1.

a) 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 , initial conditions: 𝑦(0) = 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0

Solution of 𝑦ℎ :

𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 0

𝜆2 + 2𝜆 − 3 = 0

(𝜆 − 1)(𝜆 + 3) = 0

𝜆1 = 1, 𝜆2 = −3 (Distinct real roots)

𝑦ℎ = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝜆1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝜆2 𝑥

= 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −3𝑥

Solution of 𝑦𝑝 :

𝑦1 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑦2 = 𝑒 −3𝑥 , 𝑟(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥

𝑦1′ = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑦2′ = −3𝑒 −3𝑥

𝑦1 𝑦2
𝑊 = |𝑦 ′ 𝑦2′ |
1

𝑥
= |𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 −3𝑥 |
𝑒 −3𝑒 −3𝑥

= 𝑒 𝑥 (−3𝑒 −3𝑥 ) − 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑒 −3𝑥 )

= −3𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥

= −4𝑒 −2𝑥

1
 𝒖′𝟏 (𝒙) 𝒖′𝟐 (𝒙)
𝑦2 (𝑥)𝑟(𝑥) 𝑦1 (𝑥)𝑟(𝑥)
𝑢1′ (𝑥) = − 𝑢2′ (𝑥) =
𝑊 𝑊
𝑥 (𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑒 −3𝑥 (𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑒
=− =
−4𝑒 −2𝑥 −4𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑒 −2𝑥 1
= = − 𝑒 2𝑥
4 4
𝒖𝟏 (𝒙) 𝒖𝟐 (𝒙)
1 1
𝑢1 (𝑥) = ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢2 (𝑥) = − ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 4
Integrate ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 by substitution: Integrate ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 by substitution:
Let 𝑢 = −2𝑥 Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑢 1
= −2, 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑢 = 2, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2
1 1
∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2 2
1 1 𝑢
= − 𝑒𝑢 = 𝑒
2 2
1 1
= − 𝑒 −2𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥
2 2
1 1
𝑢1 (𝑥) = ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢2 (𝑥) = − ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 4
1 1 1 1
= (− 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) = − ( 𝑒 2𝑥 )
4 2 4 2
1 1
= − 𝑒 −2𝑥 = − 𝑒 2𝑥
8 8

𝑦𝑝 = 𝑢1 𝑦1 + 𝑢2 𝑦2
1 1
= − 𝑒 −2𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 ) − 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑒 −3𝑥 )
8 8
1 1
= − 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
8 8
1
= − 𝑒 −𝑥
4

2
𝑦 = 𝑦ℎ + 𝑦𝑝

1
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −3𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
4

1
𝑦 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 −3𝑐2 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
4

When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0:

1
𝑐1 𝑒 (0) + 𝑐2 𝑒 −3(0) − 𝑒 −(0) = 0
4

1
𝑐1 + 𝑐2 = →
4

When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 ′ = 0:

1
𝑐1 𝑒 (0) −3𝑐2 𝑒 −3(0) + 𝑒 −(0) = 0
4

1
𝑐1 = 3𝑐2 − →
4

 → :

1 1
3𝑐2 − + 𝑐2 =
4 4

1
4𝑐2 =
2

1
𝑐2 =
8
1
When 𝑐2 = , :
8

1 1 1
𝑐1 = − =
4 8 8

1 1 1
∴ 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −3𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
8 8 4

3
b) i) 2𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 = 0, initial conditions: 𝑦(1) = 1, 𝑦 ′ (1) = 2

𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = −1

Auxiliary Equation:

2𝑚(𝑚 − 1) + 𝑚 − 1 = 0

2𝑚2 − 𝑚 − 1 = 0

(2𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 − 1) = 0

1
𝑚1 = − 2 , 𝑚2 = 1 (Distinct real roots)

𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑚1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 𝑚2

1
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑐1 𝑥 −2 + 𝑐2 𝑥

1 3
𝑦 ′ (𝑥) = − 𝑐1 𝑥 −2 + 𝑐2
2

When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1:

1
𝑐1 (1)−2 + 𝑐2 (1) = 1

𝑐1 + 𝑐2 = 1 → 

When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 ′ = 2:

1 3
− 𝑐1 (1)−2 + 𝑐2 = 2
2

1
− 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 = 2 → 
2

 − :

3
𝑐 = −1
2 1

2
𝑐1 = −
3

4
 2
When 𝑐1 = − 3 , :

2
𝑐2 = 1 − (− )
3

5
=
3

2 1 5
∴ 𝑦(𝑥) = − 𝑥 −2 + 𝑥
3 3

b) ii)
2𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 = 10

The equation is divided by 2𝑥 2 , to manipulate the coefficient of 𝑦 ′′ to one, and hence a general
equation is formed:
(2𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 𝑦) 10
2
= 2
2𝑥 2𝑥

1 ′ 1 5
𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 − 2𝑦 = 2
2𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥

From the equation above, the 𝑟(𝑥) obtained is 5𝑥 −2

∵ Compare 5𝑥 −2 with 𝑦ℎ = 𝑎𝑥1 , the power of x is different

∴ 𝑦ℎ = 𝑎𝑥 is not a particular solution of the differential equation 2𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 = 10