Integration

1 Integrate the following:

2𝑥𝑥
a) ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2−3𝑥𝑥 2
3−𝑥𝑥
b) ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1−𝑥𝑥

2𝑥𝑥 1 −6𝑥𝑥
a) ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2−3𝑥𝑥 2 3 2−3𝑥𝑥 2
1
= − ln(2 − 3𝑥𝑥 2 ) + 𝑐𝑐
3
4−𝑥𝑥 2+2−𝑥𝑥
b) ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2−𝑥𝑥 2−𝑥𝑥
2
=∫ + 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2−𝑥𝑥
= −2 ln(2 − 𝑥𝑥) + 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐

𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 2 2
2 a) Show that ln � � = − cot 𝑥𝑥.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
1
b) Hence, find ∫ cot 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
2
𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 2 2𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥 2 cos 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥
a) ln �sin 𝑥𝑥� = × 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 sin2 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
2 sin 𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥
=
𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥
2
= − cot 𝑥𝑥 (Shown)
𝑥𝑥
1 1 2 2
b) ∫ cot 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = �∫ cot 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑�
2 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
1 2 2
= − �∫ − cot 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑�
2 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
1 2 2
= − �∫ − cot 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑�
2 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
1 𝑥𝑥 2
= − �ln � � − 2 ln 𝑥𝑥� + 𝑐𝑐
2 sin 𝑥𝑥
1 1
= − �ln � + 𝑐𝑐
2 sin 𝑥𝑥
1
= ln sin 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐
2

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 𝑥𝑥 3 −𝑥𝑥 2 +3𝑥𝑥+9
3 a) Express in partial fractions.
𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 2 +3)
2
b) Differentiate ln(𝑥𝑥 + 3) with respect to 𝑥𝑥.
2 𝑥𝑥 3 −𝑥𝑥 2 +3𝑥𝑥+9
c) Use the results from parts (a) and (b) to find ∫1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 2 +3)

𝑥𝑥 3 −𝑥𝑥 2 +3𝑥𝑥+9 −𝑥𝑥 2 +9

a) = 1 + 2 +3) (by Long division)
𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 2 +3) 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥
𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵+𝐶𝐶
= 1 + + 2 +3
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
2 2
−𝑥𝑥 + 9 = 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥 + 3) + 𝑥𝑥(𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 + 𝐶𝐶)
Sub 𝑥𝑥 = 0,
9 = 3𝐴𝐴
𝐴𝐴 = 3
Comparing 𝑥𝑥 2 -term,
−𝑥𝑥 2 = 𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 2
−1 = 3 + 𝐵𝐵
𝐵𝐵 = −4
Sub 𝑥𝑥 = 1,
−1 + 9 = 4𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 + 𝐶𝐶
𝐶𝐶 = −1 + 9 − 4(3) − (−4)
𝐶𝐶 = 0
𝑥𝑥 3 −𝑥𝑥 2 +3𝑥𝑥+9 3 4𝑥𝑥
∴ = 1 + − 2 +3
𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 2 +3) 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑 2𝑥𝑥
b) (ln(𝑥𝑥 2 + 3)) = 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 +3
2 𝑥𝑥 3 −𝑥𝑥 2 +3𝑥𝑥+9 2 3 4𝑥𝑥
c) ∫1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫1 1 + − 2 +3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 2 +3) 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
2 3 2 2𝑥𝑥
= ∫1 1 + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 2 ∫1 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 +3
= [𝑥𝑥 + 3 ln 𝑥𝑥]12 − 2[ln(𝑥𝑥 2 + 3)]12
= (3.079) − (1.119)
= 1.96

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4 The diagram shows the curve 𝑦𝑦 2 = −𝑥𝑥 + 3 and the line 𝑦𝑦 = −𝑥𝑥 + 1. Find the area of the
shaded region.

i) 𝑦𝑦 2 = −𝑥𝑥 + 3 ---(1)
𝑥𝑥 = 3 − 𝑦𝑦 2
𝑦𝑦 = −𝑥𝑥 + 1 ---(2)
𝑥𝑥 = 1 − 𝑦𝑦

Equate (1) with (2):

