DETERMINATION OF INTEGRATING FACTORS

ANZ
Summary
① 𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 ⑥ 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥)𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥)𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)

② 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 − 𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 ⑦ � 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐹𝐹

1 1
③ �𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 − 𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 � 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 �𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 − 𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 � ⑧ 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥)𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦)
𝑀𝑀 𝑁𝑁
④ 𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒 ∫ ③ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ⑨ � 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑔𝑔(𝑦𝑦)
⑤ 𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥)𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥)𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
⑩ 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑔𝑔(𝑦𝑦) 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐹𝐹

Examples Explanations
Example 1:
Solve the equation
(4𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0. Firstly, the 𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) and 𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) were
identified before M was partially
differentiated with respect to y while x
Solution:
was partially differentiated with
(4𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 respect to x. 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 was then subtracted
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 = 4𝑥𝑥 + 6𝑦𝑦, 𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 with 𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 before the being divided with
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 − 𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦 𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦). The integrating factor was
1 2𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦 2(𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦) 2 then found and multiplied to the
�𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 − 𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 � = = = original equation.
𝑁𝑁 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦) 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦) 𝑥𝑥
2
𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒 ∫𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 2 ln 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 After that, 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 was equated with the new
𝑥𝑥 2 (4𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑥𝑥 2 [𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦)]𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) and 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 was equated with the
(4𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (𝑥𝑥 4 + 2𝑥𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 new 𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦).
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 4𝑥𝑥3 𝑦𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑥2 𝑦𝑦2 − 𝑥𝑥3 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥4 + 2𝑥𝑥3 The 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 that was equated with the new
�(4𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) was integrated to obtain
𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦).
𝑥𝑥 4
= 𝑥𝑥 4 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 2 − + 𝑔𝑔(𝑦𝑦) = 𝐹𝐹 After that, 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) was differentiated
4
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 4 + 2𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑔𝑔ʹ(𝑦𝑦) = 𝑥𝑥 4 + 2𝑥𝑥 3 with respect to y and equated with
𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) to get the value of 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦).
𝑔𝑔ʹ(𝑦𝑦) = 0 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦) was the integrated and the
� 0 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 answer obtained was substituted into
𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦).
4 3 2
𝑥𝑥 4
𝐹𝐹 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 − = 𝑐𝑐
4
Example 2:
Solve the equation
(𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦 − 2)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0.
Firstly, the 𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) and 𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) were
identified before M was partially
Solution:
differentiated with respect to y while x
(𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦 − 2)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 was partially differentiated with
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥, 𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦 − 2 respect to x. 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 was then subtracted
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 − 𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 = −𝑥𝑥 − 4𝑦𝑦 + 2 = −(𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦 − 2) with 𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 before the being divided with
1 −(𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦 − 2) 1 N(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦). The integrating factor was
�𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 − 𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 � = =− then found and multiplied to the
𝑁𝑁 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦 − 2) 𝑥𝑥
1 1 original equation.
𝜇𝜇(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒 ∫ −𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 − ln 𝑥𝑥 =
𝑥𝑥 After that, 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 was equated with the new
1 1
(𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + [𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦 − 2)]𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) and 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 was equated with the
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 new 𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦).
1
(𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦 − 2)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
𝑥𝑥 The 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 that was equated with the new
1 𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) was integrated to obtain
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = (𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 1) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦 − 2
𝑥𝑥 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦).
1 1
� � (𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 1)� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � �𝑦𝑦 + � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 After that, 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) was differentiated
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
1 with respect to y and equated with
� � (𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 1)� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + ln|𝑥𝑥| + 𝑔𝑔(𝑦𝑦) = 𝐹𝐹 𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) to get the value of 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦).
𝑥𝑥
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑔𝑔ʹ(𝑦𝑦) = 𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦 − 2 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦) was the integrated and the
answer obtained was substituted into
𝑔𝑔ʹ(𝑦𝑦) = 4𝑦𝑦 − 2 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦).
�(4𝑦𝑦 − 2) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2𝑦𝑦 2 − 2𝑦𝑦
𝐹𝐹 = 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + ln|𝑥𝑥| + 2𝑦𝑦 2 − 2𝑦𝑦 = 𝑐𝑐