Differentiation Notes.

DIFFERENTIATION COMPILED BY T.
PONDO
We are familiar with finding the gradient of straight lines. The gradient of a straight line is the
measure of how steep the line is. However we can as well find the gradient of a curve . Unlike a
line which has constant steepness/gradient, a curve has no constant steepness hence there is need
to find the gradient function of a particular curve. The process of finding the gradient function is
called DIFFERENTIATION
Drawing a tangent by hand and measuring the gradient is a time consuming and inaccurate. Instead we
consider another point on 𝑓(𝑥) ,point Q,and draw ain the line joining P and Q. This line is called a chord.
The point Q has x-coordinate, 𝑥 = 𝑎 + ℎ. The gradient of the chord is approximately equal to the gradient
at P.
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑓(𝑥)
The gradient of the chord PQ = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Imagine the point Q slides down 𝑓(𝑥) so that it is closer to P,i.e h decreases. The closer Q gets to P, the
closer the gradient of the tangent at P. We say that ‘in the limit as h tends to zero’ , the gradient of the
chord PQ equals the gradient of the tangent at P. As h is made arbitrarily small, so Q and P arbitrarily
close together,the gradient of PQ becomes arbitrarily close to the gradient of the tangent at P and we write
𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒉) − 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒇′(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
𝑑𝑦
𝑓 ′𝑥 = which is the derivative of y with respect with respect to x.
𝑑𝑥
It is also known as the gradient function
pg. 1 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263774815580)

‘CHAMPIONS KEEP PLAYING UNTIL THEY GET IT RIGHT’
Example 1
Find the derivative of y w r t x of
a. 𝑦 = 5𝑥 + 3
b. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 2
c. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4
1
d. 𝑦= 2
𝑥
Solution 1a.
Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
(5(𝑥 + ℎ) + 3) − (5𝑥 + 3)
= 𝑓′(𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
5𝑥 + 5ℎ + 3 − 5𝑥 − 3
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
5ℎ
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim 5 = 5
ℎ→0
𝑑𝑦
∴ =5
𝑑𝑥
Solution 1b.
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
3(𝑥 + ℎ)2 + 2 − (3𝑥 2 + 2)
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
3(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ2 ) + 2 − 3𝑥 2 − 2
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
(3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥ℎ + 3ℎ2 ) + 2 − 3𝑥 2 − 2
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
6𝑥ℎ + 3ℎ2
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
ℎ(6𝑥 + 3ℎ)
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim 6𝑥 + 3ℎ
ℎ→0
𝑓′(𝑥) = 6𝑥

𝑑𝑦
∴ = 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Solution 1c.
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
(𝑥 + ℎ)2 − 2(𝑥 + ℎ) + 4 − (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4)
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ2 ) − 2𝑥 − 2ℎ + 4 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 4
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
2𝑥ℎ + ℎ2 − 2ℎ
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
ℎ(2𝑥 + ℎ − 2)
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim 2𝑥 + ℎ − 2 = 2𝑥 − 2
ℎ→0
𝑑𝑦
∴ = 2𝑥 − 2
𝑑𝑥
Solution 1d.
1
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
1 1
−
(𝑥 + ℎ)2 𝑥 2
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑥 2 − (𝑥 + ℎ)2
𝑥 2 (𝑥 + ℎ)2
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑥 2 − (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ2 )
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 𝑥 2 ℎ(𝑥 + ℎ)2
𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 2 ℎ − ℎ2
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 𝑥 2 ℎ(𝑥 + ℎ)2
ℎ(−2𝑥 − ℎ)
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 𝑥 2 ℎ(𝑥 + ℎ)2
−2𝑥 − ℎ
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + ℎ)2

−2𝑥 −2
= = 3
𝑥4 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −2
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Differentiate the following from first principles
1. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 5
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
3. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 3
4. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 − 5
5. 𝑦 = −(7𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 2)
1
6. 𝑦=𝑥
GENERAL DIFFERENTIATION
If
𝒅𝒚
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑛 then 𝒅𝒙
= 𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏
𝒅𝒚 𝒅(𝒂𝒙𝒏 )
2. 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 then 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒅(𝒙𝒏 )
⟹ =𝒂 = 𝒏𝒂𝒙𝒏−𝟏
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
3. 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 is a constant then 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
Examples
Differentiate each of the following with respect to x
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 5
Solution
𝑑𝑦
= 5𝑥 5−1 = 5𝑥 4
𝑑𝑥
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 −7
Solution
𝑑𝑦
= −7𝑥 −7−1 = −7𝑥 −6
𝑑𝑥
3. 𝑦 = 9𝑥 −6
Solution
𝑑𝑦
= (−6)(9)𝑥 −6−1 = −54𝑥 −7
𝑑𝑥
4. 𝑦 = 230

Solution
𝑑𝑦
=0
𝑑𝑥
5. 𝑦 = 𝑥 −1/4
Solution
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
= (− 𝑥 −4−1 = − 𝑥 −5/4
𝑑𝑥 4 4
Differentiation is distributive i.e if 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯

𝒅𝒚 𝒅(𝒂𝒙𝒏−𝟏 ) 𝒅(𝒃𝒙𝒏−𝟏 )
Then 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒙
+ 𝒅𝒙
+⋯
Examples
Differentiate each of the following with respect to x
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 5 + 6𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5
Solution
𝑑𝑦 𝑑(𝑥 5 ) 𝑑(6𝑥 2 ) 𝑑(3𝑥) 𝑑(5)
= + − + = 𝑥 4 + 12𝑥 − 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 −3
Solution
𝑑𝑦
= 9𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 −4
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 4 −3𝑥+2
3. 𝑦 = 2𝑥
Solution
𝑥 4 3𝑥 2 3
𝑦= 2
− 2 + 2 = 𝑥 2 − + 2𝑥 −2 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 −1 + 2𝑥 −2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 −2 − 4𝑥 −3
𝑑𝑥
𝒏𝒕𝒉 DERIVATIVE
If = 𝑓(𝑥) , then
𝑑𝑦
1𝑠𝑡 derivative is 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑦′
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
2𝑛𝑑 derivative is = ( ) = 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 𝑦′′
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
The second derivative is obtained by differentiating the first derivative
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑2 𝑦
3𝑟𝑑 derivative is 𝑑𝑥 3 =𝑑𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 2 ) = 𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = 𝑦′′′
⋮ ⋮
𝒅𝒏 𝒚 𝒅 𝒅𝒏−𝟏 𝒚
𝑛𝑡ℎ derivative is 𝒅𝒙𝒏
=𝒅𝒙 (𝒅𝒙𝒏−𝟏 ) = 𝒇𝒏 (𝒙) = 𝒚𝒏
Examples
Find the
1. First derivative of 𝑦 = √𝑥

Solution
𝑑𝑦 1 1−1 1 −1/2
𝑦 = 𝑥 1/2 ⇒ = 𝑥2 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 2
2. Third derivative of 𝑦 = 3𝑥 −2 + 4𝑥 3 + 24
Solution
𝑑𝑦
= −6𝑥 −3 + 12𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
= 18𝑥 −4 + 12
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑3 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 3
= −72𝑥 −5
Gradient at given point

Example
Find the gradient of the given curve at the given point on the curve
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 at the point 𝑥 = 2 and hence find the equation of the tangent at that point
Solution
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 − 3
𝑑𝑥
At 𝑥 = 2
𝑑𝑦
= 2(2) − 3 = 1
𝑑𝑥
Equation of tangent at 𝑥 = 2
When 𝑥 = 2
𝑦 = 22 − 3(2) = −2
Equation of tangent
𝑦 − −2
=1
𝑥−2
⇒𝑦+2=𝑥−2
⟹𝑦 =𝑥+4
2. Find the coordinates of the point when the given gradient have been given
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3 given that gradient = 1
Solution
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 − 1 = 1
𝑑𝑥
⇒ 2𝑥 = 1 + 1
⇒ 2𝑥 = 2
∴𝑥=1
When 𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 3 therefore the point at which gradient is 1 is (1; 3)
Practice questions
1. Find the equation of the tangent and normal at the given curve at the given points on the
curve
a. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1 where 𝑥 = 0
1
b. 𝑦 = 𝑥 where 𝑥 = −1

c. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2 where 𝑥 = 3
Derivatives of exponential functions

𝒅𝒚
If 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) where 𝑓(𝑥) is a function of x then 𝒅𝒙
= 𝒇′ (𝒙)𝒆𝒇(𝒙)
i.e. to differentiate an exponential function , we write the function as it is and then
multiply by the derivative of the power
examples
Differentiate the following with respect to x
1. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
Solution
𝑑𝑦
= 1. 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2. 𝑦 = 𝑒 5𝑥
Solution
𝑑𝑦
= 5. 𝑒 𝑥 = 5𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
3
3. 𝑦 = 𝑒 −3𝑥 +5𝑥
Solution
𝑑𝑦 3
= (−9𝑥 2 + 5𝑥) 𝑒 −3𝑥 +5𝑥
𝑑𝑥
4. 𝑦 = 4𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
solution
𝑑𝑦
= 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Practice questions
Differentiate the following exponential functions w.r.t.x
1. 𝑦 = 𝑒 4𝑥
1𝑥
2. 𝑦=𝑒4
3. 𝑦 = 𝑒 √𝑥
3
4. 𝑦 = 𝑒 9𝑥 −5𝑥+3
1
5. 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝑥
𝑒
6. 𝑦 = 6𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
DERIVATIVES OF LOGARITHIMIC FUNCTIONS

If 𝑦 = ln 𝑓(𝑥) where 𝑓(𝑥) is a function of 𝑥
𝒅𝒚 𝒇′(𝒙)
Then 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒙)
Examples
Differentiate the following w.r.t.x
1. 𝑦 = ln(4𝑥)
Solution

𝑑𝑦 4 1
= =
𝑑𝑥 4𝑥 𝑥
2. 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 4)
Solution
𝑑𝑦 3𝑥 2 − 2
= 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 4
𝑥 3 +1
3. 𝑦 = ln( )
5𝑥 2 −3𝑥
Solution
𝑦 = ln(𝑥 3 + 1) − ln(5𝑥 2 − 3𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 3𝑥 2 10𝑥 − 3
⟹ = 3 − 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 1 5𝑥 − 3𝑥
4. 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 − 3)3 (𝑥 + 1)2
Solution
𝑦 = ln(𝑥 − 3)3 + ln(𝑥 + 1)2
𝑑𝑦 3(𝑥 − 3)2 2(𝑥 + 1)
= +
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 3)3 (𝑥 + 1)2
𝑑𝑦 3 2
⟹ = +
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 + 1
Practice questions
1. y = ln(2 + 𝑥)
2. y = ln(2𝑥 2 + 1
3. 𝑦 = ln(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
4. 𝑦 = √𝑥 3 + 5
8
5. 𝑦 = ln( )
𝑥
6. 𝑦 = ln(cos 𝑥)
Derivatives of trigonometric functions

If 𝑦 = sin 𝑓(𝑥) where 𝑓(𝑥) is a function of 𝑥
𝒅𝒚
Then 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒇′ (𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒇(𝒙)
Examples
1. 𝑦 = sin 5𝑥
Solution
𝑑𝑦
= 5 cos 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2. 𝑦 = sin(𝑥 2 − 7)
Solution
𝑑𝑦
= (2𝑥) cos(𝑥 2 − 7)
𝑑𝑥
If 𝑦 = cos 𝑓(𝑥) where 𝑓(𝑥) is a function of x
𝒅𝒚
Then 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒇′ (𝒙) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒇(𝒙)

Examples
1.𝑦 = cos(−7𝑥)
Solution
𝑑𝑦
= 7 s 𝑖𝑛 (−7𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
2. 𝑦 = cos(𝑥 2 − 7)
Solution
𝑑𝑦
= (−2𝑥) sin(𝑥 2 − 7)
𝑑𝑥
Practice questions
1. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
2. 𝑦 = sin(𝑥 2 + 𝜋)
𝜋
3. 𝑦 = sin(− 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )
2
3𝑥
4. 𝑦 = cos (− )
4
5. 𝑦 = 6cos(𝜋 − 3𝑥)
6. 𝑦 = cos(𝑒 𝑥 − 7)
PRODUCT RULE
If 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 where 𝑢 and 𝑣 are functions of 𝑥 then
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒖
=𝒖 +𝒗
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Examples
Differentiate each of the following w.r.t.x
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Solution
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 ⟹ = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
And 𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Then = 𝑥 2 . (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + 2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = −𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥
3𝑥
2. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
Solution
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 3𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑣
And 𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 ⟹ = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Then 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 3𝑥 . 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 3𝑒 3𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
3. 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 3)3 (2𝑥 − 4)−3
Solution
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = (𝑥 + 3)3 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 3(𝑥 + 3)2

