Complex Functions

Dr. M. Elgendy
A complex function is a function 𝑓 whose domain and range are subsets
of the set 𝑪 of complex numbers.
A function 𝑓 defined on 𝑆 is a rule that assigns to each 𝑧 in S a complex
number 𝑤. The number 𝑤 is called the value of 𝑓 at 𝑧 and is denoted by
𝑤 = 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
= 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑤 = 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑟, 𝜃)
Each of the real numbers 𝑢 and 𝑣 depends on the real variables 𝑥 and 𝑦.
Dr. M. Elgendy
If 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) is a complex mapping and if 𝑆 is a set of points in the 𝑧-plane,
then we call the set of images of the points in 𝑆 under 𝑓 the image of 𝑺
under 𝒇 , and we denote this set by the symbol 𝑆′

Dr. M. Elgendy
Ex. Find the real and imaginary parts of the functions:
(a) 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧2 − (2 + 𝑖)𝑧
(b) 𝑔(𝑧) = 𝑧 + 2𝑅𝑒(𝑧)

(a) 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 2 − 2 + 𝑖 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
= 𝑥2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑦2 + (2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑖.
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑦2 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 − 2𝑦.

(b) Since 𝑔(𝑧) = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 2𝑅𝑒(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = 3𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 Dr. M. Elgendy
Ex. Find the image of the vertical line 𝑥 = 1 under the complex mapping
𝑤 = 𝑧2 and represent the mapping graphically.
Let C be the set of points on the vertical line 𝑥 = 1 or, equivalently, the
set of points 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖𝑦 with −∞ < 𝑦 < ∞.
𝑤 = 𝑧2 = (𝑥2 − 𝑦2) + 𝑖 (2𝑥𝑦)
𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖𝑦, 𝑤 = 𝑧2 = (1 − 𝑦2) + 𝑖 (2𝑦)
𝑢 = 1 − 𝑦2 , 𝑣 = 2𝑦
𝑣 2
𝑢 =1−
2 Dr. M. Elgendy
Dr. M. Elgendy
Ex. For each of the functions below, describe the domain
1 1 𝑧
a) 𝑓 𝑧 = 2 b) 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝐴𝑟𝑔 c) 𝑓 𝑧 =
𝑧 +1 𝑧 𝑧+𝑧
1
a) 𝑓 𝑧 =
𝑧 2 +1
All points in the plane except at 𝑧 = ±𝑖
1
b) 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝐴𝑟𝑔
𝑧
All points in the plane except at 𝑧 = 0
𝑧
c) 𝑓 𝑧 =
𝑧+𝑧
All points in the plane except the imaginary axis (𝑥 = 0)
Dr. M. Elgendy
Ex. Find the real and imaginary parts of the functions as function of 𝑥, 𝑦
Ex. Find the real and imaginary parts of the functions as function of 𝑟, 𝜃

1
𝑓 𝑧 =𝑧+
𝑧

Ex. Describe the domain

3𝑧 + 2𝑖
𝑓 𝑧 = 3
𝑧 + 4𝑧 2 + 𝑧

Dr. M. Elgendy
Dr. M. Elgendy
Elementary Functions

Dr. M. Elgendy
Complex Exponential Function
The function 𝑒 𝑧 defined by
𝑤 = 𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦)
𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥 , arg(𝑧) = 𝑦 + 2𝑛𝜋 , 𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2, …
𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥−𝑖𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑖𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
𝑒𝑧 = 𝑒𝑧

Dr. M. Elgendy
Ex. Find the values of the complex exponential function 𝑒 𝑧 at the
following points.
(a) 𝑧 = 0 (b) 𝑧 = 𝑖 (c) 𝑧 = 2 + 𝜋𝑖
In each part we substitute 𝑥 = 𝑅𝑒(𝑧) and 𝑦 = 𝐼𝑚(𝑧) then simplify.

