment of all questions growing out of the political separation of
seven States, which had formed a government of their own, etc. They
closed this remarkable document by requesting the Secretary of State
to appoint as early a day as possible in order that they may present to
the President of the United States the credentials which they bear,
and the objects of the mission with which they are charged.
 Mr. Seward’s reply in substance, said that his “official duties were
confined, subject to the direction of the President, to the conducting
of the foreign relations of the country, and do not at all embrace
domestic questions or questions arising between the several States
and the Federal Government, is unable to comply with the request of
Messrs. Forsyth and Crawford, to appoint a day on which they may
present the evidences of their authority and the object of their visit to
the President of the United States. On the contrary, he is obliged to
state to Messrs. Forsyth and Crawford that he has no authority, nor
is he at liberty to recognize them as diplomatic agents, or hold
correspondence or other communication with them.”
An extended correspondence followed, but the administration in
all similar cases, refused to recognize the Confederacy as a
government in any way. On the 13th of April the President granted
an interview to Wm. Ballard Preston, Alex. H. Stuart, and George W.
Randolph, who had been sent by the Convention of Virginia, then in
session, under a resolution recited in the President’s reply, the text of
which is herewith given:—
Gentlemen: As a committee of the Virginia Convention, now in
session, you present me a preamble and resolution in these words:
“Whereas, in the opinion of this Convention, the uncertainty which
prevails in the public mind as to the policy which the Federal
Executive intends to pursue toward the seceded States is extremely
injurious to the industrial and commercial interests of the country,
tends to keep up an excitement which is unfavorable to the
adjustment of pending difficulties, and threatens a disturbance of the
public peace: Therefore,
“Resolved, That a committee of three delegates be appointed to
wait on the President of the United States, present to him this
preamble and resolution, and respectfully ask him to communicate
to this Convention the policy which the Federal Executive intends to
pursue in regard to the Confederate States.”
“In answer I have to say, that, having at the beginning of my
official term expressed my intended policy as plainly as I was able, it
is with deep regret and some mortification I now learn that there is
great and injurious uncertainty in the public mind as to what that
policy is, and what course I intend to pursue.
 “Not having as yet seen occasion to change, it is now my purpose
to pursue the course marked out in the inaugural address. I
commend a careful consideration of the whole document as the best
expression I can give of my purposes. As I then and therein said, I
now repeat:
“The power confided to me will be used to hold, occupy, and
possess the property and places belonging to the Government, and to
collect the duties and imposts; but beyond what is necessary for
these objects there will be no invasion, no using of force against or
among the people anywhere.”
“By the words ‘property and places belonging to the Government’ I
chiefly allude to the military posts and property which were in the
possession of the Government when it came into my hands.
“But if, as now appears to be true, in pursuit of a purpose to drive
the United States authority from these places, an unprovoked assault
has been made upon Fort Sumter, I shall hold myself at liberty to
repossess, if I can, like places which had been seized before the
Government was devolved upon me. And, in any event, I shall, to the
best of my ability, repel force by force.
“In case it proves true that Fort Sumter has been assaulted, as is
reported, I shall perhaps cause the United States mails to be
withdrawn from all the States which claim to have seceded, believing
that the commencement of actual war against the Government
justifies and possibly demands it.”
“I scarcely need to say that I consider the military posts and
property situated within the States which claim to have seceded as
yet belonging to the Government of the United States as much as
they did before the supposed secession.
“Whatever else I may do for the purpose, I shall not attempt to
collect the duties and imposts by any armed invasion of any part of
the country—not meaning by this, however, that I may not land a
force deemed necessary to relieve a fort upon the border of the
country.
“From the fact that I have quoted a part of the inaugural address, it
must not be inferred that I repudiate any other part, the whole of
which I reaffirm, except so far as what I now say of the mails may be
regarded as a modification.”
 We have given the above as not only fair but interesting samples of
the semi-official and official transactions and correspondence of the
time. To give more could not add to the interest of what is but a
description of the political situation.
The Border states and some others were “halting between two
opinions.” North Carolina at first voted down a proposition to secede
by 46,671 for, to 47,333 against, but the secessionists called another
convention in May, the work of which the people ratified, the
minority, however, being very large.
Before Lincoln had entered office most of the Southern forts,
arsenals, docks, custom houses, etc., had been seized, and now that
preparations were being made for active warfare by the Confederacy,
many officers of the army and navy resigned or deserted, and joined
it. The most notable were General Robert E. Lee, who for a time
hesitated as to his “duty,” and General David E. Twiggs, the second
officer in rank in the United States Army, but who had purposely
been placed by Secretary Floyd in command of the Department of
Texas to facilitate his joining the Confederacy, which he intended to
do from the beginning. All officers were permitted to go, the
administration not seeking to restrain any, under the belief that until
some open act of war was committed it ought to remain on the
defensive. This was wise political policy, for it did more than all else
to hold the Border States, the position of which Douglas understood
fully as well as any statesman of that hour. It is remarked of Douglas
(in Arnold’s “History of Abraham Lincoln”) that as early as January
1, 1861, he said to General Charles Stewart, of New York, who had
made a New Year’s call at his residence in Washington, and inquired,
“What will be the result of the efforts of Jefferson Davis, and his
associates, to divide the Union?” “Rising, and looking,” says my
informant, “like one inspired, Douglas replied, ‘The cotton States are
making an effort to draw in the border States to their schemes of
secession, and I am but too fearful they will succeed. If they do
succeed, there will be the most terrible civil war the world has ever
seen, lasting for years.’ Pausing a moment, he exclaimed, ‘Virginia
will become a charnel house, but the end will be the triumph of the
Union cause. One of their first efforts will be to take possession of
this Capitol to give them prestige abroad, but they will never succeed
in taking it—the North will rise en masse to defend it;—but
Washington will become a city of hospitals—the churches will be
used for the sick and wounded—even this house (Minnesota block,
afterwards, and during the war, the Douglas Hospital) may be
devoted to that purpose before the end of the war.’ The friend to
whom this was said inquired, ‘What justification for all this?’
Douglas replied, ‘There is no justification, nor any pretense of any—if
they remain in the Union, I will go as far as the Constitution will
permit, to maintain their just rights, and I do not doubt a majority of
Congress would do the same. But,’ said he, again rising on his feet,
and extending his arm, ‘if the Southern States attempt to secede from
this Union, without further cause, I am in favor of their having just
so many slaves, and just so much slave territory, as they can hold at
the point of the bayonet, and NO MORE.’”
In the border states of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina,
Tennessee and Missouri there were sharp political contests between
the friends of secession and of the Union. Ultimately the Unionists
triumphed in Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri—in the latter state
by the active aid of U. S. troops—in Maryland and Kentucky by
military orders to arrest any members of the Legislature conspiring
to take their states out. In Tennessee, the Union men, under the lead
of Andrew Johnson, Governor (“Parson”) Brownlow, Horace
Maynard and others, who made a most gallant fight to keep the state
in, and they had the sympathy of the majority of the people of East
Tennessee. The Secessionists took Virginia out April 17th, and North
Carolina May 20th. The leading Southerners encouraged the timid
and hesitating by saying the North would not make war; that the
political divisions would be too great there, and they were supported
in this view by the speeches and letters of leaders like Clement L.
Vallandigham. On the other hand they roused the excitable by
warlike preparations, and, as we have stated, to prevent
reconsideration on the part of those who had seceded, resolved to
fire upon Sumter. Beauregard acted under direct instructions from
the government at Montgomery when he notified Major Anderson on
the 11th of April to surrender Fort Sumter. Anderson replied that he
would evacuate on the 15th, but the original summons called for
surrender by the 12th, and they opened their fire in advance of the
time fixed for evacuation—a fact which clearly established the
purpose to bring about a collision. It was this aggressive spirit which
aroused and united the North, and made extensive political division
therein impossible.
The Southern leaders, ever anxious for the active aid of the Border
States, soon saw that they could only acquire it through higher
sectional excitement than any yet cultivated, and they acted
accordingly. Roger A. Pryor, in a speech at Richmond April 10th,
gave expression to this thought, when he said in response to a
serenade:—
“Gentlemen, I thank you, especially that you have at last
annihilated this accursed Union, [applause,] reeking with corruption,
and insolent with excess of tyranny. Thank God, it is at last blasted
and riven by the lightning wrath of an outraged and indignant
people. [Loud applause.] Not only is it gone, but gone forever. [Cries
of ‘You’re right,’ and applause.] In the expressive language of
Scripture, it is water spilt upon the ground, which cannot be
gathered up. [Applause.] Like Lucifer, son of the morning, it has
fallen, never to rise again. [Continued applause.] For my part,
gentlemen, if Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin to-morrow
were to abdicate their offices and were to give me a blank sheet of
paper to write the conditions of reannexation to the defunct Union,
I would scornfully spurn the overture. * * * I invoke you, and I make
it in some sort a personal appeal—personal so far as it tends to our
assistance in Virginia—I do invoke you, in your demonstrations of
popular opinion, in your exhibitions of official intent, to give no
countenance to this idea of reconstruction. [Many voices,
emphatically, ‘Never,’ and applause.] In Virginia they all say, if
reduced to the dread dilemma of this memorable alternative, they
will espouse the cause of the South as against the interest of the
Northern Confederacy, but they whisper of reconstruction, and they
say Virginia must abide in the Union, with the idea of reconstructing
the Union which you have annihilated. I pray you, gentlemen, rob
them of that idea. Proclaim to the world that upon no condition, and
under no circumstance, will South Carolina ever again enter into
political association with the Abolitionists of New England. [Cries of
‘Never,’ and applause.]
“Do not distrust Virginia. As sure as to-morrow’s sun will rise upon
us, just so sure will Virginia be a member of this Southern
Confederation. [Applause.] And I will tell you, gentlemen, what will
put her in the Southern Confederation in less than an hour by
Shrewsbury clock—STRIKE A BLOW! [Tremendous applause.] The
very moment that blood is shed, old Virginia will make common
cause with her sisters of the South. [Applause.] It is impossible she
should do otherwise.”
Warlike efforts were likewise used to keep some of the states firmly
to their purpose. Hon. Jeremiah Clemens, formerly United States
Senator from Alabama, and a member of the Alabama Seceding
Convention who resisted the movement until adopted by the body, at
an adjourned Reconstruction meeting held at Huntsville, Ala., March
13, 1864, made this significant statement:—
Mr. Clemens, in adjourning the meeting, said he would tell the
Alabamians how their state was got out of the Union. “In 1861,” said
Mr. C., “shortly after the Confederate Government was put in
operation, I was in the city of Montgomery. One day I stepped into
the office of the Secretary of War, General Walker, and found there,
engaged in a very excited discussion, Mr. Jefferson Davis, Mr.
Memminger, Mr. Benjamin, Mr. Gilchrist, a member of our
Legislature from Loundes county, and a number of other prominent
gentlemen. They were discussing the propriety of immediately
opening fire on Fort Sumter, to which General Walker, the Secretary
of War, appeared to be opposed. Mr. Gilchrist said to him, ‘Sir,
unless you sprinkle blood in the face of the people of Alabama they
will be back in the old Union in less than ten days!’ The next day
General Beauregard opened his batteries on Sumter, and Alabama
was saved to the Confederacy.”
When the news flashed along the wires that Sumter had been fired
upon, Lincoln immediately used his war powers and issued a call for
75,000 troops. All of the northern governors responded with
promptness and enthusiasm; but this was not true of the governors
of the southern states which at that time had not seceded, and the
Border States.
We take from McPherson’s admirable condensation, the evasive or
hostile replies of the Governors referred to, and follow it with his
statement of the military calls and legislation of both governments,
but for the purposes of this work omit details which are too
extended.
 REPLIES OF SOUTHERN STATE GOVERNORS TO
LINCOLN’S CALL FOR 75,000 TROOPS.

