Waste Management and Resource

Recycling in the Developing World

Pardeep Singh
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Waste Management and
Resource Recycling in the
Developing World
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Waste Management and
Resource Recycling in the
Developing World
Edited by
PARDEEP SINGH
Department of Environmental Studies, PGDAV College, University of Delhi,
New Delhi, India

PRAMIT VERMA
Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu
University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India; University Centre of Excellence
“Interacting Minds, Societies, Environment”, Nicolaus Copernicus
University, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika (UMK) Torun, Poland

RISHIKESH SINGH
Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras
Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Department of Botany, Panjab
University, Chandigarh, India

ARIF AHAMAD
Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Engineering and
Technology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India

ANDRÉ C. S. BATALHÃO
Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research (CENSE), NOVA
University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal; Minas Gerais State University,
Passos, Brazil
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Contents

List of contributors xxv

Section 1 Generation of waste: problem to possible

solution in developing and under developing nations
1. Waste generation in Brazil: municipal, agricultural, and industrial wastes 3
Ingrid R.F.S. Alves, Luíza Santana Franca, Neanderson Galvão, Isabelli D. Bassin and
João Paulo Bassin
Abbreviations 3
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Municipal solid waste 5
1.3 Agricultural waste 11
1.4 Industrial waste 16
1.5 Perspectives 18
References 19

2. Generation of waste: problem to possible solution in developing and

underdeveloped nations 21
Mahadi Hasan Masud, Monjur Mourshed, Md. Sanowar Hossain,
Nufile Uddin Ahmed and Peter Dabnichki
2.1 Introduction 22
2.2 Overview of waste generation scenario 24
2.3 Effect of waste 26
2.3.1 Effect of waste of electrical and electronic equipment 26
2.3.2 Effect of medical waste 28
2.3.3 Effect of industrial waste 29
2.3.4 Effect of municipal solid waste 29
2.4 Current status of waste management 31
2.4.1 Review of some high-income countries 31
2.4.2 Upper-middle-income countries 34
2.4.3 Lower-middle-income countries 34
2.4.4 Low-income countries 36
2.5 Possible solution 37
2.5.1 Overview 37
2.5.2 Structuring waste management activities 40

v
vi Contents

2.5.3 Waste to energy and waste to products conversion 41

2.5.4 Landfilling 42
2.5.5 Circular material economy 42
2.5.6 Infrastructure development 43
2.5.7 Managing infectious waste 44
2.5.8 Composting 45
2.5.9 Sustainable recycling 46
2.5.10 Environmental sustainability 47
2.5.11 Public stewardship 48
2.5.12 Novel materials 48
2.5.13 Extended producer responsibility 49
2.6 Conclusion 50
2.7 Future recommendations 50
References 51

3. Use of participatory methodologies to improve the management of

urban solid waste in Sal Island—Cape Verde 61
Carlos Xavier, Ana Paula Martinho and Elisa Silvana Xavier

3.1 Introduction—issues faced by small island developing states 61

3.2 State of research of municipal solid waste management in small island developing states 63
3.2.1 Waste generation 63
3.2.2 Waste composition 64
3.2.3 Waste selection, transfer and transport 64
3.2.4 Waste management technologies 64
3.2.5 New trend in integrated municipal solid waste and future development 66
3.3 Methodology 67
3.4 Case study—municipal solid waste management in Sal Island 68
3.4.1 Characterization of Sal Island 68
3.4.2 Legal instruments for municipal solid waste management in Cape Verde 72
3.4.3 Benchmark status of municipal solid waste management in Sal Island
(interviews with technical staff) 73
3.4.4 Validation of current situation by the focus group 74
3.4.5 Hierarchy of priority measures to be implemented in municipal solid
waste management 79
3.5 Conclusions 81
References 82

4. Waste characterization in Brazil 85

Ingrid R.F.S. Alves, Neanderson Galvão, Isabelli D. Bassin and João Paulo Bassin

Abbreviations 85
4.1 Introduction 86
 Contents vii

4.2 Municipal solid waste 86

4.2.1 Selective waste collection 88
4.2.2 Reverse logistics 90
4.3 Health service waste 91
4.4 Construction and demolition waste 91
4.5 Agricultural waste 92
4.6 Industrial waste 94
4.7 Treatment and final destination 95
4.8 Final considerations and perspectives 96
References 97

Section 2 E-waste
5. E-waste: sources, management strategies, impacts, and consequences 101
Sujit Das, Tanushri Das, Tania Ghatak (Chakraborty), Himadrija Majumder,
Sahana Sultana and Abhijit Sarkar

5.1 Introduction 102

5.2 E-Waste—a global issue 103
5.3 Sources of e-waste 103
5.3.1 Toxic substances and their genesis 104
5.4 Generation of e-waste 104
5.5 E-waste recycling 105
5.5.1 Step-by-step process of e-waste recycling 105
5.5.2 Importance of recycling 108
5.5.3 Convenience of recycling 108
5.5.4 Inconvenience of recycling 109
5.6 E-Waste component’s reuse 110
5.6.1 Plastic 110
5.6.2 Metal 110
5.6.3 Glass 110
5.6.4 Hg-containing equipment 110
5.6.5 Hard drives 110
5.6.6 Batteries 110
5.7 Effects of e-waste in the environment 111
5.7.1 Air 111
5.7.2 Soil 112
5.7.3 Water 114
5.8 Effects of E-waste on human health 114
viii Contents

5.9 Impacts on agriculture 115

5.10 Management techniques of e-waste 115
5.11 Conclusion 118
Acknowledgement 118
References 118

6. Translational transport of e-waste and implications on human well

beings and the environment 125
Sangeeta, Shilpi Khurana and Amit Kumar
6.1 Introduction 125
6.2 Global e-waste generation 127
6.3 Transboundary movement of e-waste 128
6.4 International regulations for the hazardous material transboundary movement 130
6.4.1 Basel convention 131
6.4.2 The rotterdam convention 132
6.4.3 The Stockholm convention 132
6.5 Human health 133
6.6 Environmental effect 136
6.7 Discussion 138
6.8 Conclusion and future perspective 139
References 140

7. Electronic (E-waste) conduct: chemical assessment and treatment methods 143

Shelly Bhardwaj, Shilpi Khurana and Amit Kumar
7.1 Introduction 143
7.1.1 Classification of hazardous components of e-waste 146
7.2 Human and environmental effects 148
7.2.1 Impact on environment 148
7.2.2 Impact on human health 149
7.3 Current scenario of processing 150
7.3.1 Informal recycling techniques 150
7.3.2 Formal recycling techniques 151
7.4 Electronic waste legislations 153
7.4.1 Transboundary flow 154
7.4.2 Extended producer responsibility 154
7.5 Policy development in Asia for electronic waste 155
7.6 Analysis of e-waste management policies 157
7.7 Discussion 157
7.8 Conclusion 158
Acknowledgments 158
References 158
 Contents ix

8. Biological methods for the treatment of e-waste 163

Abhay Punia, Nalini Singh Chauhan and Ravindra Pratap Singh

8.1 Introduction 163

8.2 Classification of e-waste 164
8.3 Global scenario of e-waste 165
8.4 Disposal methods of e-waste 167
8.4.1 Bioremediation of e-waste 168
8.4.2 Phytoremediation of e-waste 171
8.4.3 Vermiremediation 174
8.5 Conclusion 175
References 175
Further reading 179

