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Learning Outcomes:
1 𝑥 −𝑥
and 𝑓𝑦 = 𝑥 2
− 2 =
1+ 𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
2𝑦
and 𝑓𝑦 =
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
2𝑥 2𝑦
⟹ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑑𝑦)
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 2
𝑥 +𝑦 2
2
⟹ 𝑑𝑧 = (𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦) Answer.
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
Derivatives of composite functions
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑧𝑥 + 𝑧𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑧 𝑡 2 −1 𝑡
Problem 1. Find if 𝑧 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2, 𝑥 = ,𝑦 = at 𝑡 = 1.
𝑑𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 2 +1
𝜕𝑧 𝑡 2 −1
Solution. 𝑧𝑥 = = 2𝑥 = 2
𝜕𝑥 𝑡
𝜕𝑧 𝑡
𝑧𝑦 = = 2𝑦 = 2
𝜕𝑦 𝑡 2 +1
𝑑𝑥 𝑡 2𝑡 −(𝑡 2 −1)(1) 𝑡 2 +1
= =
𝑑𝑡 𝑡2 𝑡2
𝑑𝑦 𝑡 2 +1 1 −𝑡(2𝑡) 1−𝑡 2
= =
𝑑𝑡 𝑡 2 +1 2 𝑡 2 +1 2
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑧𝑥 + 𝑧𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑧 𝑡 2 −1 𝑡 2 +1 𝑡 1−𝑡 2
⟹ =2 +2
𝑑𝑡 𝑡 𝑡2 𝑡 2 +1 𝑡 2 +1 2
𝑑𝑧 𝑡 4 −1 𝑡−𝑡 3
⟹ =2 +2
𝑑𝑡 𝑡3 𝑡 2 +1 3
At 𝑡 = 1,
𝑑𝑧 1−1 1−1
ቃ =2 +2 =0 Answer.
𝑑𝑡 (𝑡=1) 1 2 3
𝑑𝑓
Problem 2. Find if 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 , 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 + 1, 𝑦 = 𝑡 3 + 𝑡 at 𝑡 = 0.
𝑑𝑡
𝜕𝑓
Solution. 𝑓𝑥 = = 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓
𝑓𝑦 = = −𝑥 sin 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦
𝜕𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑡 2 + 1
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓𝑥 + 𝑓𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
At 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑡 = 0, = 3𝑡 2 + 1 = 1
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
So, = 𝑓𝑥 + 𝑓𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑧
ቃ =1 0 +𝑒 1 =𝑒 Answer.
𝑑𝑡 (𝑡=1)
Polling Quiz
If 𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑡 , 𝑦 = ℎ(𝑡), then which of the following is correct:
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
(A) = 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑦𝑧
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
(B) = 𝑧𝑥 + 𝑧𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
(C) = 𝑧𝑥 + 𝑧𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Similarly, if 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑐
𝜕𝑦 𝑓𝑥
Then, = −
𝜕𝑥 𝑓𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝑓𝑦
=−
𝜕𝑦 𝑓𝑧
𝜕𝑧 𝑓𝑥
= − etc.
𝜕𝑥 𝑓𝑧
𝑑𝑦
Problem 1. Using implicit differentiation, find when 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝛼.
𝑑𝑥
Solution. Here 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝛼
𝑓𝑥 = 𝑦𝑥 𝑦−1 + 𝑦 𝑥 log 𝑦
𝑓𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑦 log 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑥−1
𝑑𝑦 𝑓𝑥
So, =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑓𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦𝑥 𝑦−1 +𝑦 𝑥 log 𝑦
⟹ =− Answer.
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 log 𝑥+𝑥𝑦 𝑥−1
𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑥
Problem 2. Using implicit differentiation, find when 𝑐𝑜𝑡 + 𝑦 3 + 1 = 0.
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
−1 𝑥
Solution. Here 𝑐𝑜𝑡 + 𝑦3 + 1 = 0
𝑦
−1 1 −𝑦
𝑓𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑦
=
1+ 𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
−1 −𝑥 𝑥
𝑓𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑦2
+ 3𝑦 2 = + 3𝑦 2
1+ 𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑓𝑥
So, = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑓𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
⟹ = Answer.
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+3𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
Jacobian
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑣
𝐽= = 𝑦 𝑦𝑣
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝑢
Is called Jacobian.
𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑦 𝑢𝑧
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣,𝑤)
Solution. Here 𝐽 = = 𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑦 𝑣𝑧
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)
𝑤𝑥 𝑤𝑦 𝑤𝑧
1 0 3
= 1 −1 −1 = 1 −32𝑧 − 8𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 8𝑧 + 3 2𝑦 + 8𝑧 = 0
0 2𝑦 + 8𝑧 32𝑧 + 8𝑦
So, the variables are functionally related.
Polling Quiz
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦)
If 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃, the value of Jacobian is:
𝜕(𝑟,𝜃)
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 𝑟
(D) 𝜃