Standard Form II:

Clairaut’s Equation:

A first order PDE is said to be Clairaut form if it can be written in the

form 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞) … … … (1)

Let, 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑝, 𝑞 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑓 𝑝, 𝑞 − 𝑧 = 0

Charpit’s auxiliary equations are

𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 = 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 = 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 = 𝜕𝑓 = 𝜕𝑓
𝜕𝑥
+𝑝 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
+𝑞 𝜕𝑧 −𝑝𝑥 −𝑞𝑦 −𝑝 𝜕𝑝 −𝑞 𝜕𝑞 −𝑥−𝜕𝑝 −𝑦−𝜕𝑞

𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⇒
0
= 0
= 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 = 𝜕𝑓 = 𝜕𝑓
−𝑝𝜕𝑝−𝑞𝜕𝑞 −𝜕𝑝 −𝜕𝑞

Thus 1st and 2nd fraction gives,

𝑝 = 𝑎 and 𝑞 = 𝑏, where 𝑎, 𝑏 are arbitrary constants.

Putting these value in (1)

𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏)

Which is the complete integral.

Problem 01: 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑝𝑞.

Solution: The complete integral of the given PDE is,

𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑎𝑏 … … … (1), where 𝑎, 𝑏 are arbitrary

constants.
Singular Integral:

Differentiating (1) Partially w.r.to 𝑎 and 𝑏 we get,

0=𝑥+𝑏

0=𝑦+𝑎

⇒ 𝑏 = −𝑥, 𝑎 = −𝑦

Putting the values of a & b in (1) we get,

𝑧 = 𝑥 −𝑦 + 𝑦 −𝑥 + −𝑥 (−𝑦)

= −𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦

= −𝑥𝑦

General Solution:

Let, 𝑏 = 𝜑 𝑎 , where 𝜑 is an arbitrary function.

𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦𝜑 𝑎 + 𝑎𝜑(𝑎) … … … (2)

From (2) we get,

0 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝜑′ 𝑎 + 𝑎𝜑 ′ 𝑎 + 𝜑(𝑎) … … … (3)

Eliminating a from (1) and (2) we get the general solution.

Problem 02: Find the complete, singular and general integral of the

given PDE 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑐 1 + 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 .
Solution: Given, 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑐 1 + 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2

The complete integral of the given PDE

𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 … … … (1)

Singular Integral:

Differentiating (1) partially w.r.to 𝑎 and 𝑏 we get,

𝑎𝑐
0=𝑥+
1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

𝑏𝑐
0=𝑦+
1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑎𝑐
⇒ −𝑥 = …. … …. (2)
1+𝑎 2 +𝑏 2

𝑏𝑐
−𝑦 = …. … …. (3)
1+𝑎 2 +𝑏 2

We get,

2 2
𝑎2 𝑐 2 𝑏2 𝑐 2
𝑥 +𝑦 = +
1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

2 2
𝑎2 𝑐 2 2 2
𝑏2 𝑐 2
⇒𝑐 −𝑥 −𝑦 =𝑐 − −
1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

2
𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 𝑐 2 + 𝑏 2 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 𝑐 2 − 𝑏 2 𝑐 2
2 2
⇒𝑐 −𝑥 −𝑦 =
1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
 2
𝑐2
2 2
⇒𝑐 −𝑥 −𝑦 =
1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑐2
⇒ 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = ….. …. ….. (4)
𝑐 2 −𝑥 2 −𝑦 2

Using (4) we get from (2) and (3)

𝑎𝑐
−𝑥 = 𝑐 = 𝑎 𝑐2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦2
𝑐2 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2

−𝑥
⇒𝑎=
𝑐2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦2

−𝑦
Similarly, 𝑏 =
𝑐 2 −𝑥 2 −𝑦 2

Putting the value of 𝑎, 𝑏 and 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 in (1) we get,

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑐2
𝑧=− − +
𝑐2 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 𝑐2 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 𝑐2 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2

𝑐 2 −𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
⇒𝑧=
𝑐 2 −𝑥 2 −𝑦 2

⇒𝑧= 𝑐2 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2

⇒ 𝑧2 = 𝑐2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦2

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 = 𝑐2

Which is the singular integral of the PDE.

General Integral:

Let 𝑏 = 𝜑(𝑎), where 𝜑 is an arbitrary function.

1
Then, 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦𝜑 𝑎 + 𝑐 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝜑(𝑎 2 2

𝑐 1
⇒ 0 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝜑′ (𝑎) + 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝜑(𝑎 2 −2
2𝑎 + 2𝜑 𝑎 𝜑′ (𝑎) … (2)
2

Eliminating 𝑎 from (1) and (2) we get the general solution.

Problem 03: Find a complete and singular integral of

4𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 𝑝𝑞 + 2𝑝𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑞𝑥𝑦 2 .

Solution: The given PDE can be written as,

1 𝜕𝑧 1 𝜕𝑧 1 𝜕𝑧 1 𝜕𝑧
𝑧= + 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 …. …. ….. (2)
2𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2𝑦 𝜕𝑦

Let, 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑋

2𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑌

So that, 𝑥 2 = 𝑋

𝑦2 = 𝑌

(1) Becomes,
𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍
𝑍= + 𝑋+𝑌
𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑌 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑌
⇒ 𝑍 = 𝑃𝑄 + 𝑋𝑃 + 𝑌𝑄
Which is of the standard form II.

The complete integral is,

𝑧 = 𝑎𝑋 + 𝑏𝑌 + 𝑎𝑏

⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 𝑎𝑏 … … …. (3)

Differentiating (3) Partially w.r.to 𝑎, 𝑏 we get,

0 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏 = −𝑥 2

0 = 𝑦 2 + 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑎 = −𝑦 2

Putting the value of 𝑎, 𝑏 in (3) we get,

𝑧 = −𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2

∴ 𝑧 = −𝑥 2 𝑦 2 , which is the required singular integral.

