Indefinite Integrals

If 𝐹(𝑥) is a function whose derivative 𝐹′(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) on

certain interval of the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 , then 𝐹(𝑥) is called the anti-
derivative of indefinite integral 𝑓(𝑥) . When we integrate the
differential of a function we get that function plus an arbitrary
constant. In symbols we write

 f ( x ) dx  F( x )  C
where the symbol ∫ , called the integral sign, specifies the operation
of integration upon 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥; that is, we are to find a function whose
derivative is 𝑓(𝑥) or whose differential is 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥. The 𝑑𝑥 tells us
that the variable of integration is 𝑥.
 PROPERTIES OF INTEGRALS

Integration Formulas

In these formulas, 𝑢 and 𝑣 denote differentiable functions of some

independent variable (say 𝑥) and 𝑎, 𝑛, and 𝐶 are constants.

1. The integral of the differential of a function 𝑢 is 𝑢 plus an arbitrary

constant 𝐶 (the definition of an integral).

𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 + 𝐶

2. The integral of a constant times the differential of the function. (A

constant may be written before the integral sign but not a variable
factor).

𝑎 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎 𝑑𝑢
3. The integral of the sum of a finite number of differentials is the
sum of their integrals.

𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑣 + … … + 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑣 + … … … + 𝑑𝑧

4. If n is not equal to minus one, the integral of un du is obtained by

adding one to the exponent and divided by the new exponent. This
is called the General Power Formula.
𝑛+1
𝑢
𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = + 𝐶
𝑛+1
 FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAS

A. The General Power Formula

The General Power Formula as shown is in the form

𝒏+𝟏
𝒖
𝒖𝒏 𝒅𝒖 = + 𝑪; 𝒏 ≠ −𝟏
𝒏+𝟏

Thus far integration has been confined to polynomial

functions. Although the power formula was studied, our attention
was necessarily limited to algebraic integrals, so that further work
with power formula is needed. The power formula can be used to
evaluate certain integrals involving powers of the trigonometric
functions.
Examples: Evaluate the following integrals

3 1
1. ∫ 3𝑥 + 1 + 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

3
1 3
1
3𝑥 + 1 + 2 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 2

𝑥 3+1 1 𝑥 −2+1
=3 +𝑥+ +𝐶
3+1 2 −2 + 1
𝑥4 1 𝑥 −1
=3 +𝑥+ +𝐶
4 2 −1
3 4 1 −1
= 𝑥 +𝑥− 𝑥 +𝐶
4 2
3 4 1
= 𝑥 +𝑥− +𝐶
4 2𝑥
2. ∫ 4 − 𝑦 2 5 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

Solution:
let: 𝑢 = 4 − 𝑦 2 , 𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1
− 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2

2 5 5
1
4−𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑢 − 𝑑𝑢
2

1
=− 𝑢5 𝑑𝑢
2

1 𝑢5+1 𝑢6
=− +𝐶 =− +𝐶
2 5+1 12

4 − 𝑦2 6
=− +𝐶
12
3. ∫ 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥1 2
1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑥1 2
− 𝑥5 2
𝑑𝑥

= 𝑥1 2
𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥5 2
𝑑𝑥

1 5
𝑥 2+1 𝑥 2+1
= 1 + 5 +𝐶
+1 +1
2 2
3 7
𝑥2 𝑥2
= 3 + 7 +𝐶
2 2
2 3 2 7
= 𝑥2 + 𝑥2 + 𝐶
3 7
4. ∫ 2𝑥 + 3 2 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
let: 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 3, 𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
2

2 2
1
2𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2

1
= 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
2

1 𝑢2+1 𝑢3
= +𝐶 = +𝐶
2 2+1 6

2𝑥 + 3 3
= +𝐶
6
5. ∫ 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 3+1 𝑥 1+1
= −2 +𝐶
3+1 1+1
1 4
= 𝑥 − 𝑥2 + 𝐶
4
6. ∫ 6𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

6𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = 6 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 3+1 𝑥 1+1
=6 −3 +𝑥+𝐶
3+1 1+1
6 4 3 2
= 𝑥 − 𝑥 +𝑥+𝐶
4 2
3 4 3 2
= 𝑥 − 𝑥 +𝑥+𝐶
2 2
7. ∫ 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 1+1 𝑥 2+1
=4 − +𝐶
1+1 2+1
𝑥2 𝑥3
=4 − +𝐶
2 3
2
1 3
= 2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
3
8. ∫ 10𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 2 − 1 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

10𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 2 − 1 𝑑𝑥 = 10 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 + 6 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 4+1 𝑥 2+1
= 10 +6 −𝑥+𝐶
4+1 2+1
10 5 6 3
= 𝑥 + 𝑥 −𝑥+𝐶
5 3
= 2𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
 1
9. ∫ 𝑡− 𝑑𝑡
𝑡

Solution:
1 1
𝑡− 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 1 2 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑑𝑥
𝑡 𝑡1 2

= 𝑡1 2 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑡 −1 2 𝑑𝑡

1 1
𝑡 2+1 𝑡 −2+1
= − +𝐶
1 1
2+1 −2 + 1
1
𝑡 3/2 𝑡2
= − +𝐶
3 1
2 2
2 3/2
= 𝑡 −2 𝑡+𝐶
3
 𝑑𝑥
10. ∫ 𝑥−2 2

Solution:
𝑑𝑥 −2
2
= 𝑥−2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−2
Let: 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 2, 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑢−2 𝑑𝑢

𝑢−2+1
= +𝐶
−2 + 1
𝑢−1 1
= +𝐶 =− +𝐶
−1 𝑢
1
=− +𝐶
𝑥−2
 𝑑𝑥
11. ∫ 3𝑥−4

Solution:
𝑑𝑥 −1/2
= 3𝑥 − 4 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 − 4
Let: 𝑢 = 3𝑥 − 4, 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
3
−1/2
1
= 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
3

1 𝑢−1/2+1
= +𝐶
3 −1/2 + 1
1 𝑢1/2 2 1/2
= +𝐶 = 𝑢 +𝐶
3 1/2 3
2
= 3𝑥 − 4 + 𝐶
3
 1 2
12. ∫ 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
2
1 1
𝑥− 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥2 − 2 + 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥

= 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 2+1 𝑥 −2+1
= − 2𝑥 + +𝐶
2+1 −2 + 1
𝑥3 𝑥 −1
= − 2𝑥 + +𝐶
3 −1
1 3 1
= 𝑥 − 2𝑥 − + 𝐶
3 𝑥
 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
13. ∫
4+𝑥 2

Solution:
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −1/2
= 4 + 𝑥2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
4+ 𝑥2

Let: 𝑢 = 4 + 𝑥 2, 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2
−1/2
1
= 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2

1 𝑢−1/2+1
= +𝐶
2 −1/2 + 1
1 𝑢1/2
= + 𝐶 = 𝑢1/2 + 𝐶
2 1/2
= 4 + 𝑥2 + 𝐶
 2−𝑥 2
14. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2

Solution:
2 − 𝑥2 2 𝑥2
2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 − 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

=2 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 −2+1
=2 −𝑥+𝐶
−2 + 1
𝑥 −1
=2 −𝑥+𝐶
−1
2
=− −𝑥+𝐶
𝑥
 4𝑥−2 𝑥
15. ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
1
4𝑥 − 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 4𝑥 2𝑥 2
𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
1
−2
=4 𝑑𝑥 − 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 −1/2+1
= 4𝑥 − 2 +𝐶
−1/2 + 1
1
𝑥2
= 4𝑥 − 2 1 +𝐶
2
= 4𝑥 − 4 𝑥 + 𝐶
Now try these:
Exercise 1: Integrate the following

