2.

1: Separable differential equations

Recall that a first order differential equation may be written as
𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

A 1st order DE is said to be separable if it can be rearranged in the form

𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

For example, the DE:

𝑑𝑦 1
= 𝑦 2 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥+4𝑦 ⟹ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 2 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 4𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 2 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is separable
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑒
𝑑𝑦
while the DE: = 𝑦 + sin 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑦 + sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 is not separable.
𝑑𝑥

 We solve 1st order separable DE by separation of variables and then integrating both sides

∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐 ⟹ 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐺(𝑦) = 𝑐

to get a one-parameter family of solutions that can sometimes be written in explicit form.
Q1: Solve
a) (𝑦 − 2)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑦 = 0
÷(𝑦−2)(𝑥+4) 1 1 separable 1 1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0 ⇒ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑥+4 𝑦−2 𝑥+4 𝑦−2
⟹ ln|𝑥 + 4| + ln|𝑦 − 2| = 𝑐 ⟹ ln|(𝑥 + 4)(𝑦 − 2)| = 𝑐 ⟹ |(𝑥 + 4)(𝑦 − 2)| = 𝑒 𝑐
±𝑒 𝑐 general 𝑐1
⟹𝑦−2= ⇒ 𝑦= +2
𝑥 + 4 solution 𝑥+4
𝑑𝑦 𝜋
b) (𝑥 2 + 1) = −𝑥 tan 𝑦 , 𝑦(1) =
𝑑𝑥 2
÷(𝑥 2 +1) tan 𝑦 1 −𝑥
2
⟹ (𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = −𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 2 𝑑𝑥
tan 𝑦 𝑥 +1
separable cos 𝑦 −𝑥 general 1
⇒ ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ ln|sin 𝑦| = − ln|𝑥 2 + 1| + 𝑐
sin 𝑦 𝑥 +1 solution 2
𝜋 𝜋 1 1
● Using the initial condition 𝑦(1) = ⟹ ln |sin | = − ln|12 + 1| + 𝑐 ⟹ 𝑐 = ln 2
2 2 2 2
1 1
∴ The particular solution of this IVP is: ln|sin 𝑦| = − ln|𝑥 2 + 1| + ln 2
2 2
1
Dr. Muhammad Islam Mustafa
 3
𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑒 𝑥−𝑦
c) =
𝑑𝑥 3𝑦 2
𝑥𝑒 𝑥 3 separable 3
⟹ 𝑑𝑦 = 2 𝑦3 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 3𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ ∫ 3𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3𝑦 𝑒
2 𝑦3
𝑢=𝑦 3 3
● ∫ 3𝑦 𝑒 𝑑𝑦 ⇒ ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑦
𝑑𝑢=3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑢=𝑥 , 𝑑𝑣=𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
● ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (1𝑑𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢=1𝑑𝑥 , 𝑣=𝑒 𝑥

∴ The general solution is

3 3
𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐 ⟹ 𝑦 = √ln(𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐)

d) (𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑥 − 6)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 2 + 4)𝑑𝑦 = 0

⟹ (𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑥 − 6) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 2 + 4) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

⟹ (𝑦[𝑥 − 3] + 2[𝑥 − 3])𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 2 [1 + 𝑥 2 ] + 4[𝑥 2 + 1])𝑑𝑦 = 0

÷[𝑦+2][𝑥 2 +1] 𝑥−3 𝑦2 + 4
⟹ [𝑥 − 3][𝑦 + 2]𝑑𝑥 + [𝑥 2 + 1][𝑦 2 + 4]𝑑𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥2 + 1 𝑦+2
separable 𝑥−3 𝑦2 + 4
⇒ ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑥 +1 𝑦+2
𝑥−3 𝑥 3 1
●∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑥 2 + 1| − 3 tan−1 𝑥
𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 2 +1 2

𝑦 2 +4 long 8 1
●∫
𝑦+2
𝑑𝑦 ⇒ ∫ (𝑦 − 2 + 𝑦+2) 𝑑𝑦 = 2 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 8 ln|𝑦 + 2|
division

∴ The general solution is

1 1
ln|𝑥 2 + 1| − 3 tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 8 ln|𝑦 + 2| = 𝑐
2 2

2
Dr. Muhammad Islam Mustafa