Differential Equations

Exercise 1: Solving First Order Differential Equations

Solutions

1. Find the general solutions to the following differential equations

d𝑦
a) 𝑥 = cosec 𝑦
d𝑥

1
sin 𝑦 d𝑦 = d𝑥
𝑥

1
∫ sin 𝑦 d𝑦 = ∫ d𝑥
𝑥

− cos 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 − ln 𝑐

Note: − ln 𝑐 is used for a constant here with some hindsight from the next two stages

𝑥
− cos 𝑦 = ln
𝑐
𝑐
𝑦 = cos−1 (ln )
𝑥

d𝑦 𝑥𝑦
b) =
d𝑥 3

1 𝑥
d𝑦 = d𝑥
𝑦 3

1 1
∫ d𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 d𝑥
𝑦 3

1 2
ln 𝑦 = 𝑥 +𝑐
6
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2
( +𝑐)
𝑦= 𝑒 6 = 𝑒 𝑐 × 𝑒 6 = 𝐴𝑒 6
 d𝑦 cos 2𝑥
c) =
d𝑥 cos 𝑦

cos 𝑦 d𝑦 = cos 2𝑥 d𝑥

∫ cos 𝑦 d𝑦 = ∫ cos 2𝑥 d𝑥

1
sin 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥 + 𝑐
2

1
𝑦 = arcsin ( sin 2𝑥 + 𝑐)
2

d𝑦
d) 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑦
d𝑥

1
𝑒 𝑦 d𝑦 = d𝑥
𝑥

1
∫ 𝑒 𝑦 d𝑦 = ∫ d𝑥
𝑥

𝑒 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑘

𝑒 𝑦 = ln 𝑘𝑥

𝑦 = ln(ln 𝑘𝑥)
 d𝑦 𝑦
e) −3 = 0
d𝑥 𝑥

d𝑦 𝑦
=3
d𝑥 𝑥

1 3
d𝑦 = d𝑥
𝑦 𝑥

1 3
∫ d𝑦 = ∫ d𝑥
𝑦 𝑥

ln 𝑦 = 3 ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑘

ln 𝑦 = ln(𝑘𝑥 3 )

𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 3
2. a) Find the particular solution to the differential equation

d𝑦
(3 + 𝑥) = 𝑦2
d𝑥

that passes through the point (0, −2).

1
𝑦 −2 d𝑦 = d𝑥
𝑥+3

1
∫ 𝑦 −2 d𝑦 = ∫ d𝑥
𝑥+3

1
− = ln(𝑥 + 3) + ln 𝑘
𝑦

1
− = ln 𝑘(𝑥 + 3)
𝑦

1
= − ln 𝑘(𝑥 + 3)
𝑦

−1
𝑦=
ln 𝑘(𝑥 + 3)

𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −2

−1
−2 =
ln 3𝑘

1
ln 3𝑘 =
2
1
3𝑘 = 𝑒 2

1 1
𝑘 = 𝑒2
3
−1
1
−1 𝑒2
𝑦= = − (ln ( (𝑥 + 3)))
1 3
𝑒2
ln ( 3 (𝑥 + 3))
b) Find the particular solution to the differential equation

d𝑦
sin2 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 cos2 𝑦
d𝑥

for which 𝑦 = 0 when 𝑥 = 2.

tan2 𝑦 d𝑦 = 𝑥 2 d𝑥

(sec 2 𝑦 − 1) d𝑦 = 𝑥 2 d𝑥

∫(sec 2 𝑦 − 1) d𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 2 d𝑥

1 3
tan 𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑥 +𝑐
3

𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 0

8
0= +𝑐
3

8
𝑐=−
3

1 3 8
tan 𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑥 −
3 3

3(tan 𝑦 − 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 − 8
c) Find the particular solution to the differential equation

2 d𝑦
𝑦 𝑒𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥
d𝑥

for which 𝑦 = √6 when 𝑥 = 2.

2
𝑦 𝑒 𝑦 d𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 d𝑥

2
∫ 𝑦 𝑒 𝑦 d𝑦 = ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 d𝑥

1 𝑦 2 1 3𝑥
𝑒 = 𝑒 +𝑐
2 3

𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = √6

1 6 1 6
𝑒 = 𝑒 +𝑐
2 3

1
𝑐 = 𝑒6
6

1 𝑦 2 1 3𝑥 1 6
𝑒 = 𝑒 + 𝑒
2 3 6
2
3𝑒 𝑦 = 2𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 6
3. a) Find the general solution to the differential equation

d𝑦
𝑥 = 𝑦(𝑦 + 1)
d𝑥

1 1
d𝑦 = d𝑥
𝑦(𝑦 + 1) 𝑥

1 𝐴 𝐵
≡ +
𝑦(𝑦 + 1) 𝑦 𝑦 + 1

1 = 𝐴(𝑦 + 1) + 𝐵𝑦

𝑦=0 1=𝐴
𝑦 = −1 1 = −𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = −1

1 1 1
∫ − d𝑦 = ∫ d𝑥
𝑦 𝑦+1 𝑥

ln 𝑦 − ln(𝑦 + 1) = ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑘

𝑦
ln ( ) = ln 𝑘𝑥
𝑦+1

𝑦
= 𝑘𝑥
𝑦+1

𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥𝑦 + 𝑘𝑥

𝑦 − 𝑘𝑥𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥

𝑦(1 − 𝑘𝑥) = 𝑘𝑥

𝑘𝑥
𝑦=
1 − 𝑘𝑥
b) Find the particular solution to the differential equation

d𝑦
(1 + 𝑥) = (1 − 𝑥)𝑦
d𝑥

for which 𝑦 = 4 when 𝑥 = 0.

1 1−𝑥
d𝑦 = d𝑥
𝑦 1+𝑥

1 2 − (𝑥 + 1)
d𝑦 = d𝑥
𝑦 1+𝑥

1 2
∫ d𝑦 = ∫ ( − 1) d𝑥
𝑦 1+𝑥

ln 𝑦 = 2 ln(1 + 𝑥) − 𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 4

ln 4 = 2 ln 1 − 0 + 𝑐

𝑐 = ln 4

ln 𝑦 = 2 ln(1 + 𝑥) − 𝑥 + ln 4

ln 𝑦 = ln 4(1 + 𝑥)2 − 𝑥
2 −𝑥 2
𝑦 = 𝑒 ln 4(1+𝑥) = 𝑒 ln 4(1+𝑥) × 𝑒 −𝑥 = 4(1 + 𝑥)2 𝑒 −𝑥

𝑦 = 4𝑒 −𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)2
c) Find the general solution or particular solution to the differential equation

d𝑦 4𝑦
= 2
d𝑥 𝑥 − 4

1 4
d𝑦 = d𝑥
𝑦 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)

1 4
∫ d𝑦 = ∫ d𝑥
𝑦 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)

4 𝐴 𝐵
≡ +
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2) 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 − 2

4 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 2)

𝑥 = −2 4 = −4𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = −1
𝑥=2 4 = 4𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = 1

1 1 1
∫ d𝑦 = ∫ − d𝑥
𝑦 𝑥−2 𝑥+2

ln 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 − 2) − ln(𝑥 + 2) + ln 𝑘

𝑘(𝑥 − 2)
ln 𝑦 = ln ( )
𝑥+2

𝑘(𝑥 − 2)
𝑦=
𝑥+2