Clave de primer parcial de Matemática IV

1. Dada la matriz
−2 −2
𝐴=( )
−5 1

se pide:
(a) Hallar el polinomio característico de A y sus valores propios.
(b) Calcular los subespacios propios de A.

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒊ó𝒏.
𝑑𝑒𝑡 [𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼] = 0
−2 −2) − 𝜆 (1 0)] = 0
𝑑𝑒𝑡 [(
−5 1 0 1
𝑑𝑒𝑡 [(
−2 −2) − (𝜆 0)] = 0
−5 1 0 𝜆
𝑑𝑒𝑡 (−2 − 𝜆 −2 ) = 0
−5 1−𝜆
(−2 − 𝜆)(1 − 𝜆) − (−2)(−5) = 0
𝜆2 − 3𝜆 − 12 = 0
(𝜆 + 4)(𝜆 − 3) = 0
𝜆1 = −4
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑜𝑠 ∶ {
𝜆2 = 3

𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒐 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒊𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆 𝒂 𝝀𝟏 = −𝟒

𝑥
[(−2 −2) − (−4) (1 0)] ( 𝑦) = ( 0)
−5 1 0 1 0
𝑥
( 2 −2) ( 𝑦) = ( 0)
−5 5 0
𝑥
(1 −1) ( 𝑦) = ( 0) 𝑌𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 (
2 −2)
~ (
1 −1)
0 0 0 −5 5 0 0
𝑥−𝑦
( ) = ( 0)
0 0
𝐸−4 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)𝜀𝑅2 : 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0}
 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 1
(𝑦 ) 𝜀𝐸−4 → 𝑦 = 𝑥 → (𝑦 ) = ( ) = 𝑥 ( )
𝑥 1
𝟏
𝑬−𝟒 = {(𝒙, 𝒚)𝜺𝑹𝟐: 𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟎} = 𝒈𝒆𝒏 {( )}
𝟏
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒐 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒊𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆 𝒂 𝝀𝟏 = 𝟑
𝑥
[(−2 −2) − (3) (1 0)] ( 𝑦) = ( 0)
−5 1 0 1 0
𝑥
(−5 −2) ( 𝑦) = ( 0)
−5 −2 0
𝑥
(5 2) ( 𝑦) = ( 0) 𝑌𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 (
−5 −2)
~ (
5 2)
0 0 0 −5 −2 0 0
5𝑥 − 2𝑦
( ) = (0)
0 0
𝐸−4 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)𝜀𝑅2 : 5𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0}
5 𝑥 1
𝑥 𝑥
(𝑦 ) 𝜀𝐸−4 → 𝑦 = 𝑥 → ( 𝑦) = ( 5 ) = 𝑥 (5 )
2 𝑥
2 2
𝟏
𝟐
𝑬−𝟒 = {(𝒙, 𝒚)𝜺𝑹𝟐: 𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟎} = 𝒈𝒆𝒏 {(𝟓)} = 𝒈𝒆𝒏 {( )}
𝟓
𝟐
 2. Encuentre la solución general de cada una de las
siguientes ecuaciones diferenciales:
𝑦 𝑦
a) (𝑥 + 𝑦𝑒 ) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1
b) 𝑥 +𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑦2
c) (𝑥 − 𝑦3 + 𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − (3𝑥𝑦2 + 2𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0
2

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒊ó𝒏.
𝑦 𝑦
𝑎) (𝑥 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦 𝑦
𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑒𝑥 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑒𝑥
𝑡𝑦 𝑦
𝑀(𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦) = 𝑡𝑥 + = 𝑡 (𝑥 𝑡𝑦𝑒 𝑡𝑥 = 𝑡𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 )
→ 𝑀 𝑒𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔é𝑛𝑒𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜 1.
𝑡𝑦 𝑦
𝑁 (𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦) = 𝑡𝑥𝑒𝑡𝑥 = 𝑡 (𝑥𝑒𝑥 ) = 𝑡𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)
→ 𝑁 𝑒𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔é𝑛𝑒𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜 1.
∴ 𝐿𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 ∶
𝑦 𝑦
(𝑥 + 𝑦𝑒 ) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑥 (∗ )𝑒𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔é𝑛𝑒𝑎
𝒚
𝐻𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝒚 = 𝒖𝒙 → 𝒖=
𝒙
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= . 𝑥 + 𝑢. 1 → 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑑𝑢 + 𝑢𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
𝑆𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑦𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑥 , 𝑢= 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑑𝑢 + 𝑢𝑑𝑥 𝑒𝑛 (∗):
𝑥

(𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥𝑒 𝑢 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 𝑢 (𝑥𝑑𝑢 + 𝑢𝑑𝑥 ) = 0

𝑥 (1 + 𝑢𝑒 𝑢 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 − 𝑥𝑢𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 0
[𝑥 (1 + 𝑢𝑒 𝑢 ) − 𝑥𝑢𝑒 𝑢 ]𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 0
𝑥 [1 + 𝑢𝑒 𝑢 − 𝑢𝑒 𝑢 ]𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 0
𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 0
 1 1
(𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢) = . 0
𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 0
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 =
𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ∫
𝑥
𝑒 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦
𝑒𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦
𝑙𝑛 (𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑙𝑛(𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶)
𝑦
= 𝑙𝑛(𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶)
𝑥
𝒚 = 𝒙𝒍𝒏(𝒍𝒏𝒙 + 𝑪)

𝑑𝑦 1
𝑏) 𝑥 +𝑦= 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
1 𝑑𝑦 1
(𝑥 + 𝑦) = . 𝑦 −2
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1
+ 𝑦 = . 𝑦 −2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1
1−(−2) 3
𝐻𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑢 = 𝑦 → 𝑢=𝑦 → 𝑦= 𝑢3
𝑑𝑦 1 −
2 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑢 3
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
1 2 𝑑𝑢 1 1 1 1 −2
−
𝑢 3 + 𝑢3 = . (𝑢 3 )
3 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
 1 −
2 𝑑𝑢 1 1 1 −
2
𝑢 + 3= .𝑢 𝑢3 3
3 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
2 1
− 𝑑𝑢 1 1
2 2 1 2
−
3𝑢 3 ( 𝑢 3 + 𝑢 3 ) = 3𝑢 3 . ( . 𝑢 3 )
3 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 3 3
+ 𝑢=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒅𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒊ó𝒏.
3 𝑑𝑥 3
∫ 𝑑𝑥 3∫
𝜇=𝑒 𝑥 =𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒3𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑒𝑙𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 𝑥>0
𝑑𝑢 3 3
𝑥 3 ( + 𝑢) = 𝑥 3 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 (𝑥 3 𝑢 )
= 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 (𝑥 3 𝑢 ) = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑑 (𝑥 3 𝑢 ) = ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 3𝑢 = 𝑥 3 + 𝐶
𝑥3 + 𝐶
𝑢=
𝑥3
𝒚𝟑 = 𝟏 + 𝑪𝒙−𝟑

d) (𝑥 − 𝑦 3 + 𝑦 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − (3𝑥𝑦 2 + 2𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0 (∗)

𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 − 𝑦3 + 𝑦2 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = −3𝑥𝑦2 − 2𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= −3𝑦 2 + 2𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 = 3𝑦 2 − 2𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= → 𝐿𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 (∗) 𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜, 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑒:
𝜕𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)
= 𝑥 − 𝑦3 + 𝑦2 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 = −3𝑥𝑦2 − 2𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = ∫(𝑥 − 𝑦3 + 𝑦2 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 3 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑔 (𝑦)
2
𝟏 𝟐
𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙 − 𝒙𝒚𝟑 − 𝒚𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒈(𝒚)
𝟐
𝜕𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑔(𝑦)
= −3𝑥𝑦2 − 2𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 +
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑔 (𝑦)
−3𝑥𝑦2 − 2𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + = −3𝑥𝑦2 − 2𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑔 (𝑦)
=0
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑔 (𝑦) = 0𝑑𝑦