(a) For 𝑧 = 0, we have 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑦 = 0

𝑒0 = 𝑒0cos0 + 𝑖𝑒0sin0
= 𝑒0 cos0 + 𝑖 sin0
=1
Dr. M. Elgendy
(b) For 𝑧 = 𝑖, we have 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑦 = 1
𝑒 𝑖 = 𝑒0 cos1 + 𝑖𝑒0 sin1 = cos1 + 𝑖 sin1
≈ 0.5403 + 0.8415𝑖.

(c) For 𝑧 = 2 + 𝜋𝑖, we have 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = 𝜋

𝑒 2+𝜋𝑖 = 𝑒2(cos𝜋 + 𝑖 sin𝜋)
= −𝑒2

Dr. M. Elgendy
Complex Logarithmic Function
The multiple-valued function ln 𝑧 defined by:
ln 𝑧 = ln |𝑧| + 𝑖 arg(𝑧)
𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃
ln 𝑧 = ln 𝑟 + 𝑖 𝜃 + 2𝑛𝜋 , 𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2, …

Dr. M. Elgendy
Ex. Find all complex solutions to each of the following equations.
(a) 𝑒𝑤 = 𝑖 (b) 𝑒𝑤 = 1 + 𝑖 (c) 𝑒𝑤 = −2

(a) 𝑒𝑤 = 𝑖
𝑒 𝑤 = 𝑧 → ln 𝑒 𝑤 = ln 𝑧 → 𝑤 = ln 𝑧
𝑒𝑤 = 𝑖 → 𝑧 = 𝑖 → 𝑟= 𝑧 =1
𝜋
Arg(𝑧) =
2
𝜋
→ arg 𝑧 = + 2𝑛𝜋
2 Dr. M. Elgendy
 𝜋
𝑤 = ln 𝑖 = ln 1 + 𝑖 + 2𝑛𝜋
2
𝜋
=𝑖 + 2𝑛𝜋
2
𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2, …

7𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
𝑤 = ⋯,− 𝑖, − 𝑖, 𝑖, 𝑖, …
2 2 2 2

Dr. M. Elgendy
(b) 𝑒𝑤 = 1 + 𝑖
𝑒 𝑤 = 𝑧 → 𝑤 = ln 𝑧
𝑒𝑤 = 1 + 𝑖 → 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖 → 𝑟 = 𝑧 = 2
𝜋 𝜋
Arg(𝑧) = → arg 𝑧 = + 2𝑛𝜋
4 4
𝜋
𝑤 = ln 1 + 𝑖 = ln 2 + 𝑖 + 2𝑛𝜋
4
1 𝜋
= ln 2 + 𝑖 + 2𝑛𝜋 , 𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2, …
2 2
Dr. M. Elgendy
(c) 𝑒𝑤 = −2
𝑒 𝑤 = 𝑧 → 𝑤 = ln 𝑧

𝑒 𝑤 = −2 → 𝑧 = −2 → 𝑧 = 2

Arg(𝑧) = 𝜋 → arg 𝑧 = 𝜋 + 2𝑛𝜋

𝑤 = ln(−2) = ln 2 + 𝑖 𝜋 + 2𝑛𝜋

= ln 2 + 𝑖 𝜋 + 2𝑛𝜋 , 𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2, …

Dr. M. Elgendy
Complex Powers
If 𝛼 isa complex number and 𝑧 = 0, then the complex power 𝒛𝜶 is
defined to be:
𝑧 𝛼 = 𝑒 𝛼 ln 𝑧
Ex. Find the values of the given complex power
(a) 𝑖 2𝑖
𝜋
∵ ln 𝑖 = 𝑖 + 2𝑛𝜋
2
∴ 𝑖 2𝑖 = 𝑒 2𝑖 ln 𝑖
𝜋
2𝑖 𝑖 2 +2𝑛𝜋
= 𝑒 = 𝑒 −(4𝑛+1)𝜋 Dr. M. Elgendy
(b) (1 + 𝑖)𝑖
1 𝜋
∵ ln(1 + 𝑖) = ln 2 + 𝑖 + 2𝑛𝜋
2 2
1 𝜋
𝑖 ln 2+𝑖 +2𝑛𝜋
∴ (1 + 𝑖)𝑖 = 𝑒 𝑖 ln(1+𝑖) = 𝑒 2 2