9. Chemical methods for the treatment of e-waste 181

Priti Malhotra and Arti Jain
9.1 Introduction 182
9.2 Identification of e-waste 182
9.3 Effects on air 186
9.3.1 Effects on soil 187
9.3.2 Effects on water 187
9.3.3 Effects on human health 188
9.4 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 189
9.5 Dioxin and furan-related health risks 189
9.6 Lead as a health deterrent on exposure 189
9.7 Beryllium exposure and its health damages 189
9.8 Cadmium as potent health deterrent 190
9.9 Exposure to mercury and its health damages 190
9.10 Flame retardants’ health damages 190
9.11 Land filling and its hazards 191
9.12 Hazards caused by landfilling 191
9.13 Incineration and its hazards 191
9.14 Damages and hazards of incineration process involve the following 192
9.15 Recycling of e-waste 192
9.16 Structure of printed circuit board 192
9.17 Techniques of chemical recycling 193
9.18 Chemical treatment by metallurgical processes 194
9.19 Chemical recycling techniques 196
9.20 Electrochemical process 196
9.21 Recycling by thermal methods 198
9.22 Pyrolysis process 199
x Contents

9.23 Thermal treatment 199

9.24 Recycling of LCD panels to procure indium 199
9.25 Production of clean fuel from recycling e-waste 200
9.26 Conclusion 200
References 201

10. E-waste management using different cost-effective, eco-friendly

biological techniques: an overview 205
Sangita Agarwal, Soumendra Darbar, Srimoyee Saha, Moharana Choudhury and
Ravindra Pratap Singh
10.1 Introduction 206
10.1.1 Overview of e-waste 206
10.1.2 E-waste trade and mechanism 208
10.1.3 E-waste flow model 208
10.1.4 Stakeholders 209
10.2 Statistics and e-waste management system in Asian countries 211
10.3 E-waste management system in India 211
10.4 Health hazards associated with e-waste 213
10.5 Consumer’s awareness 214
10.6 Economic benefit 214
10.7 E-waste management 215
10.8 Micro-remediation of e-waste 215
10.8.1 Bioleaching 216
10.8.2 Biosorption 216
10.8.3 Bioaccumulation 217
10.8.4 Microbial involvement in bioaccumulation process 217
10.8.5 Chemisorption of heavy metals by microorganism: a method for
the bioremediation of solutions 218
10.8.6 Biotransformation 218
10.8.7 Biomineralization 219
10.8.8 Microbially-enhanced chemisorption of metals 219
10.9 Recent trends in metal recovery methods from e-waste 219
10.10 Suggestion to control and manage e-waste in India 221
10.11 Ecological and environmental effects of e-wastes 222
10.11.1 Deleterious effects e-wastes on air 222
10.11.2 Deleterious effects of e-wastes on soil 223
10.11.3 Deleterious effects of e-wastes on water 223
10.12 Environmental and health issues 223
10.13 Recent research 225
10.14 Conclusion 226
Annexure I 226
 Contents xi

Annexure II (https://cpcb.nic.in/e-waste-recyclers-dismantler) 228

Annexure III Description of UNU categories (Baldé, C. P., Wang, F., Kuehr, R., Huisman,
J. 2015, The global e-waste monitor—2014, United Nations University, IAS—SCYCLE,
Bonn, Germany) 229
References 230

11. Life cycle assessment of e-waste management: current practices and

future research agenda towards sustainability 237
Haikal Ismail and Marlia M. Hanafiah
11.1 Introduction 237
11.2 Aim and motivation of the study 239
11.3 Overview on life cycle assessment and its development 239
11.3.1 Life cycle assessment as environmental assessment tool 239
11.3.2 Role of life cycle impact assessment methodologies and its recent
development 240
11.3.3 Transition of life cycle assessment towards sustainability assessment tool 241
11.4 Overview on application of life cycle assessment in e-waste management 242
11.5 Lessons learned and discussion 244
11.5.1 Life cycle assessment: current transition towards sustainability assessment
tool and its application in e-waste management 244
11.5.2 Future multidisciplinary research and agenda 245
11.6 Conclusions and outlooks 246
Acknowledgements 246
References 246

12. E-waste: policies and legislations for a sustainable green growth 253
Juhi Gupta
12.1 E-waste: current scenario 253
12.2 E-waste: generation and distribution 254
12.3 WEEE laws and enforcements: status 255
12.3.1 Indian legislations for e-waste 257
12.3.2 Market-based initiatives 257
12.4 Policy challenges 261
12.4.1 Consumer attitude towards recycling 263
12.5 Policy implications 263
12.6 Forward logistics versus reverse logistics life-cycle assessment of electronic products 264
12.7 SWOT analysis of e-waste policy trends 265
12.8 Discussion and conclusion 266
References 267
xii Contents

13. E-waste policies and implementation: a global perspective 271

Francine Duarte Castro, Amilton Barbosa Botelho Júnior, João Paulo Bassin,
Jorge Tenório (Alberto Soares), Laura Cutaia, Mentore Vaccari and
Denise Espinosa (Crocce Romano)
13.1 Introduction 271
13.2 The global e-waste generation 272
13.2.1 Quantifying e-waste generation 272
13.3 E-waste laws and regulations 276
13.3.1 North America 276
13.3.2 Latin America 279
13.3.3 Europe 283
13.3.4 Asia and Oceania 292
13.3.5 Africa 300
13.4 Conclusions and future perspectives 301
Acknowledgments 302
References 303

14. The future of e-waste in the circular economy of Ghana; implications

for urban planning, environmental and human health risks 309
Michael Osei Asibey, Abdul-Salam Jahanfo Abdulai, Benjamin Dosu Jnr and
Prosper Tornyeviadzi

14.1 Introduction 309

14.2 Environmental and health risks associated with informal e-waste recycling 311
14.3 Towards understanding the circular economy philosophy 312
14.3.1 Circular economy-environmental and waste management nexus and criticisms 313
14.4 The future of e-waste and the circular economy of Ghana: urban planning,
environmental, and health risk implications 315
14.4.1 Ghana’s e-waste recycling enterprise 315
14.4.2 Urban planning, circular economy, and opportunities for efficient
e-waste recycling in Africa: a focus on Ghana 317
14.5 Way forward and conclusion 322
References 323

15. The role of the informal sector on e-waste management:

a case study from Brazil 327
Francine Duarte Castro, Bárbara Gomes Xavier, Laura Cutaia,
Mentore Vaccari and João Paulo Bassin
List of symbols and acronyms 327
15.1 Introduction 328
15.2 Contextualization 330
 Contents xiii

15.2.1 EEE and WEEE in numbers 330

15.2.2 Brazilian WEEE legislation 331
15.2.3 The role of waste pickers on waste management in Brazil 336
15.2.4 The involvement of WPO on WEEE management in Brazil 339
15.3 Methodology 341
15.3.1 The region under study 342
15.3.2 Study design 343
15.4 Results 347
15.4.1 The profile of the waste picker organizations 347
15.4.2 The perspective of waste pickers: WEEE management 350
15.4.3 The perspective of waste pickers: WPO, the environment and the society 352
15.5 Discussion 352
15.5.1 SWOT analysis 352
15.5.2 Waste picker organizations and the sustainable development goals 355
15.6 Conclusions and perspectives 357
References 357

Section 3 Industrial waste

16. Recent perspectives of nanoparticles in industrial waste
management—an overview 365
Nilakshi Dhara Sharma, Shailja Dhiman, Ajit Varma and Arti Goel
16.1 Introduction 365
16.1.1 Current situation and problems 365
16.1.2 Why nanotechnology 366
16.2 Types of synthesis 367
16.2.1 Conventional methods 368
16.2.2 Green synthesis 368
16.3 Nanoparticles in waste management 371
16.3.1 nZVI (nanoscale zero-valent iron) 371
16.3.2 Carbon nanotubes 373
16.3.3 Titanium dioxide nanoparticles 373
16.3.4 Zinc oxide nanoparticles 374
16.4 Nanoparticles in ex-situ and in-situ waste management 375
16.5 Mechanistic approach towards the waste management through nanoparticles 376
16.6 Conclusion 378
References 379
xiv Contents

