Integrating Factors

Found by Inspection
 𝒅 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒙𝒅𝒚 + 𝒚𝒅𝒙

𝒙 𝒚𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙𝒅𝒚
𝒅 =
𝒚 𝒚𝟐
Integrating
Factors Found 𝒚 𝒙𝒅𝒚 − 𝒚𝒅𝒙
𝒅 =
by Inspection 𝒙 𝒙𝟐

𝒅 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚𝒅𝒚
𝒚𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑑(𝑥𝑦) + 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0

න 𝑑(𝑥𝑦) + න 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = න 0

𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 3 = 𝐶
𝒚 𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 2 (𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦) = 0

2
1
𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦2
𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦
2
+ (𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦) = 0
𝑦
𝑥
𝑑 + 𝑑(𝑥𝑦) = 0
𝑦
 𝑥
න𝑑 + න 𝑑(𝑥𝑦) = න 0
𝑦

𝑥
+ 𝑥𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑦
𝒙 − 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝒚 𝒅𝒙

𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥

𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦

𝑑 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦

න 𝑑 𝑥𝑦 = න 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑦𝑑𝑦

𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑥𝑦 = + +𝐶
2 2
 𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑥𝑦 = + +𝐶
2 2

𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑥𝑦 = + +𝐶 2
2 2
2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐶

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 𝐶
𝒙𝒅𝒚 − 𝒚𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝟒 𝒚𝒅𝒚 + 𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 3 𝑦(𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥)
1
𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 3𝑦 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥
2
= 𝑥𝑦(𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥)
𝑥
𝑦
𝑑 = 𝑥𝑦 ∗ 𝑑(𝑥𝑦)
𝑥
𝑦
න𝑑 = න 𝑥𝑦 ∗ 𝑑(𝑥𝑦)
𝑥
 𝑦
න𝑑 = න 𝑥𝑦 ∗ 𝑑(𝑥𝑦)
𝑥
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑(𝑥𝑦)
𝑦
= න 𝑢𝑑𝑢
𝑥
𝑦 𝑢2
= +𝐶
𝑥 2
𝑦 𝑥𝑦 2
= +𝐶
𝑥 2
𝑦 𝑥 2𝑦2
= +𝐶
𝑥 2
𝑦 𝑥 2𝑦2
= +𝐶
𝑥 2
𝑦 𝑥 2𝑦2
= + 𝐶 2𝑥
𝑥 2

2𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 𝐶𝑥
𝒚𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑(𝑥𝑦) + 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
1
𝑑 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 =0
𝑥 3𝑦3
𝑑 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3 3
+ =0
𝑥 𝑦 𝑦

𝑑 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦
න 3 3 +න = න0
𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
 𝑑 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦
න 3 3 +න = න0
𝑥 𝑦 𝑦

න 𝑥𝑦 −3 ∗ 𝑑(𝑥𝑦) + ln 𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑(𝑥𝑦)

න 𝑢−3 𝑑𝑢 + ln 𝑦 = 𝐶

𝑢−2
+ ln 𝑦 = 𝐶
−2
(𝑥𝑦)−2
+ ln 𝑦 = 𝐶
−2

1
− 2 2 + ln 𝑦 = 𝐶
2𝑥 𝑦
 𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚𝒅𝒚 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒅 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚𝒅𝒚
2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0

2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 = −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥

2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 = −(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥

1
[2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 = −(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥]( 2 2
)
𝑥 +𝑦

2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑑𝑦
2 2
= −𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +𝑦
2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑑𝑦
2 2
= −𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +𝑦

𝑑(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
2 2
= −𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +𝑦

𝑑(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
න 2 2
= න −𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +𝑦

𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )

𝑑𝑢
න = න −𝑑𝑥
𝑢
 𝑑𝑢
න = න −𝑑𝑥
𝑢
ln 𝑢 = −𝑥 + 𝐶
ln(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = −𝑥 + C

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑒 −𝑥 ∗ 𝑒 𝐶

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝐶𝑒 −𝑥

2
𝐶
2
𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑒

𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 𝐶
Integrating Factors
Found by Formula
 𝟏 𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
𝟏. − = 𝒇 𝒙 , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑰. 𝑭 = 𝒆‫𝒇 ׬‬ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑵 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
Integrating
Factors Found
by Formula 𝟏 𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
𝟐. − = 𝒇 𝒚 , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑰. 𝑭 = 𝒆− ‫𝒇 ׬‬ 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝑴 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
𝟏. 𝒚 − 𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕 𝜕𝑁 𝜕
= (𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦) = (𝑥)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=1−𝑥 =1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡

𝟏. 𝒚 − 𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
− =𝑓 𝑥 − =𝑓 𝑦
𝑁 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑀 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

1 1
(1 − 𝑥) − 1 = 𝑓 𝑥 −𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑦
𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦
1 −𝑥
1−𝑥−1 =𝑓 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑦
𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦
1
−𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝑥
−1 = 𝑓 𝑥
‫𝟎 = 𝒚𝒅𝒙 ‪𝟏. 𝒚 − 𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒙 +‬‬
‫𝑁𝜕 𝑀𝜕 ‪1‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫𝑓 ׬ 𝑒 = 𝐹 ‪= 𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐼.‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥‬
‫𝑥𝜕 𝑦𝜕 𝑁‬

‫𝒙𝒅𝟏‪ −‬׬𝒆 = 𝑭 ‪𝑰.‬‬ ‫𝟎 = 𝒚𝒅𝒙 ‪𝒚 − 𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒙 +‬‬

‫𝒙‪𝑰. 𝑭 = 𝒆−‬‬ ‫𝑥‪[ 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0]𝑒 −‬‬
‫‪𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0‬‬

‫‪𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0‬‬

 𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕 𝜕𝑁 𝜕
= 𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 = 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 (1)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑁
= −𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑁
= 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡
 𝜕𝐹
1. 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑀 = = 𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑒 −𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐹
𝑁= = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
𝜕𝑦
2. Integrate Equation 1 partially with respect to x, taking y as a constant.
𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 = 𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 𝜕𝑥
= 𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑒 −𝑥
𝜕𝑥
න 𝜕𝐹 = න 𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝐹 = 𝑦 න 𝑒 −𝑥 𝜕𝑥 − 𝑦 න 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝐹 = 𝑦 න 𝑒 −𝑥 𝜕𝑥 − 𝑦 න 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝐹 = −𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑦 න 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = −𝑒 −𝑥

𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

𝐹 = −𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑦 −𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 − න −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝐹 = −𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑦 −𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + න 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 𝐹 = −𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑦 −𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + න 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝐹 = −𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑦 −𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥

𝐹 = −𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐻(𝑦)

𝐹 = 𝑥𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐻(𝑦)

3. Differentiate equation 3 partially with respect to y, taking x as constant

𝜕𝐹
𝐹= 𝑥𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐻(𝑦) = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐻′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
 4. Equate Equation 4 and Equation 2

𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐻 ′ 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
𝐻′ 𝑦 = 0
5. Integrate equation 5

න 𝐻′ 𝑦 = න 0

𝐻 𝑦 =0

6. Substitute equation 6 to equation 3, F=c

𝐹 = 𝑥𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐻(𝑦)
𝐹 = 𝑥𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 + 0
𝑥𝑦
C = 𝑥𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 C= 𝑥 𝑥𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑥
𝑒
𝟐. 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + (𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 − 𝟒𝒙)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕 𝜕𝑁 𝜕
= (2𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑦) = (3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 4𝑥)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 4𝑥𝑦 − 2 = 6𝑥𝑦 − 4
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡

𝟐. 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + (𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 − 𝟒𝒙)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
− =𝑓 𝑥 − =𝑓 𝑦
𝑁 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑀 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
1
1 −2𝑥𝑦 + 2 = 𝑓 𝑦
(4𝑥𝑦 − 2) − (6𝑥𝑦 − 4) = 𝑓 𝑥 2
2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦
2
3𝑥 𝑦 − 4𝑥

1 −2𝑥𝑦 + 2
4𝑥𝑦 − 2 − 6𝑥𝑦 + 4 = 𝑓 𝑥 2
=𝑓 𝑦
2
3𝑥 𝑦 − 4𝑥 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦
1 −2𝑥𝑦 + 2
2
−2𝑥𝑦 + 2 = 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑦
3𝑥 𝑦 − 4𝑥 −𝑦(−2𝑥𝑦 + 2)
−2𝑥𝑦 + 2 1
2
=𝑓 𝑥 − =𝑓 𝑦
3𝑥 𝑦 − 4𝑥 𝑦
‫𝟎 = 𝒚𝒅)𝒙𝟒 ‪𝟐. 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + (𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 −‬‬

‫𝑁𝜕 𝑀𝜕 ‪1‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫𝑓 ׬ ‪= 𝑓 𝑦 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 −‬‬ ‫𝑦𝑑 𝑦‬
‫𝑥𝜕 𝑦𝜕 𝑀‬

‫𝑓 ׬ ‪𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 −‬‬ ‫𝑦𝑑 𝑦‬

‫𝑦 ‪2𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 4𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫𝑦𝑑𝑦‪ −‬׬ ‪−‬‬
‫𝑒 = 𝐹 ‪𝐼.‬‬
‫‪𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦(3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 4𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0‬‬
‫𝑦𝑑‬
‫𝑦׬‬
‫= 𝐹 ‪𝐼.‬‬ ‫𝑒‬
‫‪2𝑥𝑦 3 − 2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0‬‬
‫𝑦 ‪𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ln‬‬

‫𝑦 = 𝐹 ‪𝐼.‬‬
𝟐. 2𝑥𝑦 3 − 2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕 𝜕𝑁 𝜕
= (2𝑥𝑦 3 − 2𝑦 2 ) = (3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 6𝑥𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 = 6𝑥𝑦 2 − 4𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝟐. 2𝑥𝑦 3 − 2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

න(2𝑥𝑦 3 − 2𝑦 2 )𝜕𝑥 + න 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = න 0

න 2𝑥𝑦 3 𝜕𝑥 − න 2𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 + න 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 − න 4𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = න 0

𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝐶

𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝐶
Bernoulli Equations
 Bernoulli Equation is a generalized case of the
Bernoulli linear form. Bernoulli contains a certain
Equations expression in terms of the dependent variable
which makes it distinct from the linear form.
A Bernoulli Equation is of the form
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑛 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1
Multiply by ,
𝑦𝑛
𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑛
1
+ 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑦 𝑄(𝑥) 𝑛
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑛 𝑦 𝑦

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 −𝑛 + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦1−𝑛 = 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
 ‫𝑦𝑑‬
‫𝑛‪𝑦 −‬‬ ‫)𝑥(𝑄 = 𝑛‪+ 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦1−‬‬
‫𝑥𝑑‬

‫𝑛‪𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑦1−‬‬ ‫𝑢𝑑‬

‫)𝑛 ‪+ 𝑃 𝑥 𝑢 = 𝑄 𝑥 (1 −‬‬
‫𝑦𝑑 ‪𝑑𝑢 = 1 − 𝑛 𝑦1−𝑛−1‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑛 ‪1 −‬‬

‫𝑦𝑑 𝑛‪𝑑𝑢 = 1 − 𝑛 𝑦 −‬‬ ‫𝑢𝑑‬

‫)𝑥(𝑄)𝑛 ‪+ [ 1 − 𝑛 𝑃 𝑥 ]𝑢 = (1 −‬‬
‫𝑥𝑑‬
‫𝑛‪−‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫𝑦 𝑛 ‪𝑑𝑢 = 1 −‬‬ ‫𝑦𝑑‬
‫𝑛‪1−‬‬
‫𝑃)𝑛‪(1−‬׬ 𝑒‬ ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥‬
‫𝑢𝑑‬
‫𝑦𝑑 𝑛‪= 𝑦 −‬‬
‫𝑛‪1−‬‬
‫𝑢𝑑‬ ‫𝑃)𝑛‪(1−‬׬ 𝑒𝑢‬ ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥‬
‫𝑃)𝑛‪(1−‬׬ 𝑒)𝑛 ‪= න 𝑄 𝑥 (1 −‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥‬
‫‪𝑑𝑥 + C‬‬
‫)𝑥(𝑄 = 𝑢 𝑥 𝑃 ‪+‬‬
‫𝑥𝑑 𝑛 ‪1 −‬‬

‫𝑷)𝒏‪(𝟏−‬׬𝒆 𝒏‪𝒚𝟏−‬‬ ‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙‬

‫𝑷)𝒏‪(𝟏−‬׬𝒆)𝒏 ‪= න 𝑸 𝒙 (𝟏 −‬‬ ‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙‬
‫𝐂 ‪𝒅𝒙 +‬‬
𝟏. 𝟑𝒙𝒚′ + 𝒚 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟒 = 𝟎

1
3𝑥𝑦 ′ +𝑦 + 𝑥2𝑦4 =0
3x

𝑦 𝑥 2𝑦4
𝑦′ + + =0
3𝑥 3𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥 4
+ 𝑦 = − (𝑦 )
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 3
 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥 4
+ 𝑦 = − (𝑦 )
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 3

𝑦1−𝑛 𝑒 ‫(׬‬1−𝑛)𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= න 𝑄 𝑥 (1 − 𝑛)𝑒 ‫(׬‬1−𝑛)𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 + C

−3
1 𝑥 1
𝑦 −3 𝑒 ‫׬‬ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න − (−3)𝑒 ‫׬‬
−3 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 +C
3
1
‫ ׬‬−3 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑦 −3 𝑥 −1 = න 𝑥 ∗ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 + C
𝑑𝑥
−‫𝑥 ׬‬
= 𝑒
𝑦 −3 𝑥 −1 = න 𝑑𝑥 + C
= 𝑒 −𝑙𝑛 𝑥
𝑦 −3 𝑥 −1 = 𝑥 + C
𝑙𝑛 𝑥 −1
=𝑒
1 = 𝑥 + C xy 3
= 𝑥 −1
Substitution Suggested
by the Equation
 A differential equation Mdx+Ndy=0 may not be possible
to solve by any of the previous methods, but solvable by
substitution approach.
Substitution
Method A natural source of suggestions for useful transformation
is the differential equation itself. If a particular function
of one or both variables stands out in the equation, then
it is worthwhile to examine the equation after that
function has been introduced as a new variable.
 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 (𝑢 − 1)(𝑑𝑢 − 2𝑑𝑦) + 3𝑢𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑑𝑦 𝑢𝑑𝑢 − 2𝑢𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑢 + 2𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑢𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑑𝑢 − 2𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢𝑑𝑢 − 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑢𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑑𝑦 = 0

(𝑢 − 1)𝑑𝑢 + (𝑢 + 2)𝑑𝑦 = 0

1
𝑢 − 1 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑢 + 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑢+2

𝑢−1
𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑢+2
 𝑢−1
+ 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑢+2

3
1− 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑢+2

3
න 1− 𝑑𝑢 + න 𝑑𝑦 = න 0
𝑢+2

𝑑𝑢
න 𝑑𝑢 − 3 න + න 𝑑𝑦 = න 0
𝑢+2

𝑢 − 3 ln |𝑢 + 2| + 𝑦 = 𝐶

𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3 ln |𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2| + 𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3 ln |𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2| + 𝑦 = 𝐶

𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 3 ln |𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2| = 𝐶
 𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = sin 𝑦
𝑥 + 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 0
𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑢𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑢 = 0

𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑(𝑢𝑥) = 0

න 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑑(𝑢𝑥) = න 0

𝑥2
+ 𝑢𝑥 = 𝐶
2

𝑥2
+ 𝑥 sin 𝑦 = 𝐶
2