1. ∫ 5𝑥 8 − 2𝑥 4 + 𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥

2. ∫ 7𝑦 3 2 + 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

3. ∫ 3𝑥 −2 − 4𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥
3
4. ∫ 7𝑥 𝑑𝑥

5. ∫ 2𝑥 2 + 3 5 𝑑𝑥
B. Logarithmic Functions
𝒏 𝒖𝒏+𝟏
The limitation of the Power Formula ∫ 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = + 𝑪, is when
𝒏+𝟏
𝑛 = −1; this makes the right side of the equation indeterminate.
This is where the logarithmic function comes in, note that
−1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑢 , and we can recall that 𝑑(𝑙𝑛 𝑢) = 𝑢 . Thus,
𝑑𝑢
= ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑢
The formula above involves a numerator which is the derivative of
the denominator. The denominator 𝑢 represents any function
involving any independent variable. The formula is meaningless
when 𝑢 is negative, since the logarithms of negative numbers have
not been defined. If we write 𝑢 = −𝑣 so that 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑑𝑣, then we
have
𝑑𝑢 −𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
= = = ln(−𝑢) + 𝐶
𝑢 −𝑣 𝑣
When negative numbers are involved, the formula should be
considered in the form
𝑑𝑢
= ln 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑢
The integral of any quotient whose numerator is the differential of
the denominator is the logarithm of the denominator.
Examples: Evaluate the following integrals.

4 𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ 4𝑥+1

Solution:
let: 𝑢 = 4𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑢 = 4 𝑑𝑥

- Substitute and integrate

4 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
=
4𝑥 + 1 𝑢
= ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
= ln 4𝑥 + 1 + 𝐶
 3𝑦2 +2 𝑑𝑦
2. ∫
𝑦 3 +2𝑦−7

Solution:
let: 𝑢 = 𝑦 3 + 2𝑦 − 7 𝑑𝑢 =
3𝑦 2 + 2 𝑑𝑦

- Substitute and integrate

3𝑦 2 + 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
3 =
𝑦 + 2𝑦 − 7 𝑢
= ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
= ln 𝑦 3 + 2𝑦 − 7 + 𝐶
 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ 3𝑥 2 −4

Solution:
let: 𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 − 4 𝑑𝑢 = 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 =
6
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
- Substitute and integrate 1
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 2 − 4 = 6 𝑑𝑢
𝑢

1 𝑑𝑢
=
6 𝑢
1
= ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
6
1
= ln 3𝑥 2 − 4 + 𝐶
6
 𝑥 2 −4
4. ∫ 𝑥−3 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
- First we divide the function.
𝑥+3
𝑥 − 3 𝑥2 −4
− 2
𝑥 − 3𝑥
3𝑥 − 4
−
3𝑥 − 9
5
𝑥2 − 4 5
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥+3+ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−3 𝑥−3

𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥 + 5
𝑥−3
 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥 + 5
𝑥−3

𝑥2
= + 3𝑥 + 5 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 − 3 + 𝐶
2

Note:
When the numerator is of higher or of equal degree with the
denominator, then divide the function first before integrating.

2𝑥−1
5. ∫ 2𝑥+3

Solution: 1
- First we divide the function. 2𝑥 + 3 2𝑥 − 1
−
2𝑥 + 3
−4
2𝑥 − 1 4
2𝑥 + 3 = 1− 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 + 3

𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 − 4
2𝑥 + 3
Let: 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 3, 𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
2
1
=𝑥−4 2 𝑑𝑢
𝑢

1
=𝑥−4 ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
2
= 𝑥 − 2 ln 2𝑥 + 3 + 𝐶
 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6. ∫ 1−𝑥 2

Solution:
Let: 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥 2, 𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
−2𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
- Substitute and integrate 1
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑢
1 − 𝑥2 = 𝑢

1 𝑑𝑢
=−
2 𝑢
1
= − ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
2
1
= − ln 1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
2
 𝑥 3 +𝑥
7. ∫ 𝑥 2 −1 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
- First we divide the function. 𝑥
𝑥2 − 1 𝑥3 + 𝑥
− 3
𝑥 −𝑥
2𝑥