17. Advances in industrial waste management 385

Darshan Singh

17.1 Introduction 385

17.2 Types of wastes 387
17.3 Techniques for removal of organic/inorganic waste and heavy metals 387
17.3.1 Chemical precipitation 387
17.3.2 Chemical coagulation/flocculation 388
17.3.3 Chemical stabilization or lime stabilization 388
17.3.4 Ion exchange 389
17.3.5 Membrane filtration 390
17.3.6 Brine technologies 393
17.3.7 Phytoremediation 395
17.3.8 Advanced oxidation processes 398
17.3.9 Adsorption 403
17.4 Management of industrial solid wastes 407
17.4.1 Landfill or dump 407
17.4.2 Incineration 408
17.4.3 Composting 409
17.5 Waste to energy technologies 411
17.5.1 Combustion 411
17.5.2 Anaerobic digestion 412
17.5.3 Fermentation 412
17.5.4 Gasification 412
17.5.5 Pyrolysis 413
17.6 Conclusion 413
17.7 Future perspective 414
References 414

18. Nano- and microplastics in the environment: a potential threat

to in-situ bioremediation of wastewaters 417
Imania Ghaffar, Arshad Javid, Syed Mohsin Bukhari, Waqas Ali,
Syed Ghulam Mohayud Din Hashmi and Ali Hussain

18.1 Introduction 417

18.2 Implication of different microbes in bioremediation of wastewaters 422
18.2.1 Implication of bacteria in bioremediation 422
18.2.2 Use of fungi in bioremediation 423
18.2.3 Utility of microalgae in phytoremediation 424
18.3 Effect of microplastics on bioremedial potential of microbes 424
18.3.1 Microplastics 424
18.3.2 Intrusion of microplastics in the environment 425
 Contents xv

18.3.3 Impact of microplastics on microbial communities 426

18.3.4 Effect of microplastics on microbes carrying out in-situ bioremediation
of industrial wastewaters 426
18.4 Conclusions and recommendations 429
References 429

19. Biological methods for the treatment of industrial waste 437

Ananya Dutta, Roopa Kumari, Trishna Rajbongshi, Jyotirmoy Sarma and
Sanchayita Rajkhowa
19.1 Introduction 437
19.1.1 Aerobic and anaerobic treatment of wastewater 440
19.2 Waste water treatment from food industry 440
19.2.1 Characteristics of dairy wastewater and its harmful effects on environment 441
19.3 Treatment of effluents of dye industry 443
19.3.1 Aerobic treatment of dyes 443
19.3.2 Anaerobic treatment of dyes 445
19.3.3 Treatment in combined aerobic-anaerobic system 446
19.4 Waste water treatment from pharmaceutical industry 447
19.4.1 Aerobic technique 448
19.4.2 Aerobic technique 448
19.4.3 Anaerobic technique 449
19.5 Conclusion 450
References 451

20. Adsorptive removal of hazardous dyes from industrial waste

using activated carbon: an appraisal 455
Charu Arora, Dipti Bharti, Sanju Soni, Asha Patel and Rahul Singh

20.1 Introduction 455

20.2 Methodological design and methods of dye removal 458
20.2.1 Biological dye removal methods 459
20.2.2 Chemical dye removal methods 459
20.2.3 Physical dye removal methods 459
20.2.4 Factors affecting adsorption 461
20.3 Adsorption on activated carbon 461
20.3.1 Definition of activated carbon 461
20.3.2 Porous structure and surface area 461
20.3.3 Chemical structure 463
20.3.4 Activated carbon preparation from various sources 463
20.3.5 Classification 464
20.3.6 Properties of activated carbon 465
xvi Contents

20.3.7 Applications of activated carbon 465

20.4 Dye removal by activated carbon 466
20.4.1 Combination of techniques for dye removal 467
20.5 Conclusions 476
References 476

Section 4 Biomedical/hazardous waste

21. Hazardous waste management: lessons from developed countries 487
Taniya Banerjee, Ammu P. Nair and Smitha M.S.
21.1 Introduction 487
21.2 Challenges faced by developing countries 489
21.3 Open dumping 489
21.4 Open burning 489
21.5 Examples of waste management in various developed countries 490
21.5.1 United States 490
21.5.2 Japan 492
21.5.3 Singapore 493
21.5.4 Germany 494
21.5.5 The Netherlands 495
21.5.6 Hong Kong 497
21.5.7 Norway 499
21.6 Brief comparison between waste management practices in developing and
developed countries 500
21.7 Conclusion 502
References 503

22. Hazardous biomedical waste management scenario in developing countries 505

Deeksha Krishna and H.K. Sachan

22.1 Introduction 505

22.2 Sources of biomedical wastes in developing countries 507
22.2.1 Biomedical waste classification in developing countries 509
22.3 Management of biomedical waste in developing nations 509
22.4 Treatment of infectious medical waste 511
22.4.1 Treatment technologies used in developing countries 512
22.5 Conclusion 515
References 515
 Contents xvii

23. Chemical methods for the treatment of biomedical hazardous waste 521
Manita Thakur, Manisha Chandel, Anita Rani, Ajay Sharma and Deepak Pathania

23.1 Introduction 521

23.2 Biomedical hazardous waste 522
23.2.1 Type of biomedical waste 526
23.2.2 Sources of biomedical hazardous waste 527
23.3 Chemical routes for the management of biomedical waste 530
23.3.1 Supercritical water oxidation technique 530
23.3.2 Ion exchange process 531
23.3.3 Incineration 532
23.3.4 Autoclaving 532
23.3.5 Microwaving 532
23.3.6 Shredding 532
23.4 Importance of biomedical waste management 532
23.5 Conclusion 538
References 538

24. Advances in biomedical waste management technologies 543

Jaskiran Kaur

24.1 Introduction 543

24.2 Categories, sources and fate of biomedical waste 545
24.3 Need for biomedical waste management 546
24.4 Conventional ways for managing biomedical waste 548
24.4.1 Thermochemical methods 548
24.4.2 Chemical treatment 550
24.5 State of the art treatment of biomedical wastes 551
24.5.1 Bioremediation of biomedical waste 551
24.5.2 Plant bioremediation 563
24.5.3 Membrane technology 564
24.6 Conclusion and future prospects 565
References 566

Section 5 Sustainable waste management

25. Biological treatment of pharmaceutical wastes 577
Tahir Mehmood, Fareeha Nadeem, Muhammad Bilal, Bisma Meer,
Kushif Meer and Sarmad Ahmad Qamar
25.1 Introduction 577
xviii Contents

25.2 Types of pharmaceutical waste 578

25.2.1 Hazardous waste 579
25.2.2 Non-hazardous pharmaceutical waste 581
25.2.3 Chemo waste 582
25.2.4 Controlled substances 582
25.2.5 Chemical wastes 583
25.2.6 Potentially infectious wastes 583
25.2.7 Liquid waste 583
25.2.8 Ampoules 583
25.2.9 Solid waste 584
25.3 Sources of pharmaceuticals in the environment 584
25.3.1 Sources of pharmaceutical in marine water 584
25.3.2 Environmental fate of pharmaceuticals in marine water 586
25.3.3 Sources of industrial pharmaceutical waste 586
25.3.4 General sources of pharmaceutical wastes 588
25.4 Biological pretreatment methods for the valorization of pharmaceutical wastes 590
25.4.1 Anaerobic methodologies 590
25.4.2 Aerobic methodologies 592
25.5 Practices of effective management of pharmaceutical/healthcare wastes 594
References 595

26. A review on municipal solid wastes and their associated problems

and solutions (waste-to-energy recovery and nano-treatment) with
special reference to India 601
Piu Saha and Sumi Handique

Acronyms 601
26.1 Introduction 602
26.2 Waste generation in India 606
26.3 Waste management practices in India to address the problem of municipal
solid waste 606
26.4 Challenges faced while addressing the municipal solid waste management 608
26.4.1 Segregation at source 608
26.4.2 Lack of funding to address the municipal solid waste problem 608
26.4.3 Failure of waste-to-energy recovery 608
26.4.4 Communication gap between center and State government 609
26.4.5 Implementation of rules and regulations 609
26.4.6 Research and development for new technological practices 609
26.5 Energy recovery from municipal solid waste 610
26.6 Direct waste-to-energy processes 610
 Contents xix