𝑑𝑣
And 𝑣 = (2𝑥 − 4)−3 ⟹ = −3(2)(2𝑥 − 4)−4 = −6(2𝑥 − 4)−4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Then 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 + 3)3 (−6)(2𝑥 − 4)−4 + (2𝑥 − 4)−3 (3)(𝑥 + 3)2
= −6(𝑥 + 3)3 (2𝑥 − 4)−4 + 3(2𝑥 − 4)−3 (𝑥 + 3)2
Practice questions
Differentiate each of the following w.r.t.x
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥
2. 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)√2𝑥 − 4
3. 𝑦 = (9𝑥 − 5)ln(3𝑥 − 7)
4. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 3)−6 (4 − 9𝑥)3
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
5. 𝑦 = 2−𝑥 2
6. 𝑦 = 5𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥
Quotient Rule
𝑢
If 𝑦 = 𝑣 where 𝑢 and 𝑣 are functions of 𝑥 then
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗
𝒅𝒚 𝒗 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒖 𝒅𝒙
=
𝒅𝒙 𝒗𝟐
Examples
𝑥3
1. 𝑦 = 1−4𝑥
Solution
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 ⟹ = 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = 1 − 4𝑥 ⟹ = −4
𝑑𝑥
Using
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
𝑑𝑦 (1 − 4𝑥). 3𝑥 − 𝑥 3 . (−4) 3𝑥 2 (1 − 4𝑥) + 4𝑥 3
2
= =
𝑑𝑥 (1 − 4𝑥)2 (1 − 4𝑥)2
ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2.. If 𝑦 = 𝑥2
find the value of 𝑑𝑥 when 𝑥 = 𝑒
Solution
𝑑𝑢 1
Let 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = 𝑥2 ⟹ = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 ( )−𝑙𝑛𝑥.(2𝑥) 𝑥−2𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑥
Then 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥4
= 𝑥4
1 − 2𝑙𝑛𝑥
=
𝑥3
𝑑𝑦 1−2 ln 𝑒 −1
When 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒3
= 𝑒3

1. y = cot 𝑥
Solution
cos 𝑥
𝑦=
sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = cos 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = sin 𝑥 ⟹ = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Using
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
𝑑𝑦 sin 𝑥. (−sin 𝑥) − cos 𝑥(cos 𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
2 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 1
=− 2
=− = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
2. 𝑦 = cosec 𝑥
Solution
1
𝑦=
sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 1 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = sin 𝑥 ⟹ = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Using
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
𝑑𝑦 sin 𝑥. (0) − cos 𝑥(cos 𝑥)
=
2
𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
=− = −𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. 𝑦 = sec 𝑥
2. 𝑦 = tan 𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
3. 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
ln 2𝑥
4. 𝑦 = 𝑥
sin 𝑥
5. 𝑦 =
2−cos 𝑥
3𝑥 2 −8
6. Show that the gradient of the curve 𝑦 = 5−𝑥
at the point (2;4) is 20
Chain rule
It is often easier to make a substitution before differentiating

𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖
If 𝑦 is a function of 𝑥 then = ×
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒙
This is known as the function of a function (or sometimes the Chain Rule )
Examples
1. 𝑦 = (3𝑥 − 9)8
Solution
𝑑𝑢
Make the substitution 𝑢 = 3𝑥 − 9 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 3
𝑑𝑦
⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑢8 then 𝑑𝑢
= 8𝑢7
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 × 𝑑𝑢
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= 3(8𝑢7 ) = 24𝑢7
𝑑𝑦
But 𝑢 = 3𝑥 − 9 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 24(3𝑥 − 9)7
2. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥
Solution
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = sin 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑢5 then 𝑑𝑢
= 5𝑢4
𝑑𝑦
Then 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝑥. 5𝑢4
𝑑𝑦
But 𝑢 = sin 𝑥 ⟹ = 5𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
In general if 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥 then = 𝑛. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
3. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 9 𝑥
Solution
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = cos 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑢9 then = 9𝑢8
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦
Then 𝑑𝑥 = −sin 𝑥. 9𝑢8
𝑑𝑦
But 𝑢 = cos 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = −9𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
In general if 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 then 𝑑𝑥
= −𝑛. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
4. 𝑦 = 3 cos(5𝑥 2 + 3)
Solution
Let 𝑢 = 5𝑥 2 + 3 then 𝑦 = 3 cos 𝑢

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 10𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = −3 sin 𝑢
Using the function of a function rule

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 × 𝑑𝑢
= = −30𝑥 sin 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Rewriting 𝑢 = 5𝑥 2 + 3 gives

𝑑𝑦
= −30𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛(5𝑥 2 + 3)
𝑑𝑥
5. 𝑦 = 3𝑡𝑎𝑛4 3𝑥
Solution
Let 𝑢 = tan 3𝑥 then 𝑦 = 3𝑢4

