Integration Concepts/Formula.: Module in Integral Calculus

ROMALYN H. GOMEZ, ECE, ECT.
MODULE IN INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Chapter 1. Integration Concepts/Formula.
Objectives:
At the end of the chapter, the students would be able to:
 Define integration process
 Differentiate the differentiation and integration
 Perform basic integration
 Apply integration formula
 Evaluate the anti-derivative of trigonometric functions, logarithmic functions,
exponential functions, inverse trigonometric functions, and hyperbolic functions
Anti-differentiation.
The inverse process of determining a function whose derivative is known is called

anti-differentiation and the required function is called antiderivative of the given
function. Thus 𝑥 4 is an antiderivative of 4𝑥 3 , because 4𝑥 3 is the derivative of 𝑥 4 with
respect to x. In this connection, we observed that if any constant C is added to 𝑥 4 , the
sum of 𝑥 4 + C is also an antiderivative of 4𝑥 3 . To allow for the possible presence of a
constant, whenever the process of integration is performed, a constant ‘c’ is added to
the result.
 The process of integration reverses the process of differentiation.
Integration is a process of summation or adding parts together and an elongated S
denoting sum, shown as ∫ is used to replace the words ‘the integral of’.
If F(x) is an integral of f(x), and their relationship is expressed in the form.
∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒙) + 𝑪
Where:
∫ integral sign
𝑓(𝑥) - integrand
𝐹(𝑥) - particular integral
𝐶 - constant of integration
𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶 - indefinite integral of 𝑓(𝑥)
Indefinite integral
 Is an integral with no restrictions imposed on its dependent variables. It is also

called antiderivative or primitive integral.
Example: ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Definite integral
 Is an integral that is defined by the limit values a and b of the independent

variable.
𝑏
Example: ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Basic Integrals:
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 + 𝐶
2. ∫ 𝑎𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑢𝑛+1
3. ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑛+1
+ 𝐶 where n ≠ −1 (power formula)
Example 1: Integrate the following.
 ∫ 6𝑑𝑥 = 𝟔𝒙 + 𝑪
 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟑
 ∫ 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
Example 2.
Evaluate ∫(7𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
Solution:
7𝑥 3+1 4𝑥 2+1 7𝑥 4 4𝑥 3
∫(7𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 7𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = + +𝐶 = + +𝐶
3+1 2+1 4 3
𝟕𝒙𝟒 𝟒𝒙𝟑
∫(7𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 = + +𝑪
𝟒 𝟑
2
Example 3. Integrate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
Solution:
2 −2
2𝑥 −2+1 2𝑥 −1 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 = +𝐶 = − +𝐶
𝑥2 −2 + 1 −1 𝑥
2 𝟐
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = − + 𝑪
𝑥 𝒙
𝑥 3 +5𝑥2 −4
𝑥2
Solution:
𝑥 3 +5𝑥2 −4
∫ 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 + 5 − 4𝑥 −2 )𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 5 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − 4 ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 1+1 𝑥 −2+1
= + 5𝑥 − 4 ( )+𝐶
1+1 −2 + 1
1 𝑥 −1
= 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 4 ( )+𝐶
2 −1
𝟏 𝟐 𝟒
= 𝒙 + 𝟓𝒙 + + 𝑪
𝟐 𝒙
3
Example 5. Integrate ∫ √𝑧 𝑑𝑧
Solution:
1
+1
3 1 𝑧3
∫ √𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑧 ⁄3 𝑑𝑧 = 1 +𝐶
+1
3
4
𝑧 ⁄3 3 4⁄
= +𝐶 = 𝑧 3+𝐶
4⁄ 4
3
𝟑𝟑 𝟒
= √𝒛 + 𝑪
𝟒
Example 6. Integrate ∫(1 − 𝑥)√𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
1⁄ 3⁄
∫(1 − 𝑥)√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(√𝑥 − 𝑥√𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 2 −𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
1 3
𝑥 2+1 𝑥 2+1
= − +𝐶
1 3
+1 +1
2 2
3 5
𝑥 ⁄2 𝑥 ⁄2
= − +𝐶
3⁄ 5⁄
2 2
2 3⁄ 2 5
= 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 ⁄2 + 𝐶
3 5
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟓
= √𝒙 − √𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟑 𝟓
Example 7. Integrate ∫(3𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 − 5)𝑑𝑥
Solution:
∫(3𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 − 5)𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 5 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 1+1 2𝑥 2+1
= + − 5𝑥 + 𝐶
1+1 2+1
𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝒙𝟑
= + − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟑
3
Example 8. Integrate ∫(4 + 𝑢 − 6𝑢2 )𝑑𝑢
7
Solution:
3 3
∫(4 + 7 𝑢 − 6𝑢2 )𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 4𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑢 − 6 ∫ 𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢
7
3 𝑢1+1 𝑢2+1
= 4𝑢 + ( )−6( )+𝐶
7 1+1 2+1
3 𝑢2 𝑢3
= 4𝑢 + ( ) − 6 ( ) + 𝐶
7 2 3
𝟑 𝟐
= 𝟒𝒖 + 𝒖 − 𝟐𝒖𝟑 + 𝑪
𝟏𝟒
2𝑥 3 −3𝑥
4𝑥
Solution:
2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2𝑥3 3𝑥 𝑥2 3
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫( − )𝑑𝑥 = ∫( − )𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 4𝑥 4𝑥 2 4
𝑥2 3 1 𝑥2+1 3
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ( )− 𝑥+𝐶
2 4 2 2+1 4
𝟏 𝟑 𝟑
= 𝒙 − 𝒙+𝑪
𝟔 𝟒
Example 10. Integrate ∫(1 − 𝑡)2 𝑑𝑡
Solution:
∫(1 − 𝑡)2 𝑑𝑡 = ∫(1 − 2𝑡 − 𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 − 2 ∫ 𝑡𝑑𝑡 − ∫ 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
2𝑡 1+1 𝑡 2+1
=𝑡− − +𝐶
1+1 2+1
𝟏
= 𝒕 − 𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕𝟑 + 𝑪
𝟑
Example 11. Integrate ∫ 3√𝑥𝑑𝑥
Solution:
1
1 3x 2+1
∫ 3√xdx = 3 ∫ x ⁄2 dx = +C
1
+1
2
3 3
3x ⁄2 2(3)x ⁄2
= 3 +C = +C
3
2
3⁄
= 2x 2 +C
= 𝟐√ 𝐱 𝟑 + 𝐂
𝑑𝑥
Example 12. Integrate ∫3
√𝑥 2
Solution:
𝑑𝑥 −2⁄
∫ 2 = ∫𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 ⁄3

2
𝑥 −3+1
= +𝐶
2
− +1
3
1
𝑥 ⁄3 1
= + 𝐶 = 3𝑥 ⁄3 + 𝐶
1⁄
3
= 𝟑 𝟑√𝒙 + 𝑪
Example 13. Integrate ∫(3𝑠 + 4)2 𝑑𝑠
Solution:
∫(3𝑠 + 4)2 𝑑𝑠 = ∫(9𝑠 2 + 24𝑠 + 16)𝑑𝑠
= 9 ∫ 𝑠 2 𝑑𝑠 + 24 ∫ 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 + 16 ∫ 𝑑𝑠
𝑠 2+1 𝑠 1+1
=9 ( ) + 24 ( ) + 16𝑠 + 𝐶
2+1 1+1
𝑠3 𝑠2
= 9 ( ) + 24 ( ) + 16𝑠 + 𝐶
3 2
= 𝟑𝒔𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒔 + 𝑪
Example 14. Integrate ∫ 𝑦√𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Solution:
1⁄ 3⁄
∫ 𝑦√𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
3
𝑦 2+1
= +𝐶
3
2+1

5
𝑦 ⁄2
= +𝐶
5⁄
2
2 5
= 𝑦 ⁄2 + 𝐶
5
𝟐 𝟐
= 𝟓 √𝒚𝟓 + 𝑪 or 𝒚𝟐 √ 𝒚 + 𝑪
𝟓
𝑑𝑥
Example 15. Integrate ∫ 𝑥√2𝑥
Solution:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫ 3⁄
𝑥√2𝑥 √2 ( 𝑥 2)
1 −3⁄
= ∫𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
√2
−3
1 𝑥 2 +1
= ( ) +𝐶
√2 −3
+ 1
2
−1
1 𝑥 ⁄2
= ( )+𝐶
√2 −1⁄2
2 −1⁄
=− (𝑥 2) +𝐶
√2
2 1
=− ( 1⁄ ) + 𝐶
√2 𝑥 2
√𝟐 𝟐
=− + 𝑪 or = −√ + 𝑪
√𝒙 𝒙
Example 16. Integrate ∫(𝑥√𝑥 − 5)2 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
3⁄
∫(𝑥 √𝑥 − 5)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 2 − 5)2 𝑑𝑥
3⁄
= ∫(𝑥 3 − 10 𝑥 2 + 25) 𝑑𝑥
3⁄
= ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − 10 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 25 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑥 3+1 𝑥 ⁄2+1
= − 10 ( ) + 25𝑥 + 𝐶
3+1 3⁄ + 1
2
5
1 𝑥 ⁄2
= 𝑥 4 − 10 ( ) + 25𝑥 + 𝐶
4 5⁄
2
1 5⁄
= 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2 + 25𝑥 + 𝐶
4
𝟏 𝟒
= 𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 √𝒙 + 𝟐𝟓𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟒
Example 17. Integrate ∫(√𝑥 + √𝑎)2 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
1⁄ 1⁄ 2
∫(√𝑥 + √𝑎)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 2 +𝑎 2) 𝑑𝑥
1⁄ 1
= ∫(𝑥 + 2𝑎 2 𝑥 ⁄2 + 𝑎) 𝑑𝑥
1⁄ 1
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑎 2 ∫ 𝑥 ⁄2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1
1 2 1⁄ 𝑥 2+1
= 𝑥 + 2𝑎 2 ( ) + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐶
2 1
+ 1
2

3
1 2 1⁄ 𝑥 ⁄2
= 𝑥 + 2𝑎 (2 ) + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐶
2 3⁄
2
1 4
= 𝑥 2 + √𝑎 √𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐶
2 3
𝟏 𝟐 𝟒
= 𝒙 + 𝒙 √𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟑
−5
Example 18. Integrate ∫ 4 𝑑𝑡
9 √𝑡 3
Solution:
−5 −5 −5 −3
∫ 4 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 3 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑡 ⁄4 𝑑𝑡
9√𝑡 3 9𝑡 ⁄4 9
−3
−5 𝑡 4 +1
= ( )+𝐶
9 −3 + 1
4
1
−5 𝑡 ⁄4
= ( )+𝐶
9 1⁄
4
−20 1⁄
= 𝑡 4+𝐶
9
−𝟐𝟎 𝟒
= √𝒕 + 𝑪
𝟗
(𝟏+𝒙)𝟐
Example 19. Integrate ∫ 𝒅𝒙
√𝒙
Solution:
(𝟏 + 𝒙)𝟐 (1 + 2x + 𝑥 2 )
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 1⁄ 2
dx = ∫(x −1⁄2 + 2x 1⁄2 + x 3⁄2 ) 𝑑𝑥
√𝒙 x
x1⁄2 2x3⁄2 x5⁄2

= + + +𝐶
1⁄2 3⁄2 5⁄2
4 2
= 2x 1⁄2 + x 3⁄2 + x 5⁄2 + 𝐶
3 5
𝟒 𝟐
= 𝟐√𝒙 + 𝒙√𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 √𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟑 𝟓
General Power Formula
Integration of Powers
𝒖𝒏+𝟏
∫ 𝒖𝒏 𝒅𝒖 = + 𝑪 where n ≠ −𝟏
𝒏+𝟏
 The Method of U-Substitution. To evaluate an antiderivative∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, it is often

useful to replace x with a new variable u by means of a substitution x = g (u), dx =
g'(u) du. The equation below is valid.
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑔(𝑢))𝑔′ (𝑢)𝑑𝑢
Example 1. Evaluate ∫(𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟏𝟏 𝒅𝒙
Solution:
Replace (x + 3) with u, thus u = x+3, then let 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 3
Determine the derivative of x, which is dx=du, then we obtain
𝑢12
∫(𝑥 + 3)11 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢11 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
12
After you integrate, replace u with (x+3) since x is the original variable.
(𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟏𝟐
∫(𝑥 + 3)11 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑪
𝟏𝟐
𝟐
Example 2. Evaluate ∫(𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐) (𝟑𝒙𝟐 )𝒅𝒙
Solution:
Let u = 𝑥 3 + 2
𝑑𝑢
du = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 , get the value of dx by dividing both sides by 3𝑥 2 , thus dx =
3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢
∫(𝑥 3 + 2) 2 (3𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢2 (3𝑥 2 )
3𝑥 2
2
𝑢3
= ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
3
𝟏 𝟑
= (𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟑 + 𝑪
𝟑
Example 3. Evaluate ∫(𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐)𝟏⁄𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
Solution:
Let 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐
𝒅𝒖 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑢
dx =
3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢
∫(𝑥 3 + 2)1⁄2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢1⁄2 𝑥 2 ( )
3𝑥 2
1⁄ +1
1 1 𝑢 2
= 3 ∫ 𝑢1⁄2 𝑑𝑢 = (1 )+𝐶
3 ⁄2+1
2 3⁄ 2
= (𝑢 2) +𝐶 = (𝑥 3 + 2)3⁄2 + 𝐶
9 9
𝟐 𝟐
= (𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐)√𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐 + 𝑪 or √(𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐)𝟑 + 𝑪
𝟗 𝟗
Example 4. Evaluate ∫ 3𝑥√1 − 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
2
Let 𝑢 = 1 − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = −4𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑥𝑑𝑥 =
−4
𝑑𝑢 3
∫ 3𝑥 √1 − 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3√𝑢 ( ) = − ∫ √𝑢 𝑑𝑢
−4 4
3
3 𝑢 ⁄2 1 3
=− ( ) + 𝐶 = − 𝑢 ⁄2 + 𝐶
4 3⁄ 2
2
3
1 2 ⁄2
= − (1 − 2𝑥 ) + 𝐶
2
𝟑
𝟏 𝟐 √ 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
= − (𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙 ) 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪 or = − √(𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙 ) + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟐
3
Example 5. Evaluate ∫ √(1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑥𝑑𝑥
Solution: Let 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥2
𝑑𝑢
𝑥𝑑𝑥 =
−2
3 3 𝑑𝑢 1
∫ √(1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √𝑢 ( ) = − ∫ 3√𝑢 𝑑𝑢
−2 2
1 𝑢4⁄3 3 3 4⁄3
=− ( )+𝐶 = − 𝑢4⁄3 + 𝐶 = − (1 − 𝑥2 ) +𝐶
2 4⁄ 8 8
3
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟒
=−
𝟖
(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪 or = − √(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) + 𝑪
𝟖
(𝒙+𝟑)𝒅𝒙
Example 6. Evaluate ∫
(𝒙𝟐 +𝟔𝒙)𝟏⁄𝟑
Solution: Let 𝑢 = 𝑥2 + 6𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = (2𝑥 + 6)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 2(𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= (𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑢
(𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑢 1
∫ 2 1⁄ 3
= ∫ 12⁄3 = ∫ 1⁄3 = ∫ 𝑢−1⁄3 𝑑𝑢
(𝑥 + 6𝑥) 𝑢 2 𝑢 2
1
1 𝑢−3+1
= ( )+𝐶
2 −1 + 1
3
1 𝑢 2⁄ 3 3 3 3
= ( ) + 𝐶 = ( 𝑢 2⁄ 3 ) + 𝐶 = ( √ 𝑢 2 ) + 𝐶
2 2⁄3 4 4
𝟑𝟑 𝟐
= √(𝒙 + 𝟔𝒙)𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟒
Example 7. Evaluate ∫ √𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
∫ √𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √𝑥 2 (1 − 2𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥√(1 − 2𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √(1 − 2𝑥 2 ) 𝑥𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 1 − 2𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑥𝑑𝑥
−4
𝑑𝑢 1
∫ √(1 − 2𝑥 2 ) 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √𝑢 (−4) = −4 ∫ √𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1 𝑢3⁄2
= ( )+𝐶
−4 3⁄2
1 𝑢3⁄2
= ( )+𝐶
−4 3⁄2
1
= − 𝑢3⁄2 + 𝐶
6
1
= − (1 − 2𝑥 2 )3⁄2 + 𝐶
6
𝟏 𝟏
= − √(𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 )𝟑 + 𝑪 or = − (𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 )√𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟔 𝟔
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions:
𝑑𝑢
1. ∫ = ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑢
2. ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑎𝑢
3. ∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 + 𝐶
𝟑
Example 1. Evaluate ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟓𝒙
Solution:
3 3 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥 5 𝑥
𝟑
= 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟓
𝒅𝒙
𝒙+𝟐
Solution: let = 𝑥 + 2 , 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒖
∫ =∫
𝒙+𝟐 𝒖
= ln u + C
= 𝐥𝐧 (𝐱 + 𝟐) + 𝐂
𝒅𝒙
𝟐𝒙−𝟑
Solution: let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 3
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
2
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫ 2
2𝑥 − 3 𝑢
1 𝑑𝑢
= ∫
2 𝑢
1
= ln u + C
2
𝟏
= 𝐥𝐧(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑) + 𝐂
𝟐
𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 −1
Solution: let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 1
du = 2xdx
du
xdx =
2
du
xdx
∫ 2 = ∫ 2
x −1 u
1 du
= ∫
2 u
1
= ln u + C
2
𝟏
= 𝐥𝐧(x 2 − 1) + 𝐂
𝟐
𝒙+𝟐
Example 5. Evaluate ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙+𝟏
Solution:
x+2 x+1+1
∫ dx = ∫ dx
x+1 x+1
x+1 1 1
= ∫( + ) dx = ∫ (1 + ) d𝒙
x+1 x+1 x+1
= 𝒙 + 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟏) + 𝑪
Example 6. Evaluate ∫ 𝒆𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Solution: let 𝑢 = 3𝑥
du = 3dx
du
dx =
3
du
∫ e3x dx = ∫ eu
3
1
= ∫ eu du
3
1
= eu + C
3
𝟏 𝟑𝒙
= 𝒆 +𝑪
𝟑
Example 7. Evaluate ∫ 𝒆−𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Solution: 𝑢 = −𝑥
du = −dx
∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 (−𝑑𝑢)
= − ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 (𝑑𝑢)
= −𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
= −𝒆−𝒙 + 𝑪
Example 8. Evaluate ∫(𝑒 𝑥 + 1)3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution: let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 1
du = ex dx
∫(ex + 1)3 ex dx = ∫ u3 du
u4
= +C
4
1
= (ex + 1)4 + C
4
e3x 𝑑𝑥
𝟓+𝟐e3x
Solution: let 𝒖 = 𝟓 + 𝟐e3x
du = 6e3x dx
du
= e3x dx
6
du
e3x dx
∫ = ∫ 6
5 + 2e3x u
1 du
= ∫
6 u
1
= ln u + C
6
𝟏
= 𝐥𝐧 (𝟓 + 𝟐e3x ) + 𝐂
𝟔
𝒆𝟏⁄𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟐
𝟏
Solution: 𝒖 =
𝒙
𝑑𝑢 = −𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
𝑒 1⁄𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 (−𝑑𝑢)
𝑥2
= −𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
= −𝒆𝟏⁄𝒙 + 𝑪
𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
√1−𝑒 𝑡
Solution: let 𝒖 = 1 − 𝑒𝑡
du = −et dt
et dt −du
∫ =∫
√1 − et √u
= − ∫ u−1⁄2du
1
u2
= −( ) +C
1
2
= −2u1⁄2 + C
= −𝟐√𝟏 − 𝒆𝒕 + 𝑪
𝑥3
Example 12. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−1
Solution: Divide the given equation using long division or synthetic division to get the
quotient.
𝑥3 1
= 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1 +
𝑥−1 𝑥−1
𝑥3 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫( 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−1 𝑥−1
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐
= 𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝑪
𝟑 𝟐
Example 13. Evaluate ∫(𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡 )2 𝑑𝑡
Solution:
∫(𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡 )2 𝑑𝑡 = ∫(𝑒 2𝑡 − 2𝑒 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑒 −2𝑡 )𝑑𝑡
= ∫(𝑒 2𝑡 − 2 + 𝑒 −2𝑡 )𝑑𝑡
= ∫ 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝟏 𝟐𝒕 𝟏
= 𝒆 − 𝟐𝒕 − 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟐
2
Example 14. Evaluate ∫ 𝑧𝑒 4𝑧 𝑑𝑧
Solution: let u = 4𝑧 2
du = 8zdz
2 du
∫ ze4z dz = ∫ eu
8
1
= eu + C
8
1 2
= e4z + C
8
𝑒 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
(6𝑒 𝜃 +1)3⁄2
Solution: let 𝒖 = 6𝑒𝜃 + 1
du = 6eθ dθ
du
eθ dθ
∫ = ∫ 36⁄2
(6eθ + 1)3⁄2 u
1
= ∫ u−3⁄2 du
6
1 u−1⁄2
= ( ) +C
6 −1⁄2
1 1
= − ( 1⁄ 2 ) + C
3 u
𝟏
=− +𝐂
𝟑√𝟔𝐞𝛉 + 𝟏
Example 16. Evaluate ∫ 𝟓𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Solution: let 𝒖 = 𝟑𝒙
du = 3dx
du
∫ 53x dx = ∫ 5u ( )
3
1
= ∫ 5u du
3
53x
= +C
3ln5
Example 17. Evaluate ∫ 𝒂𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Solution: let 𝒖 = 𝟐𝒙
du = 2dx
du
∫ a2x dx = ∫ au
2
𝐚𝟐𝐱
= +𝐂
𝟐𝐥𝐧𝐚
Trigonometric Functions:
1. ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒖𝒅𝒖 = −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒖 + 𝑪

2. ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒖𝒅𝒖 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒖 + 𝑪
3. ∫ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒖𝒅𝒖 = 𝐥𝐧(𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒖) + 𝑪
4. ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒖 = 𝐥𝐧(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒖) + 𝑪
5. ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒅𝒖 = 𝐥𝐧(𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒖 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒖) + 𝑪
6. ∫ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒖𝒅𝒖 = 𝐥𝐧(𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒖 − 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒖) + 𝑪
7. ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒖𝒅𝒖 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒖 + 𝑪

8. ∫ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝒖𝒅𝒖 = −𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒖 + 𝑪
9. ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒖𝒅𝒖 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒖 + 𝑪
10. ∫ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒖𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒖 = −𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒖 + 𝑪
Example 1. Evaluate ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Solution:
Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
3
𝒅𝒖
∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒖 ( )
𝟑
1
= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑑𝑢
3
1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 + 𝐶
3
𝟏
= 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟑
Example 2. Evaluate ∫ 𝟓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝜽 𝒅𝜽
Solution: Let 𝑢 = 2𝜃
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝜃 =
2
𝑑𝑢
∫ 5𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 5 ∫(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢)
2
5
= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2
5
= − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 + 𝐶
2
𝟓
= − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽 + 𝑪
𝟐
Example 3. Evaluate ∫ 𝟕𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝟒𝒕 𝒅𝒕
Solution: let 𝑢 = 4𝑡
du = 4dt
du
dt =
4
du
∫ 7sec2 4t dt = 7 ∫(sec2 u)
4
7
= tanu + C
4
𝟕
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟒𝐭 + 𝐂
𝟒
Example 4. Evaluate ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution: let u = sinx
du = cosxdx
∫ sin2 xcosx dx = ∫ u2 du
u3
= +C
3
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒙
= +𝑪
𝟑
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒚
Solution:
siny dy siny dy
∫ = ∫ cosycosy using trigonometric identities
cos2 y
= ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒚 + 𝑪
Example 6. Evaluate ∫(𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙
Solution:
∫(1 + tanx)2 dx = ∫(1 + 2tanx + tan2 x)dx
using trigonometric identities 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
= ∫(2tanx + sec 2 x) dx
= 𝟐𝐥𝐧 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐱 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐱 + 𝐂
Example 7. Evaluate ∫ 𝒆𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Solution: let 𝑢 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
du = −6sin2xdx
du
∫ e3cos2xsin2x dx = ∫ eu ( )
−6
1
= − ∫ eu du
6
𝟏
= − 𝐞𝟑𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝐱 + 𝐂
𝟔
Example 8. Evaluate ∫(𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐𝒙 + 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙
Solution:
∫(𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐𝒙 + 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = ∫(𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐𝒙𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐𝒙 + 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝟐𝒙)𝒅𝒙
using trigonometric identities 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
= ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑥 − 1 + 2𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
= ∫(2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑥 − 1 + 2𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪
Example 9. Evaluate ∫(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒 𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒 𝒙)𝒅𝒙
Solution:
∫(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
using trigonometric identities 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 1
= ∫(1)(𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Using double angle formula for 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝟏
= 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜷𝒅𝜷
𝟏−𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜷
Solution:
sinβ
tanβdβ cosβ
∫ =∫ dβ
1 − tan2 β sin2 β
1−
cos 2 β
sinβ
cosβ
=∫ dβ
cos 2 β − sin2 β
cos 2 β
sinβcosβ
=∫ dβ
cos 2 β − sin2 β
using double angle formula for 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛽 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛽
sin2β
= ∫ 2 dβ
cos2β
1
= ∫ tan2β dβ
2
𝟏
= 𝐥𝐧𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟐𝛃 + 𝐂
𝟒
Transformations of Trigonometric Integrals:
Many trigonometric integrals can be evaluated after transformations of the