(−𝑥𝑥 + 1)2 = −𝑥𝑥 + 3
𝑥𝑥 2 + 1 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 − 3 = 0
(𝑥𝑥 − 2)(𝑥𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑥𝑥 = −1 or 𝑥𝑥 = 2
𝑦𝑦 = 2 or 𝑦𝑦 = −1
Coordinates of 𝑦𝑦-intercept of 𝑦𝑦 = −𝑥𝑥 + 1 is (0,1)
To find 𝑦𝑦-intercepts of 𝑦𝑦 2 = −𝑥𝑥 + 3:
𝑦𝑦 2 = 0 + 3
𝑦𝑦 = √3 or −√3
√3 √3
Area of Shaded Region = ∫−1 (3 − 𝑦𝑦 2 ) − (1 − 𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − (− ∫1 1 − 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑)
√3 √3
= ∫−1 2 − 𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫1 1 − 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
3 3
𝑦𝑦 3 𝑦𝑦 2 √ 𝑦𝑦 2 √
= �2𝑦𝑦 − 3
+ �
2 −1
+ �𝑦𝑦 − 2 1
�
7
= �3.232 − �− �� + (0.232 − 0.5)
6
2
= 4.13 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑠𝑠

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 4
5 The diagram shows the curve 𝑦𝑦 = − 2 + 4. AB is the tangent to the curve and is parallel to CD.
𝑥𝑥
D is the point (0,-1).
i) Find the gradient of CD
ii) Find the coordinates B and A
iii) Find the area of the shaded region ABCD.

4
i) Sub 𝑦𝑦 = 0 into 𝑦𝑦 = − +4
𝑥𝑥 2
4
0= − 2
+4
𝑥𝑥
2
4 = 4𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥𝑥 = −1 (Rej)
0−(−1)
Gradient of CD = =1
1−0
4
ii) 𝑦𝑦 = − 2 + 4
𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 4(−2) 8
= − 𝑥𝑥 3 = 3
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
Since Gradient of AB = Gradient of CD = 1,
8
1= 3
𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥 = 2
𝑦𝑦 = 3
Coordinates of B is (2,3).
Equation of AB: (𝑦𝑦 − 3) = 1(𝑥𝑥 − 2)
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 + 1
Coordinates of A is (0,1).
iii) Equation of CD: �𝑦𝑦 − (−1)� = 1(𝑥𝑥 − 0)
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 − 1
Coordinates of C is (1,0)
2 4 1
Area of Shaded Region = ∫1 (𝑥𝑥 + 1) − (− 2 + 4) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫0 (𝑥𝑥 + 1) − (𝑥𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥
2 4 1
= ∫1 𝑥𝑥 + − 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫0 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 2
2
𝑥𝑥 2 4
= � 2 − − 3𝑥𝑥� + [2𝑥𝑥]10
𝑥𝑥 1
= (−6 − (−6.5)) + (2 − 0)
= 2.5 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑠𝑠 2

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6 a) The shaded region below is bounded by the curve 𝑦𝑦 = ln √𝑥𝑥, the 𝑥𝑥-axis and the line 𝑥𝑥 = 2.
1
Show that the area of the shaded region below is, 𝐴𝐴 = ln 2 − 2.

a) When 𝑥𝑥 = 2,
𝑦𝑦 = ln √2

𝑦𝑦 = ln √𝑥𝑥
𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦 = √𝑥𝑥
𝑒𝑒 2𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥
ln √2
Area of shaded region = ∫0 2 − 𝑒𝑒 2𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
ln √2
𝑒𝑒 2𝑦𝑦
= �2𝑦𝑦 − 2 0
�
𝑒𝑒 2 ln √2 𝑒𝑒 2(0)
= 2 ln √2 − 2
− 2(0) + 2
2 𝑒𝑒 ln 2 1
= ln √2 − −0+
2 2
2 1
= ln 2 − +
2 2
1
= ln 2 −
2

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7 The gradient function of a curve is given by 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 − 18. The cure has a maximum values of
𝐾𝐾 and a minimum value of −12. Find the value of 𝐾𝐾.