Dr. M. Elgendy
Ex. Find the values of the principal square root function 𝑧1/2 at the
following points:
(a) z = 4 (b) 𝑧 = −2𝑖 (c) 𝑧 = −1 + 𝑖
(a) z = 4
𝑧 = 𝑟 = 4, 𝐴𝑟𝑔(𝑧) = 𝐴𝑟𝑔 4 = 0
41/2 = 4𝑒 𝑖(0/2)
= 2𝑒 0 = 2

(b) z = −2i
𝑧 = 𝑟 = 2, 𝐴𝑟𝑔(𝑧) = 𝐴𝑟𝑔 −2𝑖 = −𝜋/2 Dr. M. Elgendy
 (−2𝑖)1/2 = 2𝑒 𝑖(−𝜋/2)/2
= 2𝑒 −𝑖𝜋/4 = 1 − 𝑖

(c) z = −1 + i
𝑧 = 𝑟 = 2, 𝐴𝑟𝑔(𝑧) = 𝐴𝑟𝑔 −1 + 𝑖 = 3𝜋/4

1/2 4
(−1 + 𝑖) = 2𝑒 𝑖(3𝜋/4)/2
4
= 2𝑒 𝑖3𝜋/8 = 0.45 + 1.1𝑖
Dr. M. Elgendy
Dr. M. Elgendy
Dr. M. Elgendy
Complex Trigonometric Functions
The complex sine and cosine functions are defined by
𝑒 𝑖𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝑧 𝑒 𝑖𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑧
cos 𝑧 = sin 𝑧 =
2 2𝑖

The complex hyperbolic sine and hyperbolic cosine functions are defined by
𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑧 𝑒 𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑧
cosh 𝑧 = sinh 𝑧 =
2 2

sin 𝑖𝑧 = 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑧 sinh 𝑖𝑧 = 𝑖 sin 𝑧

cos 𝑖𝑧 = cosh 𝑧 cosℎ 𝑖𝑧 = cos 𝑧
tan 𝑖𝑧 = 𝑖 tanh 𝑖𝑧 tan 𝑖𝑧 = 𝑖 tanh 𝑖𝑧 Dr. M. Elgendy
Dr. M. Elgendy
Ex. express the value of the given trigonometric function in the form
𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏.
(a) cos 𝑖 (b) sin(2 + 𝑖) (c) tan (𝜋 − 2𝑖)

𝑒 𝑖.𝑖 +𝑒 −𝑖.𝑖
(a) cos 𝑖 =
2

𝑒 −1 + 𝑒 1
= = 1.543
2

Dr. M. Elgendy
 𝑒 𝑖(2+𝑖) −𝑒 −𝑖(2+𝑖)
(b) sin 2 + 𝑖 =
2𝑖

𝑒 −1+2𝑖 − 𝑒 1−2𝑖
=
2𝑖

𝑒 −1 (cos 2 + 𝑖 sin 2) − 𝑒(cos −2 + 𝑖 sin(−2))

=
2𝑖
= 1.4 − 0.48𝑖

Dr. M. Elgendy
 𝑒 𝑖 𝜋 − 2𝑖 −𝑒 −𝑖 𝜋 − 2𝑖 𝑒 𝑖 𝜋 − 2𝑖 +𝑒 −𝑖 𝜋 − 2𝑖
(c) tan 𝜋 − 2𝑖 = ൘
2𝑖 2

𝑒 𝑖 𝜋 − 2𝑖 − 𝑒 −𝑖 𝜋 − 2𝑖
= 𝑖 𝜋 − 2𝑖
(𝑒 +𝑒 −𝑖 𝜋 − 2𝑖 )𝑖

𝑒 2 − 𝑒 −2
=− 2 −2
𝑖 = −0.964𝑖
𝑒 +𝑒

Dr. M. Elgendy
Ex. Find all solutions to the equation sin 𝑧 = 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 = 5

𝑒 𝑖𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑧
=5
2𝑖
𝑒 𝑖𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑧 = 10𝑖 × 𝑒 𝑖𝑧
𝑒 2𝑖𝑧 − 10𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝑧 − 1 = 0

10𝑖 ± −96
𝑒 𝑖𝑧 = = 5𝑖 ± 2 6𝑖 = 5 ± 2 6 𝑖
2
𝑙𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑧 = ln 5 ± 2 6 𝑖
Dr. M. Elgendy
𝑧 = −𝑖 l𝑛 5 ± 2 6 𝑖
𝜋
= −𝑖 ln 5 ± 2 6 + 𝑖 + 2𝑛𝜋
2
(4𝑛 + 1)
= 𝜋 − 𝑖 ln 5 ± 2 6
2
𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2, …

Dr. M. Elgendy
Ex. Verify that cosh(𝑧1 + 𝑧2) = cosh 𝑧1 cosh 𝑧2 + sinh 𝑧1 sinh 𝑧2 for all
complex 𝑧1 and 𝑧2.

cosh 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = cos 𝑖 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = cos (𝑖𝑧1 + 𝑖𝑧2)

= cos 𝑖𝑧1 cos 𝑖𝑧2 − sin 𝑖𝑧1 sin 𝑖𝑧2
= cos 𝑖𝑧1 cos 𝑖𝑧2 − (𝑖 sin 𝑖𝑧1) (𝑖 sin 𝑖𝑧2)
= cosh 𝑧1 cosh 𝑧2 + sinh 𝑧1 sinh 𝑧2

Dr. M. Elgendy
Ex. Find the real and imaginary parts of the function 𝑓 𝑧 = sin 𝑧
sin 𝑧 = sin(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)
𝑓 𝑧 = sinℎ 𝑧
= sin 𝑥 cos 𝑖𝑦 + cos 𝑥 sin 𝑖𝑦
= sin 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 + 𝑖 cos 𝑥 sinh 𝑦

Ex. Find the real and imaginary parts of the function 𝑓 𝑧 = cos 𝑧
cos 𝑧 = cos(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) 𝑓 𝑧 = cosℎ 𝑧
= cos 𝑥 cos 𝑖𝑦 − sin 𝑥 sin 𝑖𝑦
= cos 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 − 𝑖 sin 𝑥 sinh 𝑦 Dr. M. Elgendy
Dr. M. Elgendy
Dr. M. Elgendy
Inverse Sine, Cosine, and Tangent
The multiple-valued functions 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑧, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑧, and 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑧, defined

𝑑 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑧 = −𝑖 ln 𝑖𝑧 + 1 − 𝑧2 −1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧 =
𝑑𝑧 1 − 𝑧2

−1
𝑑 −1
−1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 = −𝑖 ln 𝑧 + 𝑖 1 − 𝑧 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 =
𝑑𝑧 1 − 𝑧2

𝑖 𝑖+𝑧 𝑑 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑧 = ln −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑧 =
2 𝑖−𝑧 𝑑𝑧 1 + 𝑧2
Dr. M. Elgendy
Inverse Hyperbolic Sine, Cosine, and Tangent
The multiple-valued functions 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 𝑧, 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 𝑧, and 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 𝑧, defined

𝑑 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 𝑧 = ln 𝑧 + 𝑧2 +1 −1
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑧 =
𝑑𝑧 𝑧2 + 1

−1
𝑑 −1
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑧 = ln 𝑧 + 𝑧2 −1 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑧 =
𝑑𝑧 𝑧2 − 1

1 1+𝑧 𝑑 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 𝑧 = ln −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑧 =
2 1−𝑧 𝑑𝑧 1 − 𝑧2
Dr. M. Elgendy
Dr. M. Elgendy
With my best wishes

Dr. M. Elgendy