integrand, requiring only the most familiar trigonometric formulas. The following
are the methods to solve integrals using transformation.
 Type 1. ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐦 𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐧 𝐱 𝐝𝐱 , where either m or n is a positive odd integer.
Let n be positive odd integer. Writing the integral in the form

∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒎 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒅𝒙 and putting
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
The resulting solution is a series of powers of 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 each multiplied by

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙𝒅𝒙. We proceed in a similar manner when m is odd and positive.
Use these trigonometric identities for type 1.
 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
 Type 2. ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐧 𝐱 𝐝𝐱 or ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐧 𝐱 𝐝𝐱, where n is an integer.
Use these trigonometric identities for type 2
 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1
 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1
 Type 3. ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐦 𝐱 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐧 𝐱𝐝𝐱 or ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐦 𝐱 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝐧 𝐱𝐝𝐱, where m and n are positive integers.
Use these trigonometric identities

 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥
If n is even, use u=tanx or u=cotx, save a factor of 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 or 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥
If m is odd, use u=secx or u=cscx, save a factor of 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 and 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥
 Type 4. ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐦 𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐧 𝐱 𝐝𝐱 , where both m and n are positive even integers.
When m and n are both even integers, use these trigonometric identities
1
 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 2 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)
1
 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)
2
1
 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
Example 1. Evaluate ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Solution: Type 1
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
Let 𝒖 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝒅𝒖 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙𝒅𝒙
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢2 (1 − 𝑢2 )𝑑𝑢
= ∫(𝑢2 − 𝑢4 )𝑑𝑢
1 1
= 𝑢3 − 𝑢5 + 𝐶
3 5
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟓 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟑 𝟓
Example 2. Evaluate ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Solution: Type 1
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
= ∫(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(1 − 𝑢2 )(−𝑑𝑢)
= − ∫(1 − 𝑢2 )(𝑑𝑢)
𝑢3
= − (𝑢 − )+𝐶
3
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥
= − (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − )+𝐶
3
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝒙
= −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + +𝑪
𝟑
Example 3. Evaluate ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒 𝟐𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Solution: Type 1
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠4 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 2𝑥(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑐𝑜𝑠4 2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠6 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢4 ( ) − ∫ 𝑢6 ( )
−2 −2
1 𝑢5 1 𝑢7
= ( )+ ( )+𝐶
−2 5 2 7
1 5 1
=− 𝑢 + 𝑢7 + 𝐶
10 14
𝟏 𝟏
=− 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟓 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟕 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟒
Example 4. Evaluate ∫ 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Solution: Type 2
∫ tan 3 x dx = ∫ tan 2 x tanx dx
= ∫(sec 2 x − 1) tanx dx
= ∫(sec 2 x tanx − tanx) dx
= ∫ tanx sec 2 x dx − ∫ tanxdx
𝟏
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝐱 − 𝐥𝐧 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐱 + 𝐂
𝟐
Example 5. Evaluate ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution: Type 3
∫ tan3 xsec 3 x dx = ∫ tan2 x sec 2 x secx tanx dx
= ∫( sec 2 x − 1) sec 2 secx tanx dx
= ∫( sec 4 x − sec 2 ) secx tanx dx
Let 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫( 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 )𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑢4 − 𝑢2 )𝑑𝑢
1 1
= 𝑢5 − 𝑢3 + 𝐶
5 3
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟓 𝒙 − 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟑 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟓 𝟑
Example 6. Evaluate ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟒 𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Solution: Type 2
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 4 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 3𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 3𝑥(𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 3𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 3𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 3𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 3𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 3𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − ∫(𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 3𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑐𝑜𝑡 3 3𝑥 1
=− ( ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑡3𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝐶
3 3 3
𝟏 𝟏
= − 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟑 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟑𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟗 𝟑
Example 7. Evaluate ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟑 𝒙 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟓 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Solution: Type 3
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 3 𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑐𝑠𝑐 6 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫(𝑐𝑠𝑐 6 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑢6 − 𝑢4 ) (−𝑑𝑢)
𝑢7 𝑢5
=− + +𝐶
7 5
𝟏 𝟏
= − 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟕 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟓 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟕 𝟓
Example 8. Evaluate ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Solution: Type 4
1
∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2
1 1
= ∫( − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟒
Example 9. Evaluate ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜷 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜷𝒅𝜷
Solution: Type 4
1 1
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽𝑑𝛽 = ∫ (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛽) (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛽)𝑑𝛽
2 2
1
= ∫(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛽)(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛽)𝑑𝛽
4
1
= ∫(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛽)(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛽)𝑑𝛽
4
1
= ∫(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 2𝛽)𝑑𝛽
4
1 1
= 𝛽 − ∫(𝑐𝑜𝑠2 2𝛽)𝑑𝛽
4 4
1 1 1
= 𝛽 − ∫ (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝛽)𝑑𝛽
4 4 2
1 1
= 𝛽 − ∫(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝛽)𝑑𝛽
4 8
1 1 1
= 𝛽 − ( 𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝛽) + 𝑪
4 8 32
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝜷− 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒𝜷 + 𝑪
𝟖 𝟑𝟐
𝒕
Example 10. Evaluate ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟔 𝒅𝒕
𝟐
Solution: Type 4
t 𝑡 3
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 dt = ∫ (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ) 𝑑𝑡
2 2
1
since 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)
2
3
𝑡 3 1 𝑡
= ∫ (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ ( (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 ( ))) 𝑑𝑡
2 2 2

3
1
= ∫ ( (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)) 𝑑𝑡
2
1
= ∫(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)3 𝑑𝑡
8
1
= ∫(1 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑡)3 𝑑𝑡
8
1 3 3 1 1
= 𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + ∫ ( (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡)) 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
8 8 8 2 8
1 3 3 1
= 𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + ∫(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 + ∫(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
8 8 16 8
1 3 3 3 1 1
= 𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑡 + 𝐶
8 8 16 32 8 24
𝟓 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
= 𝒕 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒕 + 𝑪
𝟏𝟔 𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝟒
Inverse Trigonometric Functions:
𝑑𝑢 𝑢
1. ∫ = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 +𝐶
√𝑎2 −𝑢 2 𝑎
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
2. ∫ 𝑎2 +𝑢2 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑎 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
3. ∫ = 𝑎 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑎 + 𝐶
𝑢√𝑢2−𝑎2
𝑑𝑥
Example 1. Evaluate∫
√4−𝑥 2
Solution:
𝑑𝑥 𝒙
∫ = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏 + 𝑪
√4 − 𝑥 2 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝟗+𝒙𝟐
Solution:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝟏 𝒙
∫ 2 =∫ 2 2 = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏 + 𝑪
9+𝑥 3 +𝑥 𝟑 𝟑
𝑑𝑡
√5−16𝑡 2
Solution:
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∫ = ∫
√5 − 16𝑡 2 2
√(√5) − (4𝑡)2
Let 𝑢 = 4𝑡
𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 1 𝑑𝑢
∫ = ∫
√5 − 16𝑡 2 4 2
√(√5) − 𝑢2
𝟏 𝟒𝒕
= 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏 +𝑪
𝟒 √𝟓
𝑑𝑥
√25−16𝑥 2
Solution:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫
√25 − 16𝑥 2 √52 − (4𝑥)2
Let 𝑢 = 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑢
∫ = ∫
√25 − 16𝑥 2 4 √52 − 𝑢2
1 𝑢
= 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝐶
4 5
𝟏 𝟒𝒙
𝟒 𝟓
𝒅𝒙
𝒙√𝟒𝒙𝟐 −𝟗
Solution:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 2𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫ ( )=∫
𝑥√4𝑥 2 −9 𝑥√4𝑥 2 −9 2 2𝑥√(2𝑥)2 − 32
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 2𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫
𝑥√4𝑥 2 − 9 2 𝑢√(𝑢)2 − 32
1 𝑢
= 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐 + 𝐶
3 3
𝟏 𝟐𝒙
= 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒆𝒄 +𝑪
𝟑 𝟑
𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
√𝟏−𝒙𝟔
Solution:
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
√1 − 𝑥 6 √1 − (𝑥 3 )2
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥1 𝑑𝑢
∫ = ∫
√1 − 𝑥 6 3 √1 − 𝑢2
1 𝑢
= 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝐶
3 1
𝟏
= 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙𝟑 + 𝑪
𝟑
𝒅𝒙
𝒆𝒙 +𝒆−𝒙
Solution:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
𝑒𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 1
𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
=∫
𝑒 2𝑥 +1
𝑒𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 2𝑥
𝑒 +1
𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=∫ 𝑥 2
(𝑒 ) + 1
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
∫ = ∫
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑢2 + 1
= 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪
𝒆𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟗+𝟒𝒆𝟔𝒙
Solution:
𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫
9 + 4𝑒 6𝑥 32 + (2𝑒 3𝑥 )2
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 6𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑢
∫ 6𝑥
= ∫ 2
9 + 4𝑒 6 3 + 𝑢2
1 1 𝑢
= ( ) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 + 𝑪
6 3 3
𝟏 𝟐𝒆𝟑𝒙
= 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏 +𝑪
𝟏𝟖 𝟑
𝒅𝒙
√𝟐𝟎+𝟖𝒙−𝒙𝟐
Solution: by completing the square
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫
√20 + 8𝑥 − 𝑥 2 √20 + 16 − (𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 16)
𝑑𝑥
=∫
√36 − (𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 16)
𝑑𝑥
=∫
√62 − (𝑥 − 4)2
( 𝒙 − 𝟒)
𝟔
𝒅𝒙
√𝟐𝟖−𝟏𝟐𝒙−𝒙𝟐
Solution: by completing the square
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
√28 − 12𝑥 − 𝑥 2 √28 + 36 − (𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 36)
𝑑𝑥
=∫
√64 − (𝑥 + 6) 2
𝒙+𝟔
= 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( )+𝑪
𝟖
Hyperbolic Functions:
1. ∫ sinh 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = cosh 𝑢 + 𝐶