𝑥3 + 𝑥 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥+ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 − 1 𝑥 −1
2𝑥 𝑢 = 𝑥2 − 1
= 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 −1 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
= + ln 𝑥 2 − 1 + 𝐶
2
8. ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
cos 𝑥
Let: 𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = −sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= =−
𝑢 𝑢
= − ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
= − ln cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
9. ∫ 3+2 cos 𝑥

Solution:
let: 𝑢 = 3 + 2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 2(− sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1
− 2 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
- substitute and integrate

sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
− 2 𝑑𝑢
3 + 2 cos 𝑥 = 𝑢

1 𝑑𝑢
=−
2 𝑢
1
= − ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
2
1
= − ln 3 + 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
2
 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
10. ∫ 2𝑥
𝑒 −4

Solution:
Let: 𝑢 = 𝑒 2𝑥 − 4, 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
- substitute and integrate

𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
2 𝑑𝑢
𝑒 2𝑥 − 4 = 𝑢

1 𝑑𝑢
=
2 𝑢
1
= ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
2
1
= ln 𝑒 2𝑥 − 4 + 𝐶
2
 𝑒 2𝑦 −𝑒 −2𝑦
11. ∫ 2𝑦 −2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑒 +𝑒

Solution:
let: 𝑢 = 𝑒 2𝑦 + 𝑒 −2𝑦 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 2𝑦 2 + 𝑒 −2𝑦 (−2) 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑒 −2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1 2𝑦 − 𝑒 −2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒
2
- substitute and integrate
𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑒 −2𝑦 1
𝑑𝑦 = 2 𝑑𝑢
2𝑦
𝑒 +𝑒 −2𝑦
𝑢

1 𝑑𝑢
=
2 𝑢
1
= ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
2
1
= ln 𝑒 2𝑦 + 𝑒 −2𝑦 + 𝐶
2
12. ∫ 𝑥 tan 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
sin 𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 tan 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =
cos 𝑥 2
𝑙𝑒𝑡: 𝑢 = cos 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑢 = −sin 𝑥 2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
− 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
Substitute and integrate
1
− 2 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑢
= =−
𝑢 2 𝑢
1
= − ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
2
1
= − ln cos 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
2
Now try these

Exercise 2: Integrate the following

4 7
1. 2
+ 𝑑𝑡
3𝑡 2𝑡

3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1
2. 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥

𝑥
3. 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +4

𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥
4. 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 sin 𝑥

5𝑒 5𝑥
5. 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 5𝑥
C. Exponential Functions

There are two basic formulas for the integration of exponential

functions.
𝒂𝒖
1. ∫ 𝒂𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = + 𝑪, 𝒂>𝟎 and 𝒂≠𝟏
𝒍𝒏 𝒂

2. ∫ 𝒆𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒆𝒖 + 𝑪
where: 𝑢 = function, say 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑎 = constant
Evaluate the following integrals.

1. ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
Here 𝑎 = 2 and 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥
2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
ln 2
2. ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑒 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

sin 2𝑥 𝑒 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 cos 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let: 𝑢 = cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = − sin 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

1
− 𝑑𝑢 = sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
Substitute and integrate
𝑢
1
= 𝑒 − 𝑑𝑢
2

1
=− 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2
1 𝑢
=− 𝑒 +𝐶
2
1 cos 2𝑥
=− 𝑒 +𝐶
2
 −𝑥 2
3. ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
2 2
𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥

Let: 𝑢 = −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
− 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
Substitute and integrate
𝑢
1
= 𝑒 − 𝑑𝑢
2

1
=− 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2
1 𝑢
=− 𝑒 +𝐶
2
1 2
= − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶
2
4. ∫ 10−2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
Here 𝑎 = 10 and 𝑢 = −2𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑑𝑥
1
− 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
2
1
10−2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢
𝑎 − 𝑑𝑢
2

1
=− 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2
1 𝑎𝑢
=− +𝐶
2 ln 𝑎
1 10−2𝑥
=− +𝐶
2 ln 10
 2 2𝑥 3
5. ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
3 3
𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Let: 𝑢 = 2𝑥 3 𝑑𝑢 = 6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6
Substitute and integrate
𝑢
1
= 𝑒 𝑑𝑢
6

1
= 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
6
1 𝑢
= 𝑒 +𝐶
6
1 2𝑥3
= 𝑒 +𝐶
6
6. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
- expand the function

𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥

let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑢 = −2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = −2 𝑑𝑥
1 1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 1
= 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + − 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 2𝑥 1 −2𝑥
= 𝑒 − 𝑒 +𝑥+𝐶
2 2
 𝑑𝑥
7. ∫ 32𝑥

Solution:
𝑑𝑥
2𝑥
= 3−2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
Let: 𝑢 = −2𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = −2 𝑑𝑥
1
− 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
2
Substitute and integrate
1
= 3𝑢 − 𝑑𝑢
2

1
=− 3𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2

1 3−2𝑥
=− +𝐶
2 ln 3
8. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥 1 2 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑒𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

𝑥 1 1
Let: 𝑢 = 2 = 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
2
2 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑒 𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

= 2 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑥
=2 𝑒2 + 𝐶 = 2 𝑒𝑥 + 𝐶
 𝑥 2 −2𝑥
9. ∫ 𝑥 − 1 𝑒 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
𝑥 2 −2𝑥 𝑥 2 −2𝑥
𝑥−1 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥

Let: 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
2
1 1
= 𝑒𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2 2
1 𝑢
= 𝑒 +𝐶
2
1 𝑥 2−2𝑥
= 𝑒 +𝐶
2
 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
10. ∫ 𝑥

Solution:
𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒
𝑥 𝑥
Let: 𝑢 = 𝑥 = 𝑥 1 2 1 −1 2
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑥
2𝑑𝑢 =
𝑥

= 𝑒 𝑢 2𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

= 2𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
= 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
 𝑒 −1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
11. ∫ 𝑥 2

Solution:
𝑒 −1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
= 𝑒
𝑥2
1
Let: 𝑢 = − 𝑥 = −𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 2
𝑥

= 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

= 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
= 𝑒 −1 𝑥 + 𝐶
Now try these

Exercise 3: Integrate the following

1. 𝑒 𝑥+3 + 𝑒 𝑥−3 𝑑𝑥

2 2𝑥 3
2. 3𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥

3. 3𝑡 𝑑𝑡

4. 72𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥

4
5. 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥
D. Trigonometric Functions
Basic Formulas

1. ∫ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cos 𝑢 + 𝐶

2. ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝐶

3. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑢 + 𝐶

4.∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −cot 𝑢 + 𝐶

5. ∫ sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑢 + 𝐶

6. ∫ csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐sc 𝑢 + 𝐶

 Formulas Derived from Logarithmic Function

7. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln sec 𝑢 + 𝐶
= − ln cos 𝑢 + 𝐶
8. ∫ cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln sin 𝑢 + 𝐶
9. ∫ sec 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = ln 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 + 𝐶
10. ∫ csc 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = ln 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢 + 𝐶
= − ln 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢 + 𝐶

The six basic formulas for integration involving trigonometric

functions are stated in terms of appropriate pairs of functions. An
integral involving 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 and 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥, which the simple integration
formula cannot be applied, we must put the integrand entirely in
terms of sin 𝑥 and cos 𝑥 or in terms of tan 𝑥 and sec 𝑥. Notice that
these formulas are reverse formulas in Differential Calculus.
Examples: Evaluate the following integrals.
1. ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Solution:

𝑥 sin 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

Let: 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
Substitute and integrate
1
= sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2

1
= sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2
1
= − cos 𝑢 + 𝐶
2
1
= − cos 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
2
2. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
- using identities, transform 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1

𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥

= tan 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
3. ∫ cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
- let: 𝑢 = 3𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 3 𝑑𝑥
1
3
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
-substitute and integrate

1
cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
3

1
= cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
3
1
= sin 𝑢 + 𝐶
3
1
= sin 3𝑥 + 𝐶
3
4. ∫ sec 2𝑥 tan 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
- let: 𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
2
-substitute and integrate

1
sec 2𝑥 tan 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2

1
= sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2
1
= s𝑒𝑐 𝑢 + 𝐶
2
1
= s𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝐶
2
5. ∫ tan 2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
- let: 𝑢 = tan 2𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑥 (2𝑑𝑥)
1
𝑑𝑢 =
2
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
-substitute and integrate
1
tan 2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2

1
= 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2

1 𝑢2
= +𝐶
2 2
1
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 2𝑥 + 𝐶
4
6. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
- let: 𝑢 = 4𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 4 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 =
4
𝑑𝑥
-substitute and integrate
1
𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
4

1
= 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
4
1
= − cot 𝑢 +𝐶
4
1
= − cot 4𝑥 + 𝐶
3
 2
7. ∫ tan 2𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
- expand
2
tan 2𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 2𝑥 − 2 tan 2𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥

Transform 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 2𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑥 − 1

= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑥 − 1 − 2 tan 2𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑥 − 2 tan 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2 tan 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
= tan 2𝑥 + ln 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2
 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
8. ∫ 1−sin 𝑦

Solution:
- transform 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
=
1 − sin 𝑦 1 − sin 𝑦

Transform 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑦 = 1 − sin 𝑦 1 + sin 𝑦

1 − sin 𝑦 1 + sin 𝑦
= 𝑑𝑦
1 − sin 𝑦

= 1 + sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

= 𝑑𝑦 + sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

= 𝑦 − cos 𝑦 + 𝐶
 cos ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
9. ∫ 𝑥

Solution:

cos ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= cos ln 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Let: 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 =
𝑥
Substitute and integrate

= cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

= sin 𝑢 + 𝐶
= sin ln 𝑥 + 𝐶
10. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

Solution:
- using identities, transform 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑦 − 1

𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑦 − 1 𝑑𝑦

= 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑦

= − cot 𝑦 − 𝑦 + 𝐶
Now try these

Exercise 4: Integrate the following

1. 2 sin 𝑥 + 3 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

3. 5𝑥 sin 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

4. 𝑒 1+sin 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

5. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
E. Inverse Trigonometric Functions
In applying the formula (Example: Formula 1 below), it is important to
note that the numerator 𝑑𝑢 is the differential of the variable quantity
𝑢 which appears squared inside the square root symbol. We mentally
put the quantity under the radical into the form of the square of the
constant minus the square of the variable.

𝑑𝑢 𝑢
1. ∫ = 𝐴𝑟𝑐 sin + 𝐶 𝑎>0
𝑎2 −𝑢2 𝑎

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
2. 2 2 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐 tan + 𝐶
𝑎 +𝑢 𝑎 𝑎

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
3. ∫ = 𝑎 𝐴𝑟𝑐 s𝑒𝑐 𝑎 + 𝐶
𝑢 𝑢2 −𝑎2
Examples: Evaluate the following integrals.
𝑑𝑥
1. ∫
9−4𝑥 2

Solution:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=
9 − 4𝑥 2 3 2 − 2𝑥 2

Here: 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑢 = 2𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥

1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
2
1
= 2 𝑑𝑢
𝑎2 − 𝑢2
1 𝑑𝑢
=
2 𝑎2 − 𝑢2
1 2𝑥
= 𝐴𝑟𝑐 sin +𝐶
2 3
 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫
𝑥 𝑥 2 −1

Solution:
here: 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑎=1
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
2 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐 + 𝑐
𝑥 𝑥 −1 1 1
= 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫
1−𝑥 6

