5 3

Algebraic substitution 2𝑢 ⁄2 2𝑢 ⁄2
= 2[ − + 𝑐]
5 3
In algebraic substitution we replace the variable
5 3
of integration by a function of a new variable. A 4𝑢 ⁄2 4𝑢 ⁄2
= − +𝑐
change in the variable on integration often 5 3
reduces an integrand to an easier integrable 5
4(1+√𝑥) ⁄2
3
4(1+√𝑥) ⁄2
form. = − +𝑐
5 3
4 MORE EXAMPLES
1. ∫ (5𝑥−3) 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫(𝑐𝑜𝑠)4 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Replace the hardest value for you.
= 𝑢 = cos 𝜃 𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 5𝑥 + 3
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = 5𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜃 = − sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 = = ∫(𝑢)4 sin 𝜃 (− sin 𝜃)
5

Continue in the process of integration as = − ∫(𝑢)4 𝑑𝑢

follows: 𝑢5
1 𝑑𝑢
=− +c
5
= 4∫𝑢 5
cos 𝜃5
4 1 =− +𝑐
5
= 5 ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
4
= ln 𝑢
5 4. ∫ cos(6𝑥)𝑑𝑥
4
= 5 ln(5𝑥 + 3) + 𝑐 = 𝑢 = 6𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 6𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 = 6
2. ∫ √1 + √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos(𝑢)
𝑑𝑢
6
Replace the hardest value for you. 1
= 6 ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1
= 𝑢 = 1 + √𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
2√𝑥 1
= 6 sin 𝑢 + 𝑐
= √𝑥 = (𝑢 − 1) , 𝑑𝑥 = 2√𝑥𝑑𝑢
1
= sin 6𝑥 + 𝑐
Continue in the process of integration as 6
follows:

= ∫ √𝑢 2√𝑥 𝑑𝑢 5. ∫ 5𝑥 (9 + 𝑥 3 )4 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 ∫ 𝑢2 (𝑢 − 1)𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 = 9 + 52
3 1 = 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
= 2 ∫ 𝑢2 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥
 𝑑𝑢
= ∫ 5𝑥 (𝑢)4 2𝑥
2
5 8. ∫ 5𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 2 ∫ 𝑢4 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢
5 𝑢5
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥
=2(5)
𝑑𝑢
= ∫ 5𝑥𝑒 𝑢 2𝑥
5𝑢5
= +𝑐
10 5
5
= 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
(9+ 𝑥 2 )
= +𝑐 5
2 = 2 𝑒𝑢 + 𝑐
5 5
= 2 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑐
6. ∫ 4𝑥 5 √2𝑥 3 − 8 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 3 − 8 , 𝑑𝑢 = 6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
7
𝑑𝑢 9. ∫ (3𝑥−9)4 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 6𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢
2 𝑑𝑢 Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 − 9 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑥 =
= ∫ 4𝑥 √𝑢 (6𝑥 2 ) 3

1
7 𝑑𝑢
2 ∫
= 3 ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 2 𝑢4 3
2
3
𝑢 ⁄2
7 1
= 3 (2 ) ∫ 4 𝑑𝑢
3 3 𝑢
3
4𝑢 ⁄2 7 −𝑢−3
= +𝑐 ( )
9 3 3
3
4(2𝑥 3 −8) ⁄2 7
= 9
+𝑐 = − 9 (𝑢−3)
7
=− 9𝑢3
3
7. ∫(5 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = (5 − 𝑥)3 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑑𝑥 (𝑙𝑛𝑥)3
10. 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = −𝑑𝑥
1
Let 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑢
3 (−𝑑𝑢) 𝑥
= ∫𝑢
𝑢3
=∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑢
𝑥
3
= ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= ∫ 𝑢3 𝑑𝑢
𝑢4 𝑢4
=− +𝑐 =
4 4

(5−𝑥)4 (ln 𝑥)4

=− +𝑐 = +𝑐
4 4