Partial differentiation

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
➢ If 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑦 2 + 8 then find out 𝜕𝑥 , 𝜕𝑦 , 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
Solution: Given that 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑦 2 + 8
𝜕𝑢
Now 𝜕𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 5𝑦

𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑦
= 5𝑥 + 12𝑦

𝜕2 𝑢
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
=5

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
➢ If 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 then show that 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 = 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
Solution: Given that 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = −𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
= −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

𝑦 𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
➢ If 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 then prove that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 0
𝑦 𝑥
Solution: Given that 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦
𝑦 1
𝜕𝑢 − 2 𝑦
𝑥
𝜕𝑥
= 2
+ 𝑥2
√1−𝑦2 1+ 2
𝑦
𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
𝜕𝑢 − 𝑦
𝑥
∴ 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 = 2
+ 𝑥2
(1)
√1−𝑦2 1+ 2
𝑦
𝑥

1 −𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝑥 𝑦2
𝜕𝑦
= 2
+ 𝑥2
√1−𝑦2 1+ 2
𝑦
𝑥

𝑦 −𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝑥 𝑦
∴ 𝑦 = + 𝑥2
(2)
𝜕𝑦 2
√1−𝑦2 1+ 2
𝑦
𝑥

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
From (1) and (2) 𝑥 +𝑦 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
➢ If 𝑢 = 2(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦)2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 and 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 1 then prove that + =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
Solution: Given that 𝑢 = 2(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦)2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2

𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑥
= 4(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦). 𝑎 − 2𝑥

𝜕2 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 2
= 4𝑎2 − 2
 𝜕𝑢
Again = 4(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦). 𝑏 − 2𝑦
𝜕𝑦

𝜕2 𝑢
= 4𝑏 2 − 2
𝜕𝑥 2

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 2
+ 𝜕𝑦2 = 4𝑎2 − 2 + 4𝑏 2 − 2
= 4(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) − 4
=0
−1
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
➢ If 𝑢 = (1 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) 2 show that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 − 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑦 2 𝑢3
−1
Solution: Given that 𝑢 = (1 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) 2

−3
𝜕𝑢 1
𝜕𝑥
= − 2 (1 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) 2 . (−2𝑦)
−3
= 𝑦(1 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) 2

−3
𝜕𝑢 1
𝜕𝑦
= − 2 (1 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) 2 (2𝑦 − 2𝑥)
−3
= (𝑥 − 𝑦)(1 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) 2

−3
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 − 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = (𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )(1 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) 2
−1 3
= 𝑦 2 {(1 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) 2 }
= 𝑦 2 𝑢3
➢ Euler’s theorem for homogeneous function: If 𝑢(𝑥) is a homogeneous function of degree
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑛 in 𝑥 and 𝑦 then 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑛𝑢

1 1
−1 𝑥 4 +𝑦 4 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
➢ If 𝑢 = sin ( 1 1 ) then prove that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 20 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢
𝑥 5 +𝑦 5
1 1
−1 𝑥 4 +𝑦4
Solution: Given that 𝑢 = sin ( 1 1 )
𝑥 5 +𝑦5
1 1
𝑥 4 +𝑦 4
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 = ( 1 1 ) let 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 = 𝑧
𝑥 5 +𝑦 5
1 1
𝑥 4 +𝑦 4
𝑧=( 1 1 )
𝑥 5 +𝑦 5

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 1 1
By Euler’s Theorem 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = (4 − 5) 𝑧

𝜕𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝜕𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 1
𝑥 𝜕𝑥
+𝑦 𝜕𝑦
= 20 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 20 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢
 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 20

𝑥+𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
➢ If 𝑢 = cos−1 ( ) then prove that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢 = 0
√𝑥+√𝑦
𝑥+𝑦
Solution: Given that 𝑢 = cos −1 ( )
√𝑥+√𝑦
𝑥+𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 = ( ) let 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 = 𝑧
√𝑥+√𝑦
𝑥+𝑦
𝑧=( )
√𝑥+√𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 1
By Euler’s theorem 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = (1 − 2) 𝑧
𝜕𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 𝜕𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 1
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢 = 0
𝑥3 +𝑦3
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
➢ If 𝑢 = 𝑒 3𝑥−4𝑦 prove that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 2𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑢
𝑥3 +𝑦3
Solution: Given that 𝑢 = 𝑒 3𝑥−4𝑦
𝑥 3 +𝑦 3
log 𝑢 = let log 𝑢 = 𝑧
3𝑥−4𝑦
3
𝑥 +𝑦 3
𝑧 = 3𝑥−4𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
By Euler’s theorem 𝑥 + 𝑦 = (3 − 1)𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑢 𝜕𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 = 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑦 𝜕𝑢
+ = 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑢
𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝑢 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 2𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑢
𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
➢ If 𝑢 = tan−1 ( ) then prove that 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑢
𝑥+𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑥 3 +𝑦 3
Solution: Given that 𝑢 = tan−1 ( 𝑥+𝑦 )
𝑥 3 +𝑦 3
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 = ( 𝑥+𝑦 ) let 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 = 𝑧
𝑥 3 +𝑦3
𝑧=( )
𝑥+𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
By Euler’s theorem 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = (3 − 1)𝑧
𝜕𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 𝜕𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 𝜕𝑦 = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 =2 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑢