ODE EXERCISE 6.

In the following Problem find two power series solutions of the given differential equation about the ordinary point 𝑥 = 0.
𝟏𝟗. 𝒚′′ − 𝟐𝒙𝒚′ + 𝒚 = 𝟎
Solution
∞ ∞ ∞

𝐵𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑦 = ∑ 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 ⟹ 𝑦 ′ = ∑ 𝑛 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1 ⟹ 𝑦 ′′ = ∑ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−2

𝑛=0 𝑛=1 𝑛=2

Substituting into the given DE gives,

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = ∑ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−2 − 2𝑥 ∑ 𝑛 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ∑ 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = ∑ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−2 − 2 ∑ 𝑛 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + ∑ 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 0

𝑛=2 𝑛=1 𝑛=0 𝑛=2 𝑛=1 𝑛=0
∞ ∞ ∞

= 2𝑐2 𝑥 0 + 6𝑐3 𝑥 + ∑ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−2 − 2𝑐1 𝑥 − 2 ∑ 𝑛 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑐0 𝑥 0 + 𝑐1 𝑥 + ∑ 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 0

𝑛=4 𝑛=2 𝑛=2
∞ ∞ ∞

= 𝑐0 + 2𝑐2 + 6𝑐3 𝑥 − 𝑐1 𝑥 + ∑ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−2 − 2 ∑ 𝑛 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + ∑ 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 0

𝑛=4 𝑛=2 𝑛=2
(𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑘 = 𝑛 − 2), (𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑘 = 𝑛), (𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑘 = 𝑛)
∞ ∞ ∞

= 𝑐0 + 2𝑐2 + 6𝑐3 𝑥 − 𝑐1 𝑥 + ∑(𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 1) 𝑐𝑘+2 𝑥 𝑘 − 2 ∑ 𝑘 𝑐𝑘 𝑥 𝑘 + ∑ 𝑐𝑘 𝑥 𝑘 = 0

𝑘=2 𝑘=2 𝑘=2
∞ ∞

= 𝑐0 + 2𝑐2 + 6𝑐3 𝑥 − 𝑐1 𝑥 + ∑[(𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 1) 𝑐𝑘+2 − 2𝑘 𝑐𝑘 + 𝑐𝑘 ] 𝑥 𝑘 = 𝑐0 + 2𝑐2 + 6𝑐3 𝑥 − 𝑐1 𝑥 + ∑[(𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 1) 𝑐𝑘+2 − (2𝑘 − 1)𝑐𝑘 ] 𝑥 𝑘 = 0
𝑘=2 𝑘=2

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑐0 + 2𝑐2 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 6𝑐3 − 𝑐1 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 1) 𝑐𝑘+2 − (2𝑘 − 1)𝑐𝑘 = 0

1 1 (2𝑘 − 1)
⟹ 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑐2 = − 𝑐0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐3 = 𝑐1 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑘+2 = 𝑐 , 𝑘 = 2, 3, 4, … .
2 6 (𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 1) 𝑘

1
 1 1 (2𝑘 − 1)
𝑐2 = − 𝑐0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐3 = 𝑐1 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑘+2 = 𝑐 , 𝑘 = 2, 3, 4, … .
2 6 (𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 1) 𝑘

𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑦1 (𝑥): 𝑘 = 2, 4, 6, … 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑦2 (𝑥): 𝑘 = 3, 5, 7, …

𝑐0 𝑐1

1 1 1 1 1
𝑐2 = − 𝑐0 = − 𝑐0 𝑐3 = 𝑐1 = 𝑐 = 𝑐
2 2! 6 2 ∙ 3 1 3! 1

3 1∙3 3 5 1∙5 5
𝑘 = 2: 𝑐4 = 𝑐 =− 𝑐 = − 𝑐0 𝑘 = 3: 𝑐5 = 𝑐 = 𝑐 = 𝑐
(4)(3) 2 (4)(3)(2) 0 4! (5)(4) 3 (5)(4)(3!) 1 5! 1

7 3∙7 21 9 1∙5∙9 45
𝑘 = 4: 𝑐6 = 𝑐 =− 𝑐 = − 𝑐0 𝑘 = 5: 𝑐7 = 𝑐 = 𝑐 = 𝑐
(6)(5) 4 (6)(5)(4!) 0 6! (7)(6) 5 (7)(6)(5!) 1 7! 1

11 3 ∙ 7 ∙ 11 231 13 1 ∙ 5 ∙ 9 ∙ 13 585
𝑘 = 6: 𝑐8 = 𝑐 =− 𝑐 =− 𝑐 𝑘 = 7: 𝑐9 = 𝑐 = 𝑐 = 𝑐
(8)(7) 6 (8)(7)(6!) 0 8! 0 (9)(8) 7 (9)(8)(7!) 1 9! 1

⋮ ⋮

2
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

𝑦 = ∑ 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑐0 + 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 + 𝑐3 𝑥 3 + 𝑐4 𝑥 4 + 𝑐5 𝑥 5 + 𝑐6 𝑥 6 + 𝑐7 𝑥 7 + 𝑐8 𝑥 8 + 𝑐9 𝑥 9 + 𝑐10 𝑥 10 + ⋯ , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
𝑛=0

𝑐0 2 𝑐1 3 3𝑐0 4 5𝑐1 5 21𝑐0 6 45𝑐1 7 231𝑐0 8 585𝑐1 9 3465𝑐0 10

𝑦 = 𝑐0 + 𝑐1 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 + ⋯.
2! 3! 4! 5! 6! 7! 8! 9! 10!

