Implicit Differentiation

Learning Objectives
1. illustrate implicit differentiation
2. derive and apply differentiation rules in computing
derivatives of general algebraic functions
3. solve problems (including logarithmic and inverse
trigonometric functions) using implicit differentiation
 Inverse Functions

For any 𝑦 ∈ ran 𝑓

𝑓 −1 𝑦 = 𝑥 if and only if 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

For any 𝑥 ∈ dom 𝑓 and 𝑦 ∈ ran 𝑓 = dom 𝑓 −1

𝑓 −1 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 and 𝑓 𝑓 −1 (𝑦) = 𝑦
 Implicit Differentiation
𝑑
Find the derivative 4𝑦 3 − 2𝑦 2 + 5𝑦 = 8𝑥 2 − 2
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 3 2
𝑑
4𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 5𝑦 = (8𝑥 2 − 2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
12𝑦 − 4𝑦 +5 = 16𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
12𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 5 = 16𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒚 𝟏𝟔𝒙
=
𝒅𝒙 𝟏𝟐𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟓
Use implicit differentiation to find an equation of
the tangent line to the curve at the given point.
Use implicit differentiation to find an equation of
the tangent line to the curve at the given point.
 Power Rule for Differentiation,
for Rational Exponents
If r ∈ ℚ, then 𝐷𝑥 𝑥 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑥 𝑟−1

The derivative of
1
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥=𝑥 2

′ 1 1−1 𝟏
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 =
2 𝟐 𝒙
1
1 −3
2. g 𝑥 = ൗ3 𝑥 = 𝑥
1 1−1 𝟏
𝑔′ 𝑥 = − 𝑥3 = 𝟑
3 𝟑 𝒙𝟐
Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
−1
1
𝐷𝑥 sin 𝑥 =
1 − 𝑥2
1
𝐷𝑥 cos −1 𝑥 = −
1 − 𝑥2
−1
1
𝐷𝑥 tan 𝑥 =
1 + 𝑥2
−1
1
𝐷𝑥 cot 𝑥 = −
1 + 𝑥2
−1
1
𝐷𝑥 sec 𝑥 =
𝑥 𝑥2 − 1
−1
1
𝐷𝑥 csc 𝑥 = −
𝑥 𝑥2 − 1
Derivatives of the Natural Logarithmic Function
1
𝐷𝑥 ln 𝑥 =
𝑥

Find the derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 = ln(𝑥 2 − 1)

′
1
𝑓 𝑥 = 2 𝐷𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑥 −1
𝟐𝒙
= 𝟐
𝒙 −𝟏
 Derivatives of a Logarithmic Function
If b > 0 and b ≠ 1, then,
1
𝐷𝑥 log 𝑏 𝑥 =
𝑥 ln 𝑏

log4 (2𝑥+5)
Find the derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥 4 +1
𝟏
𝒙𝟒 + 𝟏 ∙ ∙ 𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓) ∙ (𝟒𝒙𝟑 )
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓 𝐥𝐧 𝟒
𝒇′ 𝒙 =
(𝒙𝟒 + 𝟏)𝟐
 𝑑𝑦
Find the derivative if 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 2 + 1 sin 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 ln 𝑥 2 + 1
1 𝑑𝑦
∙ = sin 𝑥 𝐷𝑥 ln 𝑥 2 + 1 + ln 𝑥 2 + 1 𝐷𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= 𝑦 ∙ sin 𝑥 ∙ 2 ∙ 2𝑥 + ln 𝑥 2 + 1 ∙ cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 +1
𝒅𝒚 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝟐𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝟏 ∙ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
= 𝒙 +𝟏 ∙ + 𝒍𝒏 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
 Power Rule for Differentiation,
for Real Exponents
If r ∈ ℝ, then 𝐷𝑥 𝑥 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑥 𝑟−1

The derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑒𝜋
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑒𝜋𝑥 𝑒𝜋−1
Exercises
Find the derivate of the following:
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 1
2
2. 𝑓 𝑥 =
2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Find :
𝑑𝑥
3. (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 = 𝑥 − 𝑦
4. 𝑥 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2