∫ 𝑑𝑔 (𝑦) = ∫ 0𝑑𝑦

𝑔(𝑦) = 𝐶1
1
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 3 − 𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶1
2
𝟏 𝟐
𝒙 − 𝒙𝒚𝟑 − 𝒚𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 = 𝑪
𝟐
3) 𝑈𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚ó𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑎 ℎ𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎
𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 70℉, 𝑦 𝑠𝑒 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎 𝑎 𝑢𝑛 𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎
𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 10℉. 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑢é𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑜,
𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚ó𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑎 50℉
𝑎) 𝐶𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑎𝑟á 𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑜?
𝑏) 𝐶𝑢á𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑜 𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑟á 𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚ó𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑧𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠 15℉?

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒊ó𝒏.
𝑡: 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑜 (𝑚𝑖𝑛)
𝑇 = 𝑇(𝑡 ): 𝐿𝑎 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑎 𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚ó𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑜 𝑡 (℉)
1
𝑇(0) = 70 𝑇 ( ) = 50 𝑇𝑚 = 10
2
𝑑𝑇
= 𝑘(𝑇 − 10) , 𝑇(0) = 70
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇
= 𝑘𝑇 − 10𝑘
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇
− 𝑘𝑇 = −10𝑘
𝑑𝑡
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒: 𝜇 = 𝑒 ∫(−𝑘) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
𝑑𝑇
𝑒−𝑘𝑡 ( − 𝑘𝑇) = 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 (−10𝑘 )
𝑑𝑡
𝑑 (𝑒−𝑘𝑡 𝑇)
= −10𝑘𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑 (𝑒−𝑘𝑡 𝑇) = −10𝑘𝑒−𝑘𝑡 𝑑𝑡

∫ 𝑑 (𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 𝑇) = ∫(−10𝑘𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 )𝑑𝑡

1
𝑒−𝑘𝑡 𝑇 = (−10𝑘 ) (− 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 ) + 𝐶
𝑘
𝑇
𝑘𝑡
= 10𝑒−𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑒
𝑇 = 𝑒𝑘𝑡 (10𝑒−𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶 )
 𝑻(𝒕) = 𝟏𝟎 + 𝑪𝒆𝒌𝒕
𝑇(0) = 70 10 + 𝐶 = 70 (1)
10 + 𝐶𝑒𝑘.0 = 70
{ 1 → { 1 → { 𝑘
𝑇 ( ) = 50 𝑘.
10 + 𝐶𝑒 2 = 50 10 + 𝐶𝑒 2 = 50 (2)
2
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑗𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝐶 𝑒𝑛 (1): 𝐶 = 60 . 𝑆𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑦𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝐶 = 60 𝑒𝑛 (2):
𝑘
10 + 60𝑒 2 = 50
𝑘
60𝑒2 = 40
𝑘 40 2
𝑒2 = =
603
𝑘 2
𝑙𝑛 (𝑒 2 ) = 𝑙𝑛 ( )
3
𝑘 2 2
= 𝑙𝑛 ( ) → 𝑘 = 2𝑙𝑛 ( ) = −0.8109
2 3 3
(−𝟎.𝟖𝟏𝟎𝟗)𝒕
𝑻(𝒕) = 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟔𝟎𝒆
𝑇(1) = 10 + 60𝑒 (−0.8109) 1 = 36.67 (℉)
𝑇 = 15 → 15 = 10 + 60𝑒 (−0.8109) 𝑡
60𝑒(−0.8109) 𝑡 = 5
5 1
𝑒 (−0.8109) 𝑡 = =
60 12
1
𝑙𝑛(𝑒 (−0.8109) 𝑡 ) = 𝑙𝑛 ( ) = 𝑙𝑛1 − 𝑙𝑛12 = 0 − 𝑙𝑛(12) = −ln(12)
12
(−0.8109)𝑡 = −ln(12)
−ln(12)
𝑡=
−0.8109
𝒕 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟔 (𝒎𝒊𝒏)