2. ∫ cosh 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = sinh 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝟏
Example 1. Evaluate ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟐
Solution:
1
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥
2
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝒙
2
1
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2
𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟐
Example 2. Evaluate ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Solution:
Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥
𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑢 )
3
𝟏
∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟑

Integration Concepts/Formula.: Module in Integral Calculus

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Integration Concepts/Formula.: Module in Integral Calculus

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ROMALYN H. GOMEZ, ECE, ECT.

MODULE IN INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Chapter 1. Integration Concepts/Formula.

The inverse process of determining a function whose derivative is known is called

 The process of integration reverses the process of differentiation.

Integration is a process of summation or adding parts together and an elongated S

If F(x) is an integral of f(x), and their relationship is expressed in the form.

MODULE IN INTEGRAL CALCULUS

𝐹(𝑥) - particular integral

𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶 - indefinite integral of 𝑓(𝑥)

 Is an integral with no restrictions imposed on its dependent variables. It is also

 Is an integral that is defined by the limit values a and b of the independent

Example 1: Integrate the following.

MODULE IN INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Evaluate ∫(7𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥

MODULE IN INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Example 6. Integrate ∫(1 − 𝑥)√𝑥 𝑑𝑥

MODULE IN INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Example 7. Integrate ∫(3𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 − 5)𝑑𝑥

∫(3𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 − 5)𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 5 ∫ 𝑑𝑥

MODULE IN INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Example 10. Integrate ∫(1 − 𝑡)2 𝑑𝑡

∫(1 − 𝑡)2 𝑑𝑡 = ∫(1 − 2𝑡 − 𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 − 2 ∫ 𝑡𝑑𝑡 − ∫ 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

Example 11. Integrate ∫ 3√𝑥𝑑𝑥

MODULE IN INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Example 13. Integrate ∫(3𝑠 + 4)2 𝑑𝑠

∫(3𝑠 + 4)2 𝑑𝑠 = ∫(9𝑠 2 + 24𝑠 + 16)𝑑𝑠

= 𝟑𝒔𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒔 + 𝑪

Example 14. Integrate ∫ 𝑦√𝑦 𝑑𝑦

MODULE IN INTEGRAL CALCULUS

MODULE IN INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Example 16. Integrate ∫(𝑥√𝑥 − 5)2 𝑑𝑥

Example 17. Integrate ∫(√𝑥 + √𝑎)2 𝑑𝑥

MODULE IN INTEGRAL CALCULUS

MODULE IN INTEGRAL CALCULUS

x1⁄2 2x3⁄2 x5⁄2

General Power Formula

 The Method of U-Substitution. To evaluate an antiderivative∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, it is often

∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑔(𝑢))𝑔′ (𝑢)𝑑𝑢

Example 1. Evaluate ∫(𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟏𝟏 𝒅𝒙

Replace (x + 3) with u, thus u = x+3, then let 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 3

Determine the derivative of x, which is dx=du, then we obtain

MODULE IN INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Example 3. Evaluate ∫(𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐)𝟏⁄𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙

MODULE IN INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Example 4. Evaluate ∫ 3𝑥√1 − 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

MODULE IN INTEGRAL CALCULUS

∫ √𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √𝑥 2 (1 − 2𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥√(1 − 2𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √(1 − 2𝑥 2 ) 𝑥𝑑𝑥

MODULE IN INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions:

MODULE IN INTEGRAL CALCULUS

MODULE IN INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Example 6. Evaluate ∫ 𝒆𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙

MODULE IN INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Example 7. Evaluate ∫ 𝒆−𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Example 8. Evaluate ∫(𝑒 𝑥 + 1)3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution: let 𝒖 = 𝟓 + 𝟐e3x

MODULE IN INTEGRAL CALCULUS

MODULE IN INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Example 13. Evaluate ∫(𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡 )2 𝑑𝑡

∫(𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡 )2 𝑑𝑡 = ∫(𝑒 2𝑡 − 2𝑒 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑒 −2𝑡 )𝑑𝑡

= ∫(𝑒 2𝑡 − 2 + 𝑒 −2𝑡 )𝑑𝑡

MODULE IN INTEGRAL CALCULUS