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence = 3𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥 and = 12𝑢3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 12𝑢3 . 3𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥 = 12(𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝑥)3 (3𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥)
𝑑𝑦
i.e 𝑑𝑥 = 36𝑡𝑎𝑛3 3𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥
practice questions
1. 𝑦 = (4𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 1)6
2. 𝑦 = 5𝑠𝑖𝑛7 8𝑥
3. 𝑦 = 10𝑠𝑒𝑐 6 𝑥
4. 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛5 (2𝑥 − 4)
5. 𝑦 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥)−1/7
6. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 2𝑥
Implicit differentiation
When a variable 𝑦 is expressed directly in terms of 𝑥, 𝑦 is said to be an explicit function of 𝑥. For
example 𝑦 = 6𝑥 − 7 and 𝑦 = 5𝑥 2 + 3 are explicit functions of 𝑥. When both 𝑥 and 𝑦 occur on one or
both sides of an equation, then either 𝑥 or 𝑦 is said to be an implicit function of the other for example
2𝑥𝑦 2 = 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑦 is an implicit function.
Examples
1. A curve is defined by the equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 − 1 = 0 . Find the gradient of the curve at the
point (2;-1)
Solution
Differentiating w.r.t.x,we have
𝑑(𝑥 3 ) 𝑑(𝑦 3 ) 𝑑(3𝑥𝑦) 𝑑(−1)
+ + − =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + [3𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑦] = 0 [use product rule to differentiate 3𝑥𝑦]
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 [divide throughout by 3]
𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = −(𝑦 + 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑦 −(𝑦 + 𝑥 2 )
⟹ =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )

𝑑𝑦 −(−1+22 )
At the point (2;-1) 𝑑𝑥 = 2+(−1)2
= −1
𝑑𝑦
2. Differentiate w.r.t.x 𝑦 2 = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 to find 𝑑𝑥 in terms of 𝑥 and 𝑦
Solution
𝑑(𝑦 2 ) 𝑑(𝑒 2𝑥 𝑦) 𝑑(𝑥𝑒 𝑥 )
= +
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2𝑦 = 𝑦. 2𝑒 + 𝑒 . + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(2𝑦 − 𝑒 2𝑥 ) = 2𝑦𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦 − 𝑒 2𝑥
3. Differentiate 𝑥 𝑥 w.r.t.x
Solution
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥
ln 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑙𝑛 𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
Thus 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥 + ln 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦(1 + ln 𝑥)
𝑑
Therefore (𝑥 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + ln 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
4. Differentiate 𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑥 w.r.t.x
Solution
𝑥 = 𝑦𝑥
ln 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑙𝑛 𝑦
1 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥
= ln 𝑦 + (𝑥)(𝑦 𝑑𝑥) i.e.𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦𝑙𝑛𝑦
𝑑𝑦
Note that it is not easy to express as a function of 𝑥,because it is difficult in the first place to
𝑑𝑥
find 𝑦 in terms of 𝑥. So although we would usually give a derived function in terms of 𝑥 it is not
always possible, or sensible, to do so.
Practice questions
1. 3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 12
2. 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 = 9
3. 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 = 6𝑦
4. Find the gradient of the curve at the point 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 9 at the point (1;2)
5. Find the equation of the normal to the curve 3𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 = 3 at the point (3;2)
𝑑𝑦 1
6. Given that tan 𝑦 + tan 𝑥 = 3 , find the value of 𝑑𝑥
when 𝑥 = 4 𝜋
Differentiation of parametric equations

For the parametric equation with parameter 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑡), 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑡) ,then 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑡), 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑔′(𝑡)
By using the function of a function rule
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑔′(𝑡)
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑡
÷ 𝑑𝑡 OR 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑓′(𝑡)

Examples
𝑑𝑦
1. If 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑥 = 5𝑡 find 𝑑𝑥
Solution
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
= 2𝑡 and 𝑑𝑡 = 5
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2𝑡
= ÷ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 5
𝑑𝑦
2. If 𝑦 = sin 𝑡 , 𝑥 = cos 𝑡 find 𝑑𝑥
Solution
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
= cos 𝑡 and = − sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑡
= ÷ = = − cot 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑦
3. The parametric equation of a curve C are 𝑥 = 𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 . Find 𝑑𝑥 in terms
of 𝑡, and hence find the coordinates of the stationary points
Solution
𝑥 = 𝑡 + 𝑒𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 1 + 𝑒𝑡 = 1 − 𝑒 −𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1−𝑒 −𝑡
Using = ÷ = 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 1+𝑒
𝑑𝑦 1−𝑒 −𝑡
At the stationary point 𝑑𝑥
=0⟹ 1+𝑒 𝑡
= 0
1 − 𝑒 = 0 ⟹ 𝑒 −𝑡 = 1
−𝑡
⟹ −𝑡 = ln 1 [introducing ln both sides]