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
At turning points, = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
3𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 − 18 = 0
𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 − 6 = 0
(𝑥𝑥 + 3)(𝑥𝑥 − 2) = 0
The 2 turning points are at 𝑥𝑥 = −3 and 𝑥𝑥 = 2
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦
= 6𝑥𝑥 + 3
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦
When 𝑥𝑥 = 2, 2 = 15 > 0
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥
∴ (2, −12) is a minimum point.
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦
When 𝑥𝑥 = −3, 2 = −15 < 0
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥
∴ (−3, 𝑚𝑚) is a maximum point.
𝑦𝑦 = ∫ 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 − 18 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
3
= 𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑥 2 − 18𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐
2
Sub 𝑥𝑥 = 2, 𝑦𝑦 = −12:
3
−12 = 23 + (2)2 − 18(2) + 𝑐𝑐
2
𝑐𝑐 = 10
3
∴ 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑥 2 − 18𝑥𝑥 + 10
2
When 𝑥𝑥 = −3,
3
𝑦𝑦 = (−3)3 + (−3)2 − 18(−3) + 10
2
𝑦𝑦 = 50.5

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 𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦
8 A curve has a turning point at (2, −10) and = 12𝑥𝑥 − 6. Find the equation of the curve.
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2

𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦
= 12𝑥𝑥 − 6
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= ∫ 12𝑥𝑥 − 6 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 6𝑥𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Since turning point at (2, −10), = 0 when 𝑥𝑥 = 2:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0 = 6(2)2 − 6(2) + 𝑐𝑐
𝑐𝑐 = −12
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
∴ = 6𝑥𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝑥 − 12
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑦𝑦 = ∫ 6𝑥𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝑥 − 12 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑥 2 − 12𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐
Sub (2, −10) into equation:
−10 = 2(2)3 − 3(2)2 − 12(2) + 𝑐𝑐
𝑐𝑐 = 10
∴ equation is 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑥 2 − 12𝑥𝑥 + 10

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 40
9 The gradient of a function of a curve is given by (𝑥𝑥−3)3 − 2. Given that the line 7𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 + 20 is a
normal to the curve, find the equation of the curve.

7𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 + 20
1 20
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 +
7 7
1
Gradient of normal =
7
Gradient of tangent = −7

40
(𝑥𝑥−3)3
− 2 = −7
(𝑥𝑥 − 3)3 = −8
𝑥𝑥 − 3 = −2
𝑥𝑥 = 1
Sub 𝑥𝑥 = 1 into equation of normal:
1 20
𝑦𝑦 = (1) +
7 7
𝑦𝑦 = 3
∴ Point (1,3) lies on the curve
40
𝑦𝑦 = ∫ (𝑥𝑥−3)3 − 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
20
𝑦𝑦 = − (𝑥𝑥−3)2 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐
20
3 = − (1−3)2 − 2(1) + 𝑐𝑐
𝑐𝑐 = 10
20
∴ Equation of curve is 𝑦𝑦 = − (𝑥𝑥−3)2 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 10.

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10 Solve the following indefinite integrals:
1
� sin2 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝜋𝜋 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
cos2 (𝑥𝑥 + 6 )
𝜋𝜋
� tan2 �𝑥𝑥 + � + cos 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
3

1 1−cos 4𝑥𝑥 𝜋𝜋
i) ∫ sin2 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =∫ + sec 2(𝑥𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
cos2(𝑥𝑥+𝜋𝜋) 2 6
1 1 2 𝜋𝜋
= ∫ − cos 4𝑥𝑥 + sec (𝑥𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2 2 6
1 1 𝜋𝜋
= 𝑥𝑥 − sin 4𝑥𝑥 + tan �𝑥𝑥 + �+ 𝑐𝑐
2 8 6

𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 1
ii) ∫ tan2 �𝑥𝑥 + � + cos 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ sec 2 �𝑥𝑥 + � − 1 + sin(2𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
3 3 2
𝜋𝜋 1
= tan �𝑥𝑥 + � − 𝑥𝑥 − cos(2𝑥𝑥) + 𝑐𝑐
3 4

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