After grouping the terms containing 𝑐0 and the terms containing 𝑐1 , we obtain 𝒚 = 𝒄𝟎 𝒚𝟏 (𝒙) + 𝒄𝟏 𝒚𝟐 (𝒙), where

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟐𝟏 𝟔 𝟐𝟑𝟏 𝟖 𝟑𝟒𝟔𝟓 𝟏𝟎
𝒚𝟏 (𝒙) = 𝟏 − 𝒙 − 𝒙 − 𝒙 − 𝒙 − 𝒙 −⋯
𝟐! 𝟒! 𝟔! 𝟖! 𝟏𝟎!

𝟏 𝟑 𝟓 𝟓 𝟒𝟓 𝟕 𝟖 𝟓𝟖𝟓 𝟗
𝒚𝟐 (𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝒙 𝒙 + 𝒙 +⋯
𝟑! 𝟓! 𝟕! 𝟗!

3
In the following Problem use the power series method to solve the given IVP.

𝟐𝟗. (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒚′′ − 𝒙𝒚′ + 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒚(𝟎) = −𝟐, 𝒚′ (𝟎) = 𝟔

Solution.
∞ ∞ ∞
𝑛 ′ 𝑛−1
𝐵𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑦 = ∑ 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 = ∑ 𝑛 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 = ∑ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−2
′′

𝑛=0 𝑛=1 𝑛=2

Substituting into the given DE gives,

∞ ∞ ∞
′′ ′ 𝑛−2 𝑛−1
(𝑥 − 1)𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1) ∑ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥 ∑ 𝑛 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 + ∑ 𝑐𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 0
𝑛=2 𝑛=1 𝑛=0
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

= ∑ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1 − ∑ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−2 − ∑ 𝑛 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + ∑ 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 0

𝑛=2 𝑛=2 𝑛=1 𝑛=0
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

= 2𝑐2 𝑥 + ∑ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1 − 2𝑐2 𝑥 0 − 6𝑐3 𝑥 − ∑ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−2 − 𝑐1 𝑥 − ∑ 𝑛 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑐0 𝑥 0 + 𝑐1 𝑥 + ∑ 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 0

𝑛=3 𝑛=4 𝑛=2 𝑛=2
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

= 𝑐0 − 2𝑐2 + 2𝑐2 𝑥 − 6𝑐3 𝑥 + ∑ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1 − ∑ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−2 − ∑ 𝑛 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + ∑ 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 0

𝑛=3 𝑛=4 𝑛=2 𝑛=2
(𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑘 = 𝑛 − 1), (𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑘 = 𝑛 − 2), (𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑘 = 𝑛), (𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑘 = 𝑛)
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

= 𝑐0 − 2𝑐2 + 2𝑐2 𝑥 − 6𝑐3 𝑥 + ∑ 𝑘(𝑘 + 1) 𝑐𝑘+1 𝑥 𝑘 − ∑(𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 1) 𝑐𝑘+2 𝑥 𝑘 − ∑ 𝑘 𝑐𝑘 𝑥 𝑘 + ∑ 𝑐𝑘 𝑥 𝑘 = 0

𝑘=2 𝑘=2 𝑘=2 𝑘=2
∞

= 𝑐0 − 2𝑐2 + 2𝑐2 𝑥 − 6𝑐3 𝑥 + ∑[𝑘(𝑘 + 1) 𝑐𝑘+1 − (𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 1) 𝑐𝑘+2 − 𝑘 𝑐𝑘 + 𝑐𝑘 ] 𝑥 𝑘 = 0

𝑘=2
∞

= 𝑐0 − 2𝑐2 + 2𝑐2 𝑥 − 6𝑐3 𝑥 + ∑[𝑘(𝑘 + 1) 𝑐𝑘+1 − (𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 1) 𝑐𝑘+2 − (𝑘 − 1)𝑐𝑘 ] 𝑥 𝑘 = 0

𝑘=2

4
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑐0 − 2𝑐2 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑐2 − 6𝑐3 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘(𝑘 + 1) 𝑐𝑘+1 − (𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 1) 𝑐𝑘+2 − (𝑘 − 1)𝑐𝑘 = 0

1 1 𝑘(𝑘 + 1) 𝑐𝑘+1 − (𝑘 − 1)𝑐𝑘

⟹ 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑐2 = 𝑐0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐3 = 𝑐2 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑘+2 = , 𝑘 = 2, 3, 4, … .
2 3 (𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 1)

𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑦1 (𝑥): 𝑘 = 2, 4, 6, …

𝑐0 1 𝑐0
𝑐2 = 𝑐0 =
2 2!