Governor Burton, of Delaware, issued a proclamation, April 26,

recommending the formation of volunteer companies for the
protection of the lives and property of the people of Delaware against
violence of any sort to which they may be exposed, the companies
not being subject to be ordered by the Executive into the United
States service, the law not vesting him with such authority, but
having the option of offering their services to the General
Government for the defence of its capital and the support of the
Constitution and laws of the country.
Governor Hicks, of Maryland, May 14, issued a proclamation for
the troops, stating that the four regiments would be detailed to serve
within the limits of Maryland or for the defence of the capital of the
United States.
Governor Letcher, of Virginia, replied that “The militia of Virginia
will not be furnished to the powers of Washington for any such use
or purpose as they have in view. Your object is to subjugate the
southern States, and a requisition made upon me for such an object
—an object, in my judgment, not within the purview of the
Constitution or the act of 1795—will not be complied with. You have
chosen to inaugurate civil war, and having done so we will meet it in
a spirit as determined as the Administration has exhibited toward
the South.”
Governor Ellis, of North Carolina, replied April 15:
“Your dispatch is received, and if genuine—which its extraordinary
character leads me to doubt—I have to say in reply that I regard the
levy of troops made by the Administration, for the purpose of
subjugating the States of the South, as in violation of the
Constitution and a usurpation of power. I can be no party to this
wicked violation of the laws of the country, and to this war upon the
liberties of a free people. You can get no troops from North Carolina.
I will reply more in detail when your call is received by mail.”
Governor Magoffin, of Kentucky, replied, April 15:
“Your dispatch is received. In answer I say emphatically, Kentucky
will furnish no troops for the wicked purpose of subduing her sister
Southern States.”
Governor Harris, of Tennessee, replied, April 18:
“Tennessee will not furnish a single man for coercion, but fifty
thousand, if necessary, for the defence of our rights or those of our
southern brethren.”
Governor Jackson, of Missouri, replied:
“Your requisition is illegal, unconstitutional, revolutionary,
inhuman, diabolical, and cannot be complied with.”
Governor Rector, of Arkansas, replied, April 22:
“None will be furnished. The demand is only adding insult to
injury.”

ALL OTHER CALLS FOR TROOPS.

May 3, 1861—The President called for thirty-nine volunteer

regiments of infantry and one regiment of cavalry, with a minimum
aggregate of 34,506 officers and enlisted men, and a maximum of
42,034; and for the enlistment of 18,000 seamen.
May 3, 1861—The President directed an increase of the regular
army by eight regiments of infantry, one of cavalry, and one of
artillery—minimum aggregate, 18,054; maximum, 22,714.
August 6—Congress legalized this increase, and all the acts, orders,
and proclamations respecting the Army and Navy.
July 22 and 25, 1861—Congress authorized the enlistment of
500,000 volunteers.
September 17, 1861—Commanding officer at Hatteras Inlet, N. C.,
authorized to enlist a regiment of loyal North Carolinians.
November 7, 1861—The Governor of Missouri was authorized to
raise a force of State militia for State defence.
December 3, 1861—The Secretary of War directed that no more
regiments, batteries, or independent companies be raised by the
Governors of States, except upon the special requisition of the War
Department.
July 2, 1862—The President called for three hundred thousand
volunteers.