Solution:
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
=
1 − 𝑥6 1 − 𝑥3 2

Here: 𝑎 = 1, 𝑢 = 𝑥 3, 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥
3
Substitute and integrate

𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1
3 𝑑𝑢
1 − 𝑥6 =
𝑎 − 𝑢2
1 𝑑𝑢
=
3 𝑎 − 𝑢2
1 1 𝑢
= arcsin +𝐶
3 𝑎 𝑎
1 1 𝑥3
= arcsin +𝐶
3 1 1
1
= 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 3 + 𝐶
3
 𝑑𝑦
4. ∫ 𝑦2 +10𝑦+30

Solution:
- factor the denominator
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2
=
𝑦 + 10𝑦 + 30 𝑦 2 + 10𝑦 + 25 + 5

𝑑𝑦
=
𝑦+5 2+5

𝑑𝑦
= 2
5 + 𝑦+5 2

Here: 𝑎 = √5, 𝑢 = 𝑦 + 5, 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑦
1 𝑦+5
= 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 +𝐶
5 5
 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ 9+4𝑒 6𝑥

Solution:
𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=
9 + 4𝑒 6𝑥 32 + 2𝑒 3𝑥 2

Here: 𝑎 = 3, 𝑢 = 2𝑒 3𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑒 3𝑥 (3𝑑𝑥)
1 3𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
6
1
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑢
= 6 =
𝑎2 + 𝑢2 6 𝑎2 + 𝑢2

1 1 𝑢
= 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 +𝐶
6 𝑎 𝑎
1 1 2𝑒 3𝑥
= 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 +𝐶
6 3 3
1 2𝑒 3𝑥
= 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 +𝐶
18 3
 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6. ∫ 9+4 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥

Solution:
sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 =
9 + 4 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 32 + 2 sec 𝑥 2
Here: 𝑎 = 3, 𝑢 = 2 sec 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = 2 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
2
𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 𝑑𝑢 = 1 𝑑𝑢
𝑎2 + 𝑢2 2 𝑎2 + 𝑢2
1 1 𝑢
= 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 +𝐶
2 𝑎 𝑎
1 2 sec 𝑥
= 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 +𝐶
6 3
Now try these

Exercise 5: Integrate the following

1
1. 2 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 + 3

1
2. 𝑑𝑥
1 − 16𝑥 2
1
3. 2 𝑑𝑥
25 + 4𝑥

1
4. 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 16𝑥 2 −4
1
5. 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 5
Answers to the exercises

Exercise 1 Exercise 2
5 9 2 5 1 2 4 7
1. 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 𝐶 1. − + ln 𝑥 + 𝐶
9 5 2 3𝑡 2
14 5 2 4 1
2.
5
𝑦 + 3 𝑦3 2 +𝐶 2
2. 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + ln 𝑥 + 𝐶
2
3 2 1
3. − + 2 + 𝐶 3. ln 𝑥 2 + 4 + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥 2
33 4 3
4. 7𝑥 +𝐶 4. ln 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
4
1
5. 2𝑥 2 + 3 6 + 𝐶 5. ln 𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝐶 = 5𝑥 + 𝐶
24
Answers to the exercises

Exercise 3 Exercise 4
1. 𝑒 𝑥+3 + 𝑒 𝑥−3 + 𝐶 1. −2 cos 𝑥 + 3 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
1 2𝑥 3 1
2. 𝑒 +𝐶 2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 3𝑥 +𝐶
2 9
3𝑡 5
3. +𝐶 3. − cos 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
ln 3 2
72𝑥+3
4. +𝐶 4. 𝑒 1+sin 𝑥 +𝐶
2 ln 7
4 1
5. − 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝐶 5. sin 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 + 𝐶
3 3
Answers to the exercises

Exercise 5
1 1
1. 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐶 4. 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥 + 𝐶
3 2
1
2. 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥 + 𝐶 5. 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − 2 + 𝐶
4
1 2𝑥
3. 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 +𝐶
10 5