⟹ −𝑡 = 0 𝑖. 𝑒 𝑡 = 0
0
When 𝑡 = 0 𝑥 =0+𝑒 =1 𝑦 = 0 + 𝑒 −0 = 1
Hence the required point is (1;1)
Practice questions
Differentiate the following with respect to x
1. 𝑥 = 𝑡 3 , 𝑦 = 3𝑡 + 1
2. 𝑥 = acos 𝑡 , 𝑦 = asin 𝑡
3. 𝑥 = 𝑎(1 + sin 𝑡) , 𝑦 = 𝑎(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)
3 4
4. 𝑥 = ,𝑦 =
2𝑡 𝑡2
5. A curve is defined parametrically by 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 − 4 , 𝑦 = 3𝑡 4 + 8𝑡 3 . Find the equation
of the tangent to the curve at the point where 𝑡 = −1

Stationary points
Consider the fig below
There are 2 special points on this curve where the gradient of the tangent is zero. These
points are 𝑥 = −6 and 𝑥 = 3. The point when 𝑥 = −6 is a local maximum and the point
when 𝑥 = 3 is a local minimum
The tangents at the two points have been drawn on the graph .The points where the
tangent of the curve has gradient zero are called stationary points.
A turning point is a stationary point which is either a maximum or a minimum. How do
we find where the stationary points are on the curve?
Differentiate and equate the derivative to zero.
To find the nature of a point , we have to find the second derivative i.e
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝟐 𝒚
For a maximum 𝒅𝒙
= 𝟎 and 𝒅𝒙𝟐
≤𝟎
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝟐 𝒚
For a minimum 𝒅𝒙
= 𝟎 and 𝒅𝒙𝟐 ≥ 𝟎
Points where there is a change in sense in which the curve is turning (from clockwise to
anticlockwise) are called inflexion points.
Example 1
Find the coordinates of the stationary points of the function 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 12
Solution
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
= 4𝑥 − 2. Stationary points occur when = 0 i.e when 4𝑥 − 2 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 = .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
When 𝑥 = 0.5 𝑦 = 2(0. 5)2 − 2(0.5) − 12 = 12.5
So the coordinates of the turning point are (0.5 ; 12.5)
Example 2
Find the coordinates of the turning points on the curve = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5 , stating the
nature of each point
Solution

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5 ⟹ = 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 4
𝑑𝑥
Equating the first derivative to zero we have
3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 4 = 0 ⇒ (3𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2) = 0
2
Either 𝑥 = − 3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2
2 2 2 2 13
When 𝑥 = − 3 𝑦 = (− 3)3 − 2(− 3)2 − 4 (− 3) + 5 = 6 27
When 𝑥 = 2 𝑦 = 23 − 2(2)2 − 4(2) + 5 = −3
2 13
So the turning points are (− 3 ; 6 27) and (2; −3)
𝑑2 𝑦
Now 𝑑𝑥 2 = 6𝑥 − 4
2 13 2 𝑑2 𝑦 2
At (− 3 ; 6 27) , 𝑥 = − 3 𝑑𝑥 2
= 6 (− 3) − 4 = −8
𝑑2 𝑦 2 13
Since 𝑑𝑥 2
<0, (− 3 ; 6 27) is a maximum point
𝑑2 𝑦
At (2; −3) , 𝑥 = 2 𝑑𝑥 2
= 6(2) − 4 = 8
𝑑2 𝑦
Since >0 (2; −3) is a minimum point .
𝑑𝑥 2
Example 3
Find the stationary values of 𝑦 = 3𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 3 and investigate their nature
Solution
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 3𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 3 ⟹ = 12𝑥 3 − 24𝑥 2 + 12𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
At stationary values = 0 𝑖. 𝑒 12𝑥 3 − 24𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥
12𝑥(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) = 0 ⟹ 12𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 1) = 0

So there are stationary values when 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1
𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 𝑓(𝑥) = −3
𝑥 = 1 ⟹ 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 − 8 + 6 − 3 = −2
i.e the stationary values of 𝑓(𝑥) are −2 and −3
𝑑𝑦
differentiating 𝑑𝑥 w.r.t.x gives
𝑑2 𝑦
= 36𝑥 2 − 48𝑥 + 12 = 12(3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑑𝑥2 = 12 which is positive
⟹ 𝑓(𝑥) = −3 is a minimum value