1 1∙1 𝑐0 𝑐0 𝑐0
𝑐3 = 𝑐2 = 𝑐 = 6 𝑐3 − 𝑐2 6 ∙ 3! − 2! 2𝑐0 − 𝑐0 𝑐0
3 3 ∙ 2! 0 3! 𝑘 = 2: 𝑐4 = = = =
4∙3 4∙3 4 ∙ 3 ∙ 2! 4!

𝑐0 𝑐0 𝑐0 𝑐0
12𝑐4 − 2𝑐3 12 ∙ 4! − 2 ∙ 3! 3𝑐0 − 2𝑐0 𝑐0 20𝑐5 − 3𝑐4 20 ∙ 5! − 3 ∙ 4! 4𝑐0 − 3𝑐0 𝑐0
𝑘 = 3: 𝑐5 = = = = 𝑘 = 4: 𝑐6 = = = =
5∙4 5∙4 5 ∙ 4 ∙ 3! 5! 6∙5 6∙5 6 ∙ 5 ∙ 4! 6!

𝑐0 𝑐0 𝑐0 𝑐0
30𝑐6 − 4𝑐5 30 ∙ 6! − 4 ∙ 5! 5𝑐0 − 4𝑐0 𝑐0 42𝑐6 − 5𝑐5 42 ∙ 7! − 5 ∙ 6! 6𝑐0 − 5𝑐0 𝑐0
𝑘 = 5: 𝑐7 = = = = 𝑘 = 6: 𝑐8 = = = =
7∙6 7∙6 7 ∙ 6 ∙ 5! 7! 8∙7 8∙7 8 ∙ 7 ∙ 6! 8!

5
Now substituting the coefficients just obtained into the original assumption:

𝑦 = ∑ 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑐0 + 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 + 𝑐3 𝑥 3 + 𝑐4 𝑥 4 + 𝑐5 𝑥 5 + 𝑐6 𝑥 6 + 𝑐7 𝑥 7 + 𝑐8 𝑥 8 + 𝑐9 𝑥 9 + 𝑐10 𝑥 10 + ⋯ , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
𝑛=0

𝑐0 2 𝑐0 3 𝑐0 4 𝑐0 5 𝑐0 6 𝑐0 7 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑦 = 𝑐0 + 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + ⋯ = 𝑐0 [1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 6 + 𝑥 7 + ⋯ ] + 𝑐1 𝑥
2! 3! 4! 5! 6! 7! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6! 7!

After grouping the terms containing 𝑐0 and the terms containing 𝑐1 , we obtain 𝒚 = 𝒄𝟎 𝒚𝟏 (𝒙) + 𝒄𝟏 𝒚𝟐 (𝒙), where

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟔 𝟏 𝟕
𝒚𝟏 (𝒙) = 𝟏 + 𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝒙 +⋯ 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚𝟐 (𝒙) = 𝒙
𝟐! 𝟑! 𝟒! 𝟓! 𝟔! 𝟕!

Apply the prescribed Initial Conditions 𝒚(𝟎) = −𝟐, 𝒚′ (𝟎) = 𝟔.

1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑦(0) = 𝑐0 [1 + (0)2 + (0)3 + (0)4 + (0)5 + (0)6 + (0)7 + ⋯ ] + 𝑐1 (0) = −2 ⟹ 𝑐0 = −2. 𝑆𝑜
2! 3! 4! 5! 6! 7!

1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑦 = −2 [1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + ⋯ ] + 𝑐1 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 ′ = −2 [ 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 6 + ⋯ ] + 𝑐1
2! 3! 4! 5! 6! 7! 1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6!

1 1 1 1 1 1
⟹ 𝑦 ′ (0) = −2 [ (0) + (0)2 + (0)3 + (0)4 + (0)5 + (0)6 + ⋯ ] + 𝑐1 = 6
1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6!

6
Now

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟔 𝟏 𝟕
𝒚 = −𝟐 [𝟏 + 𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝒙 + ⋯ ] + 𝟔𝒙 = 𝟖𝒙 − 𝟐𝒆𝒙
𝟐! 𝟑! 𝟒! 𝟓! 𝟔! 𝟕!

∞
𝑥𝑛 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
[𝑵𝑩: 𝒆𝒙 = ∑ = 𝟏 + 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟓 + 𝒙𝟔 + 𝒙𝟕 + ⋯ ]
𝑛! 𝟐! 𝟑! 𝟒! 𝟓! 𝟔! 𝟕!
𝑛=0