INEXACT DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATIONS
and
INTEGRATING FACTORS

Prepared by: Engr. Coleta Y. Lim - Esplanada

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 Inexact D.E. (IDE)
𝜕𝑀(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑁(𝑥,𝑦)
If ≠ , the D.E. is NOT Exact.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Integrating Factor (IF) is an expression which, when multiplied

to an INEXACT D.E., will make the D.E. exact.
Definitions:
1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
1.) If − = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒𝑥𝑝 ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 ׬‬
𝑁 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
2.) If − = 𝑔 𝑦 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒𝑥𝑝 ‫ ׬‬−𝑔 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑀 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Prepared by: Engr. Coleta Y. Lim - Esplanada

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 EXAMPLES : (INEXACT D.E.)
1.) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Prepared by: Engr. Coleta Y. Lim - Esplanada

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 EXAMPLES : (INEXACT D.E.)

Prepared by: Engr. Coleta Y. Lim - Esplanada

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 EXAMPLES : (INEXACT D.E.)
2.) y 4𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Prepared by: Engr. Coleta Y. Lim - Esplanada

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 EXAMPLES : (INEXACT D.E.)

Prepared by: Engr. Coleta Y. Lim - Esplanada

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 EXAMPLES : (INEXACT D.E.)
3.) 2y 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Prepared by: Engr. Coleta Y. Lim - Esplanada

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 EXAMPLES : (INEXACT D.E.)

Prepared by: Engr. Coleta Y. Lim - Esplanada

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 EXAMPLES : (INEXACT D.E.)
4.) y 2𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

Prepared by: Engr. Coleta Y. Lim - Esplanada

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 EXAMPLES : (INEXACT D.E.)

Prepared by: Engr. Coleta Y. Lim - Esplanada

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 EXAMPLES : (INEXACT D.E.)

ACTIVITY 5
SOLVE THE D.E.

3𝑥𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
given that when 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 3.

Prepared by: Engr. Coleta Y. Lim - Esplanada

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 INTEGRATING FACTORS
Some EXACT DIFFERENTIALS:
𝑥2 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑑 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑑 =
𝑦 𝑦2

2 2 𝑦2 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦−𝑦2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑑 =
𝑥 𝑥2

𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑥−𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑑 =
𝑦 𝑦2

𝑦 𝑥𝑑𝑦−𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑑 =
𝑥 𝑥2

𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑥−𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 =
𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦2

1 𝑥+𝑦 𝑥𝑑𝑦−𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑙𝑛 =
2 𝑥−𝑦 𝑥 2 −𝑦2

𝑦𝑑𝑥+𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑑 𝑙𝑛𝑥𝑦
𝑥𝑦

Prepared by: Engr. Coleta Y. Lim - Esplanada

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 SOLVE the following D.E. using INSPECTION
1.) y 2𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

Prepared by: Engr. Coleta Y. Lim - Esplanada

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 SOLVE the following D.E. using INSPECTION
2.) 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 4 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Prepared by: Engr. Coleta Y. Lim - Esplanada

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 SOLVE the following D.E. using INSPECTION
3.) y 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦 3 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0

4.) 1 + 𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Prepared by: Engr. Coleta Y. Lim - Esplanada

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 SOLVE the following D.E. using INSPECTION
5.) y 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

6.) y 1 − 𝑥𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 1 + 𝑥𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Prepared by: Engr. Coleta Y. Lim - Esplanada

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 SOLVE the following D.E. using INSPECTION
7.) 𝑦 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Prepared by: Engr. Coleta Y. Lim - Esplanada

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 SOLVE the following D.E. using INSPECTION
8.) 2𝑡 𝑑𝑠 + s 2 + 𝑠 2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 0

Prepared by: Engr. Coleta Y. Lim - Esplanada

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