𝑑2 𝑦
When 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑑𝑥2 = 12(3 − 4 + 1) which is zero
𝑑𝑦
This is inconclusive so we will look at the signs of on either side of 𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑥

𝒙 0.5 1 1.5
𝒅𝒚 + − +
𝒅𝒙
Gradient / − /
From the table we see that the stationary value at 𝑥 = 1, i.e. −2 is an inflexion point.
Example 4
A is a point of inflexion on the curve whose equation is 3𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 1

(a) Find the coordinates of A and show that it is not a stationary point.
(b) Find the equation of the tangent at A
Solution (a)
𝑑𝑦
3𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 1 ⟹ 3 = 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 9 = 3(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
⟹ = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 ⟹ 2 = 2𝑥 − 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
At the point of inflexion ,A, 2 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 = 2
𝑑𝑥
When 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 1 ⟹ A is the point (2,1)
𝑑𝑦
At A, = −1 i.e. the gradient is −1 so A is not a stationary point
𝑑𝑥
Solution (b)
The equation of the tangent at A is 𝑦 − 1 = −1(𝑥 − 2) ⟹ 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 3
Practice questions
Find the stationary points of each of the following and determine the nature of the
stationary points
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥
2. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 18
1
3. 𝑦 = 8𝑥 + 3𝑥 2
4. 𝑦 = (4 − 𝑥)3
9
5. 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 𝑥
16
6. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 +
𝑥

Summary
Standard results
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
tan 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 cot 𝑥
cot 𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑎𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎
Further Quotable Results

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑎𝑥 𝑎 cos 𝑎𝑥
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥
1 𝑎
ln 𝑎𝑥 (not 𝑥 )
𝑥
PAST EXAM QUESTIONS

1. The parametric equations of a circle are 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑡 , 𝑦 = cot 𝑡
where 0 < 𝑡 < 2𝜋
𝑑𝑦
a. Show that 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑡 [3]
b. Find the equation of the normal to the curve at the point where
𝜋
𝑡 = 6 in the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 [4]
2. Given that ln 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 , where 𝑦 > 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑦2
a. 1. Show that 𝑑𝑥 = 1−𝑥𝑦
𝑑2 𝑦
Find 𝑑𝑥 2
b. Hence, or otherwise, find the Maclaurin expansion of 𝑦 up to and including the
term in 𝑥 2
sin 𝑡
3. Given that 𝑦 = 2−cos 𝑡 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋 find the values of 𝑡 for which 𝑦 is
stationary [5]
4. (a) Find in the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 , the equation of the line gradient 𝑚 passing through
the point (𝑚; 𝑚) [2]
(b) A curve is represented parametrically by 𝑥 = 2 + sin 𝑡 𝑦 = 6 cos 𝑡
𝑑𝑦
i.) Find 𝑑𝑥 in terms of 𝑡 [3]
ii.) By expressing sin 𝑡 in terms of 𝑥 and cos 𝑡 in terms of 𝑦

Use an appropriate identity to that
𝑦 2 + 36𝑥 2 − 144𝑥 + 108 = 0 [3]
5. A curve is given by the equation 3𝑥 2 − 7𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 = 16
𝑑𝑦 6𝑥−7𝑦
i.) Show that 𝑑𝑥 = 7𝑥−8𝑦 [3]
ii.) Hence show that the gradient of the curve cannot be equal to 1 [3]
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦
6. Given that 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
, find an expression for 𝑑𝑥
[2]
𝜋
Hence find the x-coordinate of the turning point in the range 0 < 𝑥 <
2
Determine whether this turning point is a maximum or a minimum [5]
2𝑥 3
7. Find the coordinates of each of the stationary points on the curve 𝑦 = (3𝑥−4)2
[5]
Show that there is only one minimum point and state the coordinates [3]
8. Given that 𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑡 cos 2𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑡 sin 2𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝜋
Show that 𝑑𝑥 = tan(2𝑡 + 4 ) [4]
𝑥2 𝑦2
9. Given that 𝑦 = + = 1 is an equation of a curve find
25 16
𝑑𝑦
(a) [2]
𝑑𝑥
16
(b) The equation of the tangent of the curve at the point (3; 5 ) [3]
𝜋 𝜋
10. A curve has parametric equations 𝑦 = 1 + cos ( 3 𝑒 3𝑡 ) 𝑥=2 − sin ( 3 𝑒 3𝑡 )
for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋)
find
𝑑𝑦
(i) in terms of 𝑡 in its simplest form and state the exact value of
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
when 𝑡 = 0 [4]
(ii) The Cartesian equation and describe fully what it represents
Geometrically [5]
2𝑥 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
11. Given that 𝑦 = 𝑒 sin 5𝑥, show that −4 + 29𝑦 = 0 [6]
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
12. A curve has parametric equations given by
𝑥 = 𝑡 − ln(2𝑡 + 1) and 𝑦 = 𝑡 + ln(2𝑡 + 1) where𝑡 > −0.5
𝑑𝑦 2𝑡+3
(i) Show that 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑡−1 [3]
(ii) Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at 𝑡 = 1 giving your answer in
the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 [4]
13. Differentiate with respect to t
(i) 𝑒 −2𝑡 sin 𝑡
(ii) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (3𝑡 − 100) [4]
𝑑𝑦
14. Given that 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 and 𝑦 = cos 2𝑡 find in its simplest form [4]
𝑑𝑥
Hence or otherwise describe the shape of the graph of y against x [1]
15. Given that 𝑦 = ln(𝑡 + 2) and 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 > −2 , find
𝑑𝑦
(i) An expression for 𝑑𝑥 in terms of 𝑡 [3]
(ii) The values of 𝑡 for which 𝑦 increases as 𝑥 increases [3]
16. The parametric equations of a curve are 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 and 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡
𝑑𝑦
(i) Show that 𝑑𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑡 [3]
(ii) Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve at the point Q