26.6.1 Indirect waste-to-energy processes 610

26.7 Nanotechnology and waste management 614
26.7.1 Nanoparticles and their use in treating leachate of municipal solid
waste landfills 614
26.7.2 The impact of nanoparticles on the composting of municipal solid waste 618

26.8 Conclusion 619

References 620
Further reading 623

27. Applications of waste-to-economy practices in the urban wastewater

sector: implications for ecosystem, human health and environment 625
Siril Singh, Rajni Yadav and Anand Narain Singh
27.1 Introduction 625
27.2 Role and need of the waste-to-economy approach in the urban wastewater sector 626
27.3 Applications of waste-to-economy practices in the urban wastewater sector 628
27.3.1 Recovery of value-added products 628
27.3.2 Biofuels production 629
27.3.3 Biopolymers production 630
27.3.4 Biopesticides production 630
27.3.5 Biosurfactants and bioflocculant production 631
27.4 Environmental implications 632
27.4.1 Impact of wastewater reuse on soil parameters 633
27.4.2 Impact of wastewater reuse on micro-and macro-fauna 633
27.4.3 Impact of wastewater reuse on climate change and greenhouse gases 634
27.5 Human health implications 635
27.5.1 Pathogens 635
27.5.2 Heavy metals 636
27.5.3 Antibiotic resistance 637
27.5.4 Emerging contaminants 637
27.6 Challenges to waste-to-economy concept in the urban wastewater sector 638
27.7 Conclusion and future recommendations 638
Acknowledgements 641
References 642

28. Cost-benefit analysis act as a tool for evaluation of agricultural

waste to the economy: a synthesis 647
Rajni Yadav, Siril Singh and Anand Narain Singh
28.1 Introduction 647
28.2 Agricultural waste to the economy/energy 649
xx Contents

28.2.1 Composting 651

28.2.2 Biochar 653
28.2.3 Biogas power generation 654
28.2.4 Biomass fuel 655
28.3 Some key projects of waste-to-energy in India and their challenges 656
28.4 Conclusion and recommendations 660
References 660

29. Conversion of waste materials into different by-products of economic value 665
Sophayo Mahongnao, Pooja Sharma and Sarita Nanda
29.1 Introduction 666
29.2 Production of bio-organic fertilizers 668
29.3 Production of enzymes from organic wastes 672
29.3.1 Amylase 672
29.3.2 Pectinase 672
29.3.3 Polygalacturonase 674
29.3.4 Cellulases and xylanase 675
29.3.5 Proteases 676
29.3.6 Lipases 677
29.4 Production of biofuel 678
29.4.1 Bio-ethanol 678
29.4.2 Hydrogen 678
29.4.3 Biogas or methane 681
29.4.4 Biodiesel 682
29.5 Production of bio-materials 682
29.5.1 Biodegradable plastics 682
29.5.2 Bio-nanocomposite 683
29.5.3 Other biomaterials 683
29.5.4 Lipomyces starkeyi 684
29.6 Adsorbent and biomass for bioremediation 684
29.7 Flavors and fragrances 685
29.8 Organic acids 686
29.8.1 Acetic acid 686
29.8.2 Citric acid 686
29.8.3 Fumaric acid 688
29.8.4 Lactic acid 688
29.8.5 Propionic acid 689
29.8.6 Gluconic acid 689
29.9 Pigments 689
29.10 Pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals 690
 Contents xxi

29.11 Polysaccharides 692

29.12 Dietary fiber production 692
29.13 Natural colorant 693
29.14 pH indicator films 694
29.15 Single-cell protein 694
29.16 Conclusion 695
References 695

30. Vermicomposting—the sustainable solid waste management 701

Ankita Chowdhury and Abhijit Sarkar

30.1 Introduction 701

30.2 Classification 703
30.2.1 Gaseous waste 703
30.2.2 Liquid waste 704
30.2.3 Solid waste 705
30.3 Management of waste: reduce, reuse and recycle 706
30.3.1 Different methods of solid waste management 707
30.4 Different kinds of composting 709
30.4.1 Vessel composting 709
30.4.2 Windrow composting 710
30.4.3 Static composting 710
30.4.4 Sheet composting 710
30.4.5 Berkley rapid composting 710
30.4.6 Indian composting 710
30.4.7 Vermicomposting 711
30.5 Conclusion 717
Acknowledgments 718
References 718

31. Sustainability of biorefineries for waste management 721

Kailas L. Wasewar
31.1 Introduction 722
31.2 Biorefinery 723
31.2.1 Concept of biorefinery 724
31.2.2 Goals to be achieved through biorefineries 724
31.2.3 Classification of biorefinery 727
31.2.4 Feedstock for biorefinery 728
31.2.5 Criteria for biorefinery 729
31.2.6 Critical aspects to be considered for successful biorefinery 729
xxii Contents

31.2.7 Bioeconomy and biorefinery 729

31.3 Waste biorefinery 730
31.3.1 Concept of waste biorefinery 730
31.3.2 Classification of waste biorefinery 730
31.4 Biorefinery technologies 731
31.4.1 Pretreatment 731
31.4.2 Enzymatic hydrolysis 731
31.4.3 Fermentation 732
31.4.4 Fast pyrolysis 732
31.4.5 Hydrothermal conversion 732
31.4.6 Anaerobic digestion/fermentation 732
31.4.7 Dark fermentation 732
31.4.8 Electro-fermentation 732
31.4.9 Photo-fermentation 733
31.5 Types of waste biorefinery 733
31.5.1 Agricultural waste biorefineries 733
31.5.2 Algae based biorefinery 733
31.5.3 Animal waste biorefinery 733
31.5.4 Bakery waste 734
31.5.5 Cereals industry waste biorefinery 734
31.5.6 Coffee industry waste biorefinery 734
31.5.7 Dairy waste biorefineries 734
31.5.8 Eggs industry waste biorefineries 735
31.5.9 Fish industry waste 735
31.5.10 Food waste biorefineries 735
31.5.11 Forestry waste biorefinery 736
31.5.12 Fruit industry waste biorefinery 738
31.5.13 Industrial waste biorefinery 738
31.5.14 Meat industry waste 739
31.5.15 Municipal solid waste biorefineries 739
31.5.16 Oil crops waste based biorefinery 739
31.5.17 Oily waste biorefineries 740
31.5.18 Plastic waste biorefinery 740
31.5.19 Sea water biorefineries 740
31.5.20 Starchy waste biorefineries 740
31.5.21 Sugar-crops and tubers waste biorefinery 740
31.5.22 Vegetable industry waste biorefinery 741
31.5.23 Wastewater biorefinery 741
31.6 Perspective & conclusion 741
References 749
 Contents xxiii

32. Municipal solid waste management in Brazil: overview and trade-offs

between different treatment technologies 755
Neanderson Galvão, Ingrid R.F.S. Alves and João Paulo Bassin

Abbreviations 755
32.1 Introduction 756
32.2 Technologies for treatment and final disposal of municipal solid waste 756
32.2.1 Incineration 756
32.2.2 Anaerobic digestion 757
32.2.3 Sanitary landfill 761
32.2.4 Minimization of municipal solid waste 762
32.2.5 Reuse and recycling 763
32.2.6 Composting 764
32.3 Trade-off between waste treatment/final disposal technologies 765
32.3.1 Landfill versus incineration 765
32.3.2 Incineration versus recycling/composting 766
32.3.3 Landfill versus recycling/composting/anaerobic digestion 767
32.4 Final considerations and perspectives 768
References 769