Problem 04: Find the complete, singular and general integral of

1. 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑝𝑞
2. 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 − 2 𝑝𝑞.

Solution: (1) The complete integral is,

𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + ln(𝑎𝑏)

⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑙𝑛𝑎 + 𝑙𝑛𝑏 …. …. ….. (1)

Where 𝑎, 𝑏 are arbitrary constants.

Singular Integral:

Differentiating (1) partially w.r. to 𝑎 and , we get

1 1
0=𝑥+ ⇒𝑎=−
𝑎 𝑥
1 1
And 0=𝑦+ ⇒𝑏=−
𝑏 𝑦

Putting the value of 𝑎, 𝑏 in equation (1) we get,

1
𝑧 = −1 − 1 + 𝑙𝑛
𝑥𝑦

⇒ 𝑧 = −2 − 2ln⁡
(𝑥𝑦)

Which is the required singular integral.

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 (𝟐): Given, 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 − 2 𝑝𝑞

The complete integral is, 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 − 2 𝑎𝑏 … … … (1)

Differentiating (1) partially w.r.to 𝑎, 𝑏 we get

2𝑏
0=𝑥− and
2 𝑎𝑏

2𝑎
0=𝑦−
2 𝑎𝑏

So that,
 𝑏
𝑥=
𝑎
} ….. …. …. (2)
𝑎
𝑦=
𝑏

Now, 𝑥 − 𝑧 = 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 − 2 𝑎𝑏 from (1)

𝑏 𝑏 𝑎
= −𝑎 −𝑏 + 2 𝑎𝑏 [by (2)]
𝑎 𝑎 𝑏

𝑏
⇒𝑥−𝑧 =
𝑎

Similarly, 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 − 2 𝑎𝑏 , using (1)

𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
= −𝑎 −𝑏 + 2 𝑎𝑏 , using (2)
𝑏 𝑎 𝑏

𝑎
⇒𝑦−𝑧 =
𝑏

From (3) and (4)

𝑥−𝑧 𝑦−𝑧 =1

Which is the required singular as it satisfies the given equation.

Standard Form III:

Equation of the form ,

𝑓 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑧 = 0 … … … … (1)
Step 01: Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦

𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
Step02: Replacing 𝑝 and 𝑞 by and 𝑎 respectively in (1) and
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

solving the resulting ordinary differential equation of first order.

Step 03: Replacing 𝑢 by 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 in the solution 𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢)

obtained in step 01. 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑢

𝑝= = = , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 =1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑢
[S.I and G.I are obtained in the usual manner] 𝑞 = 𝜕𝑦 = 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑑𝑢 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜕𝑦
=𝑎
Problem 01: Find complete and singular integral of 4 1 + 𝑧 3 = 9𝑧 4 𝑝𝑞

Solution: The given equation ids of the form 𝑓 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑧 = 0.

Let, 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦, 𝑎 being an arbitrary constant.

𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
Replacing 𝑝 and 𝑞 by and 𝑎 respectively in the given equation
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑧 2
4 1 + 𝑧 3 = 9𝑧 4 𝑎
𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑧 2 4 1+𝑧 3
⇒ =
𝑑𝑢 9𝑧 4 𝑎

𝑑𝑧 2 1+𝑧 3
⇒ =
𝑑𝑢 2 𝑎𝑧 2

3𝑧 2 𝑎
⇒ 2𝑑𝑢 =
1+𝑧 3

Integrating,

2𝑢 + 2𝑏 = 2 𝑎 1 + 𝑧 3

⇒ 𝑎 1 + 𝑧 3 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏 [𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦]

⇒ 𝑎 1 + 𝑧 3 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏 2
… …. …. (1)

Which is a complete integral.

Singular Integral:

Differentiating (1) partially w.r.to 𝑎 and 𝑏 we get,

1 + 𝑧 3 = 2 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏 𝑦

0 = 2 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏

⇒ 1 + 𝑧 3 = 0 , is the required singular integral.

Problem 02: Find a complete integral of 𝑝3 + 𝑞 3 = 3𝑝𝑞𝑧.

Ans: 𝑦 𝑎3 + 1 𝑙𝑛𝑧 = 3𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑐 . (Do yourself)

Problem 03: Find Complete and singular integral of

9 𝑝2 𝑧 + 𝑞 2 = 4

Solution: Given ,

9 𝑝2 𝑧 + 𝑞 2 = 4

𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
Replacing 𝑝 and 𝑞 by and 𝑎 respectively in the given equation
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 2
9 𝑧 + 𝑎2 =4
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑧 2 4
⇒ 𝑧 + 𝑎2 =
𝑑𝑢 9

𝑑𝑧 2
⇒ 𝑧 + 𝑎2 =
𝑑𝑢 3

2
⇒ 𝑧 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑢
3

2 3 2 2
⇒ 𝑧 + 𝑎2 2 = 𝑢+ 𝑐
3 3 3
 3
⇒ 𝑧+ 𝑎2 2 =𝑢+𝑐
3
⇒ 𝑧 + 𝑎2 2 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑐

⇒ 𝑧 + 𝑎2 3
= 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑐 2
… …. …. (1)

Singular Integral:

Differentiating (1) partially w.r.to 𝑎 and 𝑏 we get,

3 𝑧 + 𝑎2 2
∙ 2𝑎 = 2 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑐 ∙ 𝑦

0 = 2 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑐 . 1 ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0

⇒ 𝑧 + 𝑎2 = 0

From (1), 0 = 0, so singular solution does not exist.