𝜋
where 𝑡 = [5]
6
(iii) If the tangent and the normal meets the y-axis at points A and B
respectively ,state the coordinates of A and B [1]
𝑑𝑦
17. Given that 𝑦 = sec 𝑥, show that 𝑑𝑥
= sec 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 [2]
𝑑2 𝑦
Express 𝑑𝑥 2 in terms of sec 𝑥 and tan 𝑥 [2]
Hence find the Maclaurin series expansion of sec 𝑥 up to and including the
term in 𝑥 2 [2]
18. Given that 𝑥 = acos 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 and 𝑦 = asin 𝑡 − 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝜋
(a) Find 𝑑𝑥 at 𝑡 = 2
[4]
2 2
(b) Show that the value of 𝑥 + 𝑦 is independent of 𝑡 [3]
2
19. Given that 𝑥 = ln(3 + 2𝑡) and 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑡
𝑑𝑦
(i) Find 𝑑𝑥 in terms of 𝑡 [3]
(ii) Show that the curve has only one turning point and write down the
coordinates of the turning point [4]
2 3
20. A curve has parametric equations 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑡 𝑦 = 4𝑡 − 𝑡 where 𝑡 > 0
𝑑𝑦
Find 𝑑𝑥 in terms of 𝑡 and hence show that the coordinates of the turning point are
7 16
(3 ; 3 3) [7]
√


Differentiation Notes.

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DIFFERENTIATION COMPILED BY T.

It is also known as the gradient function

pg. 1 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263774815580)

pg. 2 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263774815580)

pg. 3 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263774815580)

pg. 4 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263774815580)

Differentiation is distributive i.e if 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯

pg. 5 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263774815580)

Gradient at given point

pg. 6 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263774815580)

Derivatives of exponential functions

DERIVATIVES OF LOGARITHIMIC FUNCTIONS

pg. 7 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263774815580)

Derivatives of trigonometric functions

pg. 8 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263774815580)

pg. 9 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263774815580)

Differentiate the following w.r.t.x

pg. 10 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263774815580)

pg. 11 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263774815580)

Let 𝑢 = 5𝑥 2 + 3 then 𝑦 = 3 cos 𝑢

Using the function of a function rule

pg. 12 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263774815580)

Let 𝑢 = tan 3𝑥 then 𝑦 = 3𝑢4

pg. 13 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263774815580)

Differentiation of parametric equations

pg. 14 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263774815580)

⟹ −𝑡 = ln 1 [introducing ln both sides]

pg. 15 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263774815580)

pg. 16 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263774815580)

Find the stationary values of 𝑦 = 3𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 3 and investigate their nature

12𝑥(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) = 0 ⟹ 12𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 1) = 0

⟹ 𝑓(𝑥) = −3 is a minimum value

pg. 17 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263774815580)

A is a point of inflexion on the curve whose equation is 3𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 1

pg. 18 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263774815580)

Further Quotable Results

PAST EXAM QUESTIONS

pg. 19 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263774815580)

pg. 20 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263774815580)

pg. 21 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263774815580)

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