Course Title: Differential & Integral Calculus

Course Code: MAT141

Lecture Note-2
Md. Shohel Babu
Lecturer
Dept. of CSE,SEU
 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑓(𝑥)
= 𝑦1 ; = 𝑓′ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑 2 𝑓(𝑥)
2
= 𝑦2 ; 2
= 𝑓 ′′ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Critical Point

a b
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 4𝑥 3 − 64𝑥
 f(x)

Normal

Tangent

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

-
 𝑑𝑦 1
At point (-2,1), 𝑑𝑥 = 2

Equation of Tangent:
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑥 − 𝑥1
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑦−1= 𝑥+2
2
2𝑦 − 2 = 𝑥 + 2
𝑥 − 2𝑦 = −4
Equation of Normal:
1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = − 𝑥 − 𝑥1
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑦−1=− 𝑥+2
1
2

𝑦 − 1 = −2 𝑥 + 2
𝑦 − 1 = −2𝑥 − 4
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = −3
Equation of Normal:
1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = − 𝑥 − 𝑥1
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥

1
𝑦−1=− 𝑥−3
57
−
5

5
𝑦−1= 𝑥−3
57
57𝑦 − 57 = 5𝑥 − 15
5𝑥 − 57𝑦 = −57 + 15
5𝑥 − 57𝑦 = −42
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 5
 4𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 =
1 + 𝑥2
 𝑓𝑛 𝑥 < 0
𝑓𝑛 𝑥 > 0
 Partial Derivatives
Function of single variable: 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥
Function of two variables: u = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦
Function of Three variables: u = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧

#u = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
# 𝜕𝑥 , 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢
is partial derivatives of u with respect x consider y as a constant.
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑢
is partial derivatives of u with respect y consider x as a constant.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕 𝜕
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑦. 1 = 𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Example: Find 𝜕𝑥 and 𝜕𝑦 for 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕
Solution: Here, 𝜕𝑥 = 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 2 = 2𝑥 + 0 + 𝑦. 1 + 0 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕 𝜕
𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥. 1 = 𝑥
= 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 2 = 0 + 2𝑦 + 𝑥. 1 + 0 = 2𝑦 + 𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑦
 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Notation: 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑢𝑥 , = 𝑢𝑦
𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
Second derivatives(1) = = 𝑢𝑥𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2

𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
(2) 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑦 2 = 𝑢𝑦𝑦

𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
(3) = = 𝑢𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥

𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
(4) = = 𝑢𝑦𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

Example: 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢
= … … … … (1)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑢 𝜕 1 𝜕 2 1 2𝑥
= 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
From (1)
𝜕 𝜕 2
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑥 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 2 − 2𝑥 2𝑥 + 0 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 2
= = 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 = =
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 2

−2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2
=
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 2

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢
Similarly, = 𝜕𝑦 ………… 2
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕 1 𝜕 2 1 2𝑦
= 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑦 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

𝜕 𝜕 2
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑦 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 2𝑦 − 2𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 2 − 2𝑦 0 + 2𝑦 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
= = =
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 2

2𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2
= 2
𝑥 + 𝑦2 2
 𝜕 2 𝑢 𝜕 2 𝑢 −2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2
+ = + 2 =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 2 𝑥 + 𝑦2 2

Again,
𝜕 𝜕 2
2
𝜕 𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 2𝑥 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 0 − 2𝑥 0 + 2𝑦 −4𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
= = = = =
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 2

And,
𝜕 𝜕 2
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 2𝑦 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 2𝑦 − 2𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 0 − 2𝑦 2𝑥 + 0 −4𝑥𝑦
= = = 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 = = 2
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 2 𝑥 + 𝑦2 2

Here,
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
=
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
(1)Show that, + 𝜕𝑦 2 = 0, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝜕𝑥 2

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
(2) Show that, = , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
 𝜕𝑢 𝜕
𝑢𝑦 = = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑧 = 𝑥. 1 + 𝑧 2 . 1 + 0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
= 𝑥 + 𝑧2
 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑢𝑥 = = 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑧 = 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕 𝑥 𝜕
=𝑦 𝑒 + 𝑙𝑛𝑧 𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
= 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛𝑧

Find 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑦 , 𝑢𝑦𝑦𝑧

 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕
= = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥

𝜕 1 𝜕 2
= 2 2 2
. 𝑥 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
𝜕𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 2𝑥
=
𝜕𝑧 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2

𝜕 𝜕 2
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
= 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 0 − 2𝑥. 2𝑧
=
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 2

−4𝑥𝑧
=
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 2
Then,
𝜕2𝑢 −4𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝑦 = 2
𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 2
 𝜕 1 −1
= 2
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

𝜕 1 −2
= 3
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑥

𝜕 1 −3
𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 =
= + + 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 3 𝑥4
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦

𝜕 𝑦 𝜕 𝑧 𝜕 𝑥
= + + 𝜕 1 −1
𝜕𝑥 𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑦 = 2
𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝜕 1 1 𝜕
= 0+𝑧 + 𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝜕𝑥
−1 1 𝜕 1 −1
=𝑧 2 + = 2
𝑥 𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
−𝑧 1
= 2 +
𝑥 𝑦
 1
d=

𝑏
2𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑎
 𝑥 3+1 𝑥4
1. 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 = +𝑐
3+1 4

2. 2𝑑𝑥 = 2 1𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑥 1+1 𝑥2
𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 = +𝑐
1+1 2

𝑑
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑑𝑥

𝑥2
= + 2𝑥 + 𝑐
2
 −2+1 −1
1 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 = +𝑐
𝑥2 −2 + 1 −1

𝑎+𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
= +
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝑑
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥
 𝑥2 1 12𝑥 2 1
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 2 1 + 4𝑥 3 + 𝑐
1 + 4𝑥 3 12 1 + 4𝑥 3 12

1
= 1 + 4𝑥 3 + 𝑐
6
1 𝑥 −3+1 𝑥 −2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 = +𝑐
𝑥3 −3 + 1 −2

1
1 2+1
1 1 − 2𝑥
1 − 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =− +𝑐
2 1
+1
2
 1𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 + 𝑐

𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = +c
2

𝑑
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = −2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝑑
𝑢𝑣𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑣𝑑𝑥 − 𝑢 𝑣𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥. 1𝑑𝑥
 𝑥+𝑎
𝑥−𝑎
We will consider as 𝑥
 2
𝑎+𝑏 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2
 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝑑
= 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝜃
1 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃

22 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
= +
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
 1 − 3𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
2
= + + 2
… … (1)
𝑥+3 𝑥−1 𝑥+3 𝑥−1 𝑥−1

2 2 2
1 − 3𝑥 2
𝐴 𝑥+3 𝑥−1 𝐵 𝑥+3 𝑥−1 𝐶 𝑥+3 𝑥−1
2
𝑥+3 𝑥−1 = + +
𝑥+3 𝑥−1 𝑥+3 𝑥−1 𝑥−1 2

1 − 3𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑥 − 1 2 + 𝐵 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 − 1 + 𝐶(𝑥 + 3)
 5𝑥 − 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 − 2 𝑥2 + 3
 110
4𝐵 =
27

110 55
𝐵= =
27 × 4 54
𝜋
𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 = 0 − 0 = 0
0
 𝑑𝑢
𝑢𝑣𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑣𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜋 =−−−−−= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋 = 0

𝑛
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 = −1

𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋 = −1 2 = 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜋 = −1 3 = −1

𝜋
H.W 0
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
−1 −1 𝑛 = −1 𝑛+1
 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
= +
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐

2𝑥 + 3 𝐴 𝐵
= + ……… 1
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 2

2𝑥 + 3 𝐴 𝐵
[(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)] = [(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)] + [(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)]
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) 𝑥+1 𝑥−2
2𝑥 + 3 = 𝐴 𝑥 − 2 + 𝐵 𝑥 + 1

2𝑥 + 3 𝐴 𝐵
= +
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 2

1
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥
𝑥±𝑎 =𝑋

1
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 ± 𝑎 + 𝑐
𝑥±𝑎
 1 − 3𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
2 = + +
𝑥+3 𝑥−1 𝑥+3 𝑥−1 𝑥−1

2
1 − 3𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑥 − 1 + B x + 3 x − 1 + C x + 3 … … … … (2)
 1 − 3𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
2
= + + 2
……… 1
𝑥+3 𝑥−1 𝑥+3 𝑥−1 𝑥−1

1 − 3𝑥 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
2 [ 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 − 1 ]= [ 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 − 1 2] + [ 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 − 1 2] + 2 [ 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 − 1 2
]
𝑥+3 𝑥−1 𝑥+3 𝑥−1 𝑥−1

2
1 − 3𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑥 − 1 + B x + 3 x − 1 + C x + 3 … … … … (2)
1 − 3𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑥 − 1 2 + B x + 3 x − 1 + C x + 3 … … … … (2)

2𝑥+5
Example: Evaluate 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−4 𝑥−2 2
 2𝑥 − 5 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
= + 2 … … … … (1)
𝑥 + 3 𝑥2 + 2 𝑥+3 𝑥 +2

A=-1

3𝐶 = −5 − 2𝐴
= −5 − 2 −1
= −5 + 2 = −3
𝐶 = −1
 2𝑥 − 5 2+2 ]=
𝐴 2 + 2 [+
𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 2+2 ]
[ 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 [ 𝑥 + 3 𝑥
𝑥 + 3 𝑥2 + 2 𝑥+3 𝑥2 + 2

2𝑥 − 5 = 𝐴 𝑥 2 + 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑥 + 3
 2𝑥 − 5 = 𝐴 𝑥 2 + 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑥 + 3

4𝐵 = −3 − 3𝐴 − 4𝐶
= −3 − 3 −1 − 4 −1
= −3 + 3 + 4
=4
B=1
From (1)

2𝑥 − 5 −1 𝑥−1
= + 2
𝑥 + 3 𝑥2 + 2 𝑥+3 𝑥 +2
−1 𝑥 1
= + 2 − 2
𝑥+3 𝑥 +2 𝑥 +2

2𝑥 − 5 −1 𝑥 1
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 + 3 𝑥2 + 2 𝑥+3 𝑥2 + 2 𝑥2 + 2

−1 1 2𝑥 1
= 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+3 2 𝑥2 + 2 2 + 𝑥2

1 1 𝑥
−𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + 3 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 2 + 2 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 +𝑐
2 2 2
2 − 5𝑥
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 + 2 𝑥2 + 3