Solution Methods - Direct Integration

▪ This method works for equations where the RHS

does not depend on the unknown:
▪ The general form is:
dy
= f (t )
dt
d2y
= f (t )
dt 2

dny
= f (t )
dt n
Direct Integration
▪ y is called the unknown or dependent variable;
▪ t is called the independent variable;
▪ “solving” means finding a formula for y as a
function of t;
▪ Mostly we use t for time as the independent
variable but in some cases we use x for distance.
Direct Integration
– Example
Find the velocity of a car that is
accelerating from rest at 3 ms-2:

dv
=a=3
dt
 v = 3t + c

If the car was initially at rest we

have the condition:
v(0) = 0  0 = 3  0 + c  c = 0
 v = 3t
Separable First-Order
Differential Equations

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 Separable Equations
▪ A first-order differential equation is separable if it can be express in the
form dy A ( x )
=
dx B ( y )
where A ( x ) is a function only of x, and
B ( y ) is a function only of y.
Such equations have the differential form ඲𝐴(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + න𝐵(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

The variables x and y may be replaced by any two other variables without
affecting separability. 5
Separable Equations

6
 Separable Equations
Example :
Solve: 𝒙𝒅𝒙 − 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 𝒙𝒅𝒙 − 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
𝐴 𝑥 =𝑥

඲𝑥𝑑𝑥 + න −𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐 𝐵 𝑦 = −𝑦 2

𝑥2 𝑦 3
− =𝑐
2 3
1
3 2 3
𝑦= 𝑥 +𝑘 𝑘 = −3c
2

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 Separable Equations
Example: 𝒚𝟒 𝒚′ = 𝒙 + 𝟏
Solve ∶ 𝒚𝟒 𝒚′ = 𝒙 + 𝟏
𝑑𝑦
𝑦4 =𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 4 𝑑𝑦 − (𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = 0

න𝑦 4 𝑑𝑦 − න (𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐

1 5 1 2
𝑦 − 𝑥 −𝑥 =𝑐
5 2
1
2 2 5 𝑘 = 5𝑐
𝑦= 𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 𝑘
5 8
Separable Equations
Example:
Solve: 𝒙ሶ = 𝒙𝟐 𝒕 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒙ሶ = 𝒙𝟐 𝒕 + 𝒙𝟐

𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 2 (𝑡 + 1ቇ
𝑑𝑡

1
𝑑𝑥 − (𝑡 + 1)𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝑥2

1 1
− − 𝑡2 − 𝑡 = 𝑐
𝑥 2
−1
1
𝑥 = − 𝑡2 + 𝑡 + 𝑐
2
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 Separable Equations
Example:
𝒅𝒙 𝒕−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝒕−𝟏
Solve: = = 𝟐
𝒅𝒕 𝒙𝟐 −𝟒𝒙+𝟒 𝒅𝒕 𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒

𝒙 − 𝟐 𝟐 𝑑𝑥 − (𝑡 − 1)𝑑𝑡 = 0

඲ 𝑥 − 2 2 𝑑𝑥 − න(𝑡 − 1)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑐

3 2
𝑥−2 𝑡−1
− =𝑐
3 2
1
3 2
3
𝑥 = 2+ 𝑡−1 +𝑘 𝑘 = 3𝑐
2 10
 Separable Equations
𝒅𝒓 𝒓𝟑 + 𝟑𝒓𝟐 + 𝟑𝒓 + 𝟏
Example: =
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
𝒅𝒓 𝒓𝟑 +𝟑𝒓𝟐 +𝟑𝒓+𝟏
Solve: =
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙+𝟏 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑥
3
− 2
=0
𝑟+1 𝑥−1

𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑥
඲ 3− න 2 =𝑐
𝑟+1 𝑥−1

1 −2 + −1
− 𝑟+1 𝑥+1 =𝑐
2
1
−
2 − 2𝑐(𝑥 − 1) 2
𝑟 = −1 +
𝑥−1
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 Separable Equations
Example: 𝑦′ = 5𝑦 1
Solve: 𝒚′ = 𝟓𝒚 ඳ5𝑑𝑥 − ඲ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑦
𝑑𝑦
= 5𝑦
𝑑𝑥
5𝑥 − ln|𝑦| = 𝑐
𝑑𝑦
= 5𝑑𝑥 𝑦 = ±𝑒 −𝑐 𝑒5𝑥
𝑦 ln|𝑦| = 5𝑥 − 𝑐
𝑦 = 𝑘𝑒5𝑥
1 𝑘 = ±𝑒−𝑐
5𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑒ln|𝑦| = 𝑒5𝑥−𝑐
𝑦

1 |𝑦| = 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑒 −𝑐
ඳ5𝑑𝑥 − ඲ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑦

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 Separable Equations
Example: 𝒅𝒚 1
𝒅𝒚
Solve: − 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟑 − 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟑 ln|3 + 5𝑦| − 𝑥 = 𝑐
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 5
𝑑𝑦 ln|3 + 5𝑦| = 5𝑐 + 5𝑥
= 5𝑦 + 3
𝑑𝑥

1 3 + 5𝑦 = 𝑒 5𝑐+5𝑥
𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0
5𝑦 + 3 3
𝑦 = − + 𝑘𝑒 5𝑥
5
1 1
඲
5𝑦 + 3
𝑑𝑦 − න𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 𝑘 = ± 𝑒 5𝑐
5

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