33. Waste management practices in the developing nations:

challenges and opportunities 773
Tanu Kumari and Akhilesh Singh Raghubanshi
33.1 Introduction 774
33.2 Global trends of municipal solid waste management in the developing countries 774
33.2.1 Comparison of waste production in developed and developing countries 775
33.2.2 Non-technical variables influencing sustainable waste management 778
33.3 Characterization of waste and different processes of waste management 780
33.3.1 MSW disposal processes 781
33.4 Challenges of solid waste management 782
33.5 Approaches for solid waste management 785
33.6 Opportunities for the solid waste management 786
33.6.1 Collection and transport 787
33.6.2 Segregation and sorting 788
33.6.3 Recycling 788
33.6.4 Processing 788
33.6.5 Energy recovery 789
33.6.6 Disposal 790
33.7 Possible changes 790
33.7.1 Changes at the highest level of waste management hierarchy 790
xxiv Contents

33.7.2 Changes regarding perspective towards the role of stakeholders

in municipal solid waste management 791
33.8 Solution 792
33.8.1 Integrated solid waste management 792
33.8.2 A seven-step approach towards municipal solid waste management plan 793
33.9 Conclusion 794
Acknowledgments 794
References 794

Index 799
List of contributors

Abdul-Salam Jahanfo Abdulai

Department of Geography, Ohio University, Ohio, United States
Sangita Agarwal
Department of Applied Science, RCC Institute of Information Technology, Kolkata,
West Bengal, India
Nufile Uddin Ahmed
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology,
Rajshahi, Bangladesh
Waqas Ali
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Wildlife and Ecology,
University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
Ingrid R.F.S. Alves
Defense Engineering Program, Military Institute of Engineering (IME), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Charu Arora
Department of Chemistry, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
Michael Osei Asibey
Department of Planning, Faculty of Built Environment, Kwame Nkrumah University of
Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
Taniya Banerjee
Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Isabelli D. Bassin
School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
João Paulo Bassin
Chemical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil; Civil Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio
de Janeiro, Brazil; School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
Shelly Bhardwaj
Theory & Simulation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi,
India
Dipti Bharti
Department of Applied Sciences, Greater Noida Institute of Technology, Greater Noida,
Uttar Pradesh, India
Muhammad Bilal
School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian,
P.R. China

xxv
xxvi List of contributors

Amilton Barbosa Botelho Júnior

Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo,
São Paulo, Brazil
Syed Mohsin Bukhari
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Wildlife and Ecology,
University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
Francine Duarte Castro
Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics
(DICATAM), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
Manisha Chandel
Department of Chemistry, IEC University, Baddi, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
Nalini Singh Chauhan
Department of Zoology, Kanya Maha Vidyalya, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
Moharana Choudhury
Voice of Environment (VoE), Guwahati, Assam, India
Ankita Chowdhury
Laboratory of Applied Stress Biology, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga,
Malda, West Bengal, India
Laura Cutaia
Department for Sustainability—Resources Valorization Lab, Italian National Agency for New
Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Rome, Italy
Peter Dabnichki
School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Soumendra Darbar
Faculty Council of Science, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India; Research and
Development Division, Dey’s Medical Stores (Mfg.) Ltd., Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Sujit Das
Laboratory of Applied Stress Biology, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga,
Malda, West Bengal, India
Tanushri Das
Laboratory of Applied Stress Biology, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga,
Malda, West Bengal, India
Shailja Dhiman
Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, Uttar
Pradesh, India
Ananya Dutta
Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
Denise Espinosa (Crocce Romano)
Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo, São
Paulo, Brazil
 List of contributors xxvii

Luíza Santana Franca

Chemical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil
Neanderson Galvão
Chemical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil
Imania Ghaffar
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Wildlife and Ecology,
University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
Tania Ghatak (Chakraborty)
Department of Botany, Shibpur Dinobundhoo Institution (College), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Arti Goel
Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, Uttar
Pradesh, India
Juhi Gupta
Amity Institute of Environmental Sciences (AIES), Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh,
India
Marlia M. Hanafiah
Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Bangi and Sintok, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre
for Tropical Climate Change System, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Sumi Handique
Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
Md. Sanowar Hossain
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology,
Rajshahi, Bangladesh
Ali Hussain
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Wildlife and Ecology,
University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Applied and Environmental
Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Haikal Ismail
Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Bangi and Sintok, Selangor, Malaysia; School of
Technology Management and Logistics, College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Bangi
and Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia
Arti Jain
Daulat Ram College, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
Arshad Javid
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Wildlife and Ecology,
University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
xxviii List of contributors

Benjamin Dosu Jnr

Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Lethbridge, Albertha,
Canada
Jaskiran Kaur
Department of Biotechnology, Baba Farid Group of Institutions, Bathinda, Punjab, India
Shilpi Khurana
Department of Chemistry, Deshbandhu College, Kalkaji, New Delhi, India
Deeksha Krishna
College of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry, Koronivia Campus, Fiji National University, Fiji
Amit Kumar
Theory & Simulation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
Roopa Kumari
Department of Chemistry, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
Tanu Kumari
Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development (IESD), Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi, India
Smitha M.S.
Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Sophayo Mahongnao
Department of Biochemistry, Daulat Ram College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
Himadrija Majumder
Laboratory of Applied Stress Biology, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga,
Malda, West Bengal, India
Priti Malhotra
Daulat Ram College, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
Ana Paula Martinho
Department of Sciences and Technology, Universidade Aberta, Lisbon, Portugal; CAPP,
Center for Public Administration and Public Policies, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
Mahadi Hasan Masud
School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
Bisma Meer
Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Kushif Meer
Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Tahir Mehmood
Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,
Lahore, Pakistan; Centre for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab,
Lahore, Pakistan
Another random document with
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splints and bandages, and my face covered with strips of court
plaster, until nothing but my mouth was in working order, and I wore
out a nurse bringing me things to eat, and I never enjoyed myself
more in my life than I did in that hospital, just eating and being petted
by good looking nurses.
My lawyer told me to groan all the time when anybody was present,
and when a railroad lawyer called at the hospital to take an invoice of
my wounds, and my lawyer was present to see that I groaned plenty,
it was all I could do to keep from laughing, but my lawyer would run a
paper knife into my slats every time I quit groaning, so we were
working the railroad all right, and the hospital doctors, who were
going to have a share in the money, made a list of my broken bones,
and the railroad lawyer wanted to be shown every break in my
anatomy.
Well things went on this way for several days, and I was getting
nervous from the plaster casts on me.
I didn’t like it very much when the railway lawyer offered to settle for
five dollars, claiming I was a tramp stealing a ride, but he brought my
chum to see me, and my chum who had his neck twisted around by
a bale of hay falling on him, settled for twenty dollars, and so I did
the same, and when the nurses were asleep in the afternoon, my
chum and me left the hospital with forty good dollars, and started
across the bridge for St. Louis, to find the air ships.
We were sitting down on a railroad track, at the east entrance to the
bridge, and I had taken off my clothes, and was breaking the plaster
of paris off my limbs, when my lawyer came along on his motorcycle,
on the way to the hospital to make me groan some more, and when
he saw us he had a fainting spell, and when I told him we had been
discharged cured, he said it was hard for a deserving lawyer to be
knocked out of a half million dollar fee by a dumb fool client who
didn’t know enough to look out for his own interests, and he was
going to have us arrested for highway robbery, but I told him I
wouldn’t have known what to do with so much money if we had
kanoodled the railroad out of a million dollars, in addition to a free
ride on its palatial freight car, and besides it would be cheating, and
the lawyer drew a long sigh and told us to get out of the country and
he would continue the suit on the ground that we had been injured
so bad that we became insane and jumped into the river, and he
offered to throw us in the river, but we jumped on a street car and
went across to St. Louis in search of the park where the balloon man
was that had offered us a job riding in balloons.
We found the man and he said they were all going to start for
somewhere the next morning and we could go along, my chum in
one balloon and I in another, and all we would have to do was to
throw out ballast when told to do so, and open cans of stuff to eat,
and for us to buy thick sweaters, and show up at nine o’clock in the
morning, and write the address where we wanted our remains sent
to in case we were killed, and pin the address on our sweaters.
It wasn’t cheerful and my chum and I talked it over until late that
night, and I am sorry to say my chum showed a streak of yellow, and
he confessed to me that he was a coward, and came from a family of
cowards, and that he didn’t have sand enough to go up in a balloon,
and he would let me go up, but he would rather stay on the ground,
where he could feel the earth with his feet, and watch the balloons.
He said that people who go up in balloons were either crazy, or had
met with some disappointment in life, and took the balloon method of
committing suicide, and he would side step balloons, and if the time
ever came when he was tired of life, he would take a job firing on an
engine, or go into burglary, or get in love with some old man’s wife,
or marry a chorus girl, or something that would be fatal, but on land.
Gee, but I was disappointed in my chum. He had been in a reform
school, and I thought he had gravel in his crop, but he proved to
have the chilblains, and so I went to the balloon man in the morning
alone, and told him I had made my will, and was ready to go up to
heaven or down to Helena, Arkansas, any minute he was ready, but
my chum had weakened and gone glimmering.
I got in the basket and looked things over, and jumped out and in
several times, and asked questions of the two men who were to go
up in it, and they seemed pleased that I was not afraid, and they
asked me if I thought my father would make a kick if I was killed or
lost at sea, or anything, and I told them from my last conversation
with Pa I thought he would take it as a kindness if they should find it
convenient to spill me out somewhere or lose me, and when they
landed, if they could make affidavit that I had been permanently
disposed of, like a mess of kittens under water in a bag, with a stone
in it, that Pa would be willing to cough up quite a premium.
That held them for a little while, and then they asked me who I was,
anyway, and when I told them that I was the only original “Peck’s
Bad Boy,” they said that from their recollection of my tricks on my
father they could readily see how a fatality might be a blessing, and
they seemed relieved of any responsibility, and we went to work to
get things in the basket, and they instructed me what I was to do.
The basket was about nine feet square, and it had more things in it
than a delicatessen store.
At about ten o’clock in the morning, with thousands of people
watching the balloons, they began to cut loose and go shooting into
the air, and it was a race.
The man told me that the balloon that went the farthest from St.
Louis before being compelled to land would get the prize, and I
began to feel anxious to have our balloon win.
I watched those that started first, and they went up so far I could only
see little specks in the sky, and I thought of balloons I had seen go
up on fair grounds, where a girl sat on a trapeze bar, and jumped off,
and a parachute opened and took her safely to the ground, and I
looked around our balloon for a parachute, but there was none, and I
wondered what would happen if the balloon came down, with its gas
all escaped, like the fair ground balloon, and there is where I came
the nearest to weakening and climbing out, but I thought if I did I
would be a coward like my chum, and then I thought if those two
grown men, with families depending on them for support, were going
up, they were not doing it for any suicidal purpose, and I could go if
they could, and when the boss man said, “Now, Bub, if you want to
stay ashore, this is your last chance,” I said, “Your little Hennery is
ready to go where you go, and you can’t tie her loose any too soon
to suit me,” and he patted me on the head and said, “Hennery, you
sure are game,” and then all was ready and he said to them to let go.
My heart went up and rubbed against my palate, and the balloon
made a jump like a horse going over a five foot fence, advertising a
brand of whiskey, and we shot up into the air, the people yelling, and
I saw my chum sitting on a dray, driving a mule, and I thought of the
difference between a brave boy and a mucker like my chum, the
houses began to look smaller, until St. Louis looked like play houses,
with a ribbon of gray on the side of it, which was the river.
The boss looked at a machine and said we were five miles high, and
I thought how I had always enjoyed high life, and I was trying to get
my heart swallowed down where it belonged.
The balloon basket was as steady as a house, and I got up and
looked over the side of the basket, and it seemed awful, cause I had
never been higher than the top of a twenty story building before, and
I began to weep tears, and the air seemed queer, and I was just
going to faint when the boss told me to open a can of lobsters, and I
woke up.
 CHAPTER V.
The Bad Boy Leaves St. Louis in a Balloon—The Boy Makes a Trip to
San Francisco and Joins Evans’ Fleet—The Police Arrest Boy and
Tie Up Balloon.

When our balloon left St. Louis, and got up in the air so far that the
earth looked like a piece of rag carpet, with pop corn scattered over
it, which were villages, and I realized that if anything busted, we
would be dropping for hours before we struck a church steeple, and
would be so dead when we hit the ground, and stiff and cold that we
would be driven down in the mud so far no one would ever find us,
and I looked at the two fool men in the basket with me, who didn’t
seem to care what became of them, as though they were unhappily
married or had money in a shaky bank, I began to choke up, and the
tears came to my eyes, and I took a long breath of thin air, and
fainted dead away.
When I fainted we were being driven south, and when I came to, with
a smell of ammonia on my hair, we were going east, and the balloon
had gone down within a mile of the earth, and the men gave me
some hot tea out of a patent bottle, and pretty soon I began to enjoy
myself and wonder if I could hit a mess of negroes picking cotton in a
field, with a sand bag.
When you are up in the air so far that a policeman cannot reach you,
you feel loose enough to insult men that would knock your block off if
you should give them any lip when you were on the ground.
We came down a half a mile more, and I asked the boss man if I
might throw a sand bag at the negroes, and he said I might throw a
bundle of advertisements for liver pills at them, so I yelled, “Hello,
you black rabbits,” and when the negroes looked up and saw the
balloon, they turned pale, and dropped on their knees, and I guess
they began to pray, and I didn’t mean to interfere with their
devotions, so I threw a bottle of ginger ale at a mule hitched to a
wagon near them, and when the bottle struck the mule on the head
and exploded and the ginger ale began to squirt all over the colored
population, the mule run one way with the wagon, and the negroes
ran for the cane brakes. The boss man in the balloon complimented
me on being a good shot, and said I had many characteristics of a
true balloonist, and probably before we got to the end of the trip I
would get so I could hit a church steeple with a bag of ballast, and
break up a Sunday School in the basement. He said that being up in
the rarefied air made a man feel as though he would like to commit
murder, and I found out that was so, for the next town we passed
over, when all the people were out in the main street, and the balloon
man told me to throw over a bag of sand, so we could go up higher,
instead of trying to throw the bag into a field, where there was
nobody to be hurt or frightened, do you know, I shied that bag at a
fountain in the public square and laughed like a crazy person when
the water splashed all over the crowd, and the fountain was
smashed to pieces, and the pirates in the balloon complimented me,
and yet, when those men are at home, on the ground, they are
christian gentlemen, they told me, so I made up my mind that if
ballooning became a fashionable pastime, those who participated in
it would become murderers, and the people on the ground would
shoot at a balloonist on sight.
We went up so high that we were out of range of people on the
ground, so you couldn’t pick out any particular person to hit with a
bundle of pickle advertisements, so you had to shoot into a flock,
and run chances of winging somebody, so I did not enjoy it, but
along towards evening we passed over a town in Tennessee or
Kentucky, where there was a race track, and races going on, and
just as we got over it I said to the boss balloon man, “Just watch me
break up that show,” and I pitched overboard a whole mass of
advertisements of different things we carried, and two bundles hit the
grand stand, and exploded, and about a million circulars advertising
pills and breakfast food struck the track, just as the horses were in
the home stretch, and of all the stampedes you ever saw that was
the worst, horses running away, riders fell off, carriages tipped over,
and the people in the grand stand falling over themselves, and as we
sailed along none of us seemed to care two whoops whether
anybody was killed or not. It was the craziness of being up in the air,
and not caring for responsibility, like a drunken chauffeur running a
crazy automobile through a crowd of children, and acting mad
because they were in the way of progress.
We laughed and chuckled at the sensation we had caused, but
cared no more for the results than a hired girl who starts a fire with
kerosene.
It came on dark after a while, and all we had to do was to look at the
stars and the moon, and it seemed to me that the stars were as big
as locomotive headlights, and that you could see into them, and on
several of the largest stars I was sure I could see people moving,
and the moon seemed so near that you could catch the smile of the
man in the moon, and see him wink at you.
The two men had to remain awake all night, but after awhile I said I
guessed I would have my berth made up, and the boss man handed
me a shredded wheat biscuit for a pillow, and laid me down by the
sand bags and the canned food, and threw a blanket over me, and I
slept all night, sailing over states, the balloon moving so still there
was no sound at all.
I woke up once or twice and listened for a street car, or some noise
to put me to sleep again, and found myself wishing there was a fire,
so a fire department would go clanging by, making a noise that
would be welcome in the terrible stillness.
I dreamed the awfulest dreams, and thought I saw Pa, in another
balloon, with a rawhide in his hand, chasing me, and the great bear
in the heavens seemed to be getting up on his hind legs, with his
mouth open, ready to hug me to his hairy chest.
It was a terrible night, and at daylight the boss man woke me up and
I looked over the side of the basket and we were going across a
piece of water where there were battle ships lined up like they were
at San Diego, when Cevera’s fleet was smashed, and the men said
now was the time to demonstrate whether balloons would be
serviceable in case of war, and told me to take a bundle of malted
milk advertisements, and imagine it was a dynamite bomb, and see if
I could land it on the deck of a big white battleship. I took a good aim
and let the bundle go and it struck on deck just in front of a cross
looking man in a white uniform, and scattered all over the deck and
the sailors and marines came up on deck in a wild stampede, and
threw the malted milk advertisements overboard, and as we sailed
on there was an explosion of red hot language from the cross
looking man in the white uniform, and the boss balloon man said,
“That is a good shot, Bub, for you landed that bundle of alleged
dynamite square on the deck of Admiral Bob Evans’ flagship. Didn’t
you hear him swear?” and then we went on, and the man in the
white uniform was shaking his fists and his mouth was working
overtime, but we couldn’t hear the brand of profanity he was
emitting, but we knew he was going some, for before we got out of
hearing the bugles were sounding on more than a dozen battleships,
the men came up from below and took positions in the rigging and
everywhere, and all was live with action, and the boss balloon man
said the fleet was preparing for its trip around the horn, to San
Francisco, and then I told the balloon man that he couldn’t land me a
minute too quick, because I was going to join that fleet and go with
Bob Evans, if I never did another thing in my life.
 Hit the Chief of Police with a Bottle.

The inspiration came to me up there in the rarefied air, and I was as

sure I was going around the Horn as though I was already on one of
the ships.
We sailed along part of the day and the gas began to give out, and I
had to throw over ballast, and open cans of food, and bottles of stuff
to drink, and I made some good shots with the sand bags and the
bottles. Once I hit right in front of a brakeman on a freight train with a
bottle of soda water, and again I hit an oyster schooner with a sand
bag and must have chuckled at least a barrel of oysters. The gas
kept escaping, and presently we came down in a field in Delaware,
after I had hit a chief of police in Wilmington with a bottle of beer,
which is a crime in a prohibition country, and after we landed the
police arrested the two balloon men, and tied up the balloon. They
paid me thirty dollars for my services, and I took a train for Fortress
Monroe to join the fleet, and left the two balloon men on the way to a
whipping post.
 CHAPTER VI.
The Balloon Lands in Delaware—The Boy Visits the Battleships—They
Scour the Boy With a Piece of Brick and Some Laundry Soap—The
Boy Investigates the Mechanism of the Battleships—The Boy Goes
With the Ships as a Mascot.

When our balloon that sailed from St. Louis came down in Delaware,
and I had bid good bye to the two men whom I sailed with, and they
had paid me good money for my services and keeping them awake, I
thought of that fleet we had passed over at Fortress Monroe, the
beautiful white battle ships, and I was afraid I could not get there
before it sailed, and secure my berth, as I had made up my mind to
go with it around the horn, and help fight Japan or mosquitoes, or
any old thing that came in the way, so I took the first train to Fortress
Monroe, and found that the whole population of several near by
states were going too, as the President was going to review the fleet
before it sailed.
The next day I was at the hotel at Old Point and with hundreds of
other people took a launch and went out among the battle ships.
Everybody was welcome to go aboard the ships, and we visited
several of them and were shown all over the vessels by the
uniformed jacks.
Gee, but a battleship is like a sky scraper on land, and you can go
from the roof clear down half a mile below the water line, and it is like
a combination of an engine manufactory, a boiler plant, a coal yard,
a wholesale grocery, a packing house, a blacksmith shop, a
department store, a hotel, a powder mill, a suburban trolley line, and
a bargain sale of blankets, a state fair and a military encampment,
and a parade ground, a county jail and an apartment house, with
rooms to let on the European plan and all of it in an iron coffin, liable
to go to the bottom any minute, if the air tanks are punctured.
Gee, but I was almost afraid to be down cellar in a battleship without
any life preserver, and when I went up on deck, where I could jump
overboard if she began to sink, there, away on top of the whole old
cook stove, were guns so big that it seemed if one got to moving
around on deck it would tip the ship over. It seemed to me like boring
a hole in a flat iron and crawling in, and being put in a bath tub, or
like rigging up a coal stove with paddles and outriggers, and
paddling out in a marsh duck shooting.
The first hour I was investigating the mechanism of a battleship and
was scared silly for fear she would get ready to sink, and as I looked
at the iron everywhere, which I had been taught in school would sink
so quick it would make your head swim, I wondered what my nation
could be thinking of to build ships of iron and depend on wind to
keep them on top of the water, and I thought it would be just as safe
to cover an iron railroad bridge with building paper, and launch it for
a trip across the ocean; and yet all the officers and men seemed to
enjoy it, and forget about the danger, for they laughed and played
jokes, and put on airs, and mashed the girls who came on board as
though they had made up their minds that it was only a matter of
time when the ships would sink, and they seemed to congratulate
themselves that when they went down with the ships a time lock
would close them up hermetically so sharks and devil fish couldn’t
eat the crew, and they could float around for all time and eternity
safe from the resurrection as they would be buried in a safety
deposit box in the vault of a trust company.
Some of the jacks played it on me. They took me and wrapped an
angora goat skin around me, with the hair outside, and tied a string
to my feet, and run it out of the breach of the big sixteen inch gun,
and another string on my legs, and they pulled me back and forth
through that forty foot gun to swab it out, and when I came out alive
they laughed and were going to tie a bag of shot to my feet and let
me off a plank over the side to practice on a burial at sea, but I yelled
for help and a cross looking man came along and pardoned me, and
told the fellows to take me to his cabin and wash the powder off my
face, and hold me until he could have a talk with me. When they had
scoured me with a piece of brick and some yellow laundry soap, the
man came into the cabin, and the boys who had hazed me said he
was Admiral Evans, and I remembered him cause once when he
was in the light house service he entertained Pa and me on his light
house tender, and held me on his lap at the New Orleans Mardi
Gras, and I said, “Hello, Mr. Evans, don’t you remember little
Hennery? I am Peck’s Bad Boy,” and he remembered me, and said,
“What n’ell you doing here?” and I told him I knew what he was up
against, going around the horn, and to San Francisco and Japan and
the Philippines, and that I wanted to go along on his ship as a
mascot, or a waiter or anything, and he said he didn’t know, but I
would be a good mascot, as last trip they had a goat and a monkey
for mascots, and I had a combination of both, and if he was going to
make a trip to hades, or any climate hotter than the straits of
Magellan, he thought I would be all right.
 They Pulled Me Through That Forty-Foot Gun to Swab It
Out.

He asked me what I could do and I told him there was nothing that I
couldn’t do if properly encouraged, anything, from flying a flag of
truce from the fighting top, to riding up in the ammunition elevator
with five hundred pounds of dynamite, to acting as the propeller to a
Whitehead torpedo.
We talked it over for an hour and he asked about Pa, and then he
said he would think it over, and he gave me a ticket with a number
on, and told me to be on the front porch of the Hotel Chamberlaine at
nine o’clock the second morning after, and if a steam launch from the
Connecticut landed there and gave two whistles, for me to get on
board with my baggage, and report to him before the fleet sailed.
Well, say, this was quick work, and I called a launch and visited the
other vessels, promising to be Johnny on the spot at the appointed
hour.
It was a great sight to see the review, when the President came
along on the yacht Mayflower and I forgot all about the battleships
being of iron liable to sink if the wind got out of the tanks, and was
never so proud in my life as I was when I saw the jacks climb up on
the rigging and hang on like monkeys, lined up like they were drilling
on deck, and when the Connecticut began to fire a salute to the
President, out of those great iron sewer pipes, and all the rest of the
fleet began to shoot at the air, the noise was so loud that it made
your head feel like you do when you take seidletz powders, and it
gullups up your nose, and the smokeless powder made the smoke
so thick you couldn’t see anything but the President’s teeth, as he
sailed along on his yacht, and I got so patriotic that the chills went up
my back like when you have the grip coming on, and then the smoke
cleared away and when a million American flags were flung to the
breeze, I began to choke up like you do when you are sick and the
callers say, “Well, brace up boy, you may pull through, but there are
a hundred chances against your living till morning,” and the tears
rolled down my cheeks, and my throat got full like I had the tonsilitis,
and everybody else on our launch except two Japanese were crying,
and then the President’s yacht took a position, and all the battleships
swinging into line and marched past, and the bands played, and we
all just bellered for patriotic joy, and I was so mad to see those
Japanese standing there like bottles of castor oil, not even smiling,
that I blew up a toy balloon which I have been playing air ship with,
and I whacked it on the head of the meanest looking Jap, and when
it exploded he was the scardest-looking person I ever saw, because
he thought one of those sixteen-inch shells had gone off in his hat,
and everybody said, “served him right,” and then he laughed, the first
time since the review started, and he wanted the skim of my toy
balloon as a souvenir of the first gun fired in the war with Japan.
 When it Exploded the Jap Was the Scaredest Person I Ever
Saw.

From that day, when I had examined critically our fleet and seen it
salute, and monkey around the President, I felt so patriotic that I
wanted to fight for my country, and I could hardly wait two days for
Mr. Evans to send his launch ashore after me, and I didn’t care if the
whole thing was iron, that couldn’t float under natural conditions and
if Bob Evans should put oarlocks on a bar of railroad iron, and put
me on it, with orders to go sink a Japanese sampon, or whatever
they call their war ships, I would step aboard that bar of railroad iron
with a light heart, wave my hat and tell them all to go plumb.
So we went ashore, and that evening there was a ball at the hotel,
and all the officers of the navy were there, and the army, and millions
of ladies with clothes on the lower half of them, and talcum powder
and black court plaster on the upper half, and the way they danced
and waltzed and flirted and et lobsters would make you dizzy, and
when Bob Evans walked limping by me, with a two-hundred-pound
lady on one arm, and a ninety-pound girl on the rheumatiz side of
him, I was so full of patriotic fire I couldn’t help saying, “Hello, Bob, I
will be on deck all right,” and he looked at me with an expression on
his face that looked as though he had drawn a lobster that had been
dead too long, and he marched along with his female procession,
and the orchestra struck up a good-night waltz, and everybody
waltzed, and took some drinks, and went home to wait the sailing of
the fleet the next day, and I went to bed with an order to be called at
sunrise, so I could be on the porch with my ticket in my hand, ready
to jump into the launch when she whistled and sail away “for a frolic
or a fight,” and I didn’t care which.
 CHAPTER VII.
A Storm Comes from the Coast of Cuba—Everyone Goes to Sleep on
the Ship Except the Watchman and Pilot—The Bad Boy Is Put in the
Dungeon—The Captain Says to Throw the Boy Overboard to Feed
the Sharks.

I feel like a bridegroom that has been left waiting at the church, with
no bride appearing, and the crowd scoffing at him, and commenting
on his clothes.
I waited on the porch of the hotel at Fortress Monroe all the forenoon
for Mr. Evans’ launch to come and get me and take me aboard his
gladship, holding my ticket in one hand and my bundle of clothes in
the other.
Launches came by the dozen, bringing people ashore, but no one
was allowed to go out to the ships. Finally the last launch came, and
it was manned by “Connecticut” men, and when I showed my ticket
and was going to get on, the boss said “skiddoo,” the boat moved
away with one of my feet on board and the other on the dock, and I
promptly fell in the water, the boss of the boat yelled to some one on
the dock to “get a boat hook and pull it out,” and soon I came up
strangling, a hook caught me in the pants and I was hauled out on
the dock, they rolled me on a barrel and stood me on my head to
empty the water out of me, and a soldier took me into the kitchen of
the hotel to have me dried out by the gas boiler, and I felt deserted
and demoralized. The guns boomed, the bands played, and I looked
out of the kitchen window and saw the fleet sail away south without
me, and I realized that Bob Evans had been “stringing” me, and that
he never intended I should go around the horn with the fleet, and I
thought that may be, if he was a liar, and used profane language,
and was subject to rheumatism, it was better that I did not go, as I
might be spoiled. But they can go plumb with their old fleet, and if the
Japs get Bob Evans and roast him over the coals, all I hope is that
he will be sorry for treating me as he did.

The Boss of the Boat Ordered Me Pulled Out with a Boat

Hook.

But I always light on my feet. After I got dried out, I met a man who
was picking up a crew to go to Europe from Baltimore on a cattle
ship, and he pictured to me the easy life on the ocean wave with a
load of steers, and hired me to go along, and I thought it was the
chance of my life to meet up with Pa, who is over there hunting
airships for his government, so we went to Baltimore, and that night
we were in the cattle ship and I slept in a hammock and ate my
bread and beef out of a tin basin.
Gee, what a change it was over my former trip to Europe with Pa, on
a regular liner, with a bed and meals in the cabin. But when a boy
goes out in the world to gain his own living, and travel on his face, he
has got to take what comes to him.
The next morning my work began. Our vessel went up to the stock
yards, and began to load steers for shipment, and all I had to do was
to act as a “twister.” When the cattle came through the shute, and
landed on the deck, and refused to go into the dark places, we had
to take hold of the tails of the cattle and twist them so they would
move on, and of all the bellowing you ever heard, that was the worst.
Whether the bellowing was caused by the tail twisting, or because
the cattle were home sick, and did not want to be kidnapped or
“shonghaid” on board a foreign-bound vessel, I don’t know, but it was
more exciting than the sea fight at Santiago and about as
dangerous, for the cattle hooked with their horns and kicked, and I
was kicked more than forty times, and would have quit, only the man
that hired me said if any of us were injured we would be put on the
government pension list, and be supported in luxury the balance of
our lives, so I worked for two days, and finally we got a thousand or
more steers down in the hold, sliding them down on skids, and they
were lined up in stalls, with a hay rack in front of them, and a bar
across behind them, and we sailed for the ocean, after feeding the
cattle bailed hay and giving them water and bedding.
It seemed to me those cattle were almost as comfortable as
steerage passengers on a liner, but they kicked and bellowed, and
pawed the planks off the deck, and mourned like lost souls.
The first day out I found that I was not a passenger, but a crew.
Instead of the easy life I had expected, loafing along across the
ocean, I had to get up before daylight and skin potatoes, and help
stir soup, and pulverize hard